Deck 11: Multicultural Counseling

Question 1

A professional counselor interested in understanding a universal or general approach for treating depression would most likely adhere to a(n) __________ approach.

A) emic
B) etic
C) individualistic
D) collectivistic

Answer 1

etic

Question 2

__________ is NOT considered a Western value associated with counseling?

A) Emotional expression
B) Individualism
C) Linear time orientation
D) Spirituality

Answer 2

Spirituality

Question 3

The Personal Identity Model

A) highlights that we are all unicultural beings.
B) limits multicultural discussions to race and gender.
C) shows how cultural dimensions overlap.
D) None of the above.

Answer 3

shows how cultural dimensions overlap.

Question 4

All of the following are true about cultural identity development models EXCEPT

A) models consider how various cultural identities intersect with each other.
B) models assume cultural identity develops as a result of social interactions.
C) models highlight identity development as a circular process whereby individuals can move between stages or statuses.
D) models possess common themes, including unawareness, internal conflict, and retreat into one's own group.

Question 5

The degree to which an ethnic group conforms to the values of the dominant group is known as

A) racial identity.
B) ethnic identity.
C) acculturation.
D) internalization.

Question 6

_________ assumes that individuals have a natural inclination at an early age to categorize people racially.

A) Hardiman's (1982) White Racial Identity Development Model
B) Helms' (1995) White Racial Identity Development Model
C) Helms' (1995) People of Color Racial Identity Development Model
D) Poston's (1990) Biracial Identity Development Model

Question 7

A professional counselor strongly characterized by the Reintegration status and a client of color who can be identified primarily as in the Encounter status are likely to

A) work together to address racial issues.
B) be unaware that racism exists.
C) acknowledge yet minimize racial issues.
D) terminate early due to racial tension.

Question 8

Weinberg et al.'s (1994) bisexual identity development model

A) assumes that individuals have an already developed heterosexual identity.
B) states that bisexuals eventually select one sexual orientation over another.
C) argues that individuals develop as bisexuals because of heterosexism.
D) articulates bisexual identity development is a stressful process.

Question 9

Optimal spiritual identity development involves

A) dismissing spirituality and religiosity as a cultural influence.
B) selecting a spiritual/religious identity that is congruent with that of the larger community.
C) interacting authentically with others regarding spiritual/religious matters.
D) None of the above.

Question 10

Which of the following is NOT true regarding poverty?

A) Poverty involves approximately 14.5% of the U.S. population.
B) Poverty disproportionately affects racial/ethnic minorities.
C) There is a relationship between mental illness and poverty.
D) It is difficult to quantify what the poverty threshold is.

Question 11

Traditionally, __________ has been the primary measure of socioeconomic status.

A) household income
B) education level
C) occupational status
D) use of public assistance

Question 12

The term used to describe masculinity as the ideal trait for which humans strive that has associated privileges and power is

A) marianismo.
B) machismo.
C) androcentricism.
D) gender role socialization.

Question 13

__________ is not typically considered a feminine trait?

A) Rationality
B) Emotionality
C) Agreeableness
D) Nurturance

Question 14

__________ involves unearned advantages based on racial or ethnic makeup.

A) Familism
B) Cultural encapsulation
C) White privilege
D) Disidentification

Question 15

__________ comprise the largest and fastest growing ethnic minority group in the United States.

A) European Americans
B) Hispanic Americans
C) African Americans
D) Multiracial individuals

Question 16

Which of the following is NOT true about multiracial individuals?

A) Multiracial individuals have existed only since 1967.
B) Interracial marriage was illegal until 1967.
C) The U.S. Census Bureau created a category to acknowledge multiracial individuals.
D) None of the above.

Question 17

Mental health problems as a result of gender role socialization may occur if

A) individuals choose not to conform to gender roles society deems appropriate for their sex.
B) individuals cannot conform to gender roles society deems appropriate for their sex due to social class factors.
C) individuals accept gender roles that society deems appropriate for their sex.
D) All of the above.

Question 18

__________ is irrational fear or hatred toward sexual minorities.

A) Heterosexism
B) Homophobia
C) Coming out process
D) Sexual identity management

Question 19

Which of the following is TRUE regarding the historical treatment of GLB individuals?

A) GLB individuals were provided culturally sensitive services.
B) Homosexuality was once considered a mental illness in the DSM.
C) GLB clients faced few obstacles and stereotypes.
D) All of the above.

Question 20

GLB individuals who experience heterosexism, homophobia, and internalized homophobia may engage in sexual identity management strategies, such as

A) passing as heterosexual.
B) covering or minimizing their true orientation to avoid discrimination.
C) displaying pride for their sexual minority status.
D) All of the above.

Question 21

Which of the following ideas about spirituality and religiosity is NOT true?

A) Spirituality may be considered synonymous with religiosity.
B) Many clients come to counseling with concerns that can be considered spiritual in nature.
C) Addressing spirituality in counseling may be considered an ethical issue since it is a form of diversity.
D) Spiritual issues often involve a loss of values, disconnection from others, and feelings of meaninglessness.

Question 22

__________ is considered a disability according to ADA?

A) Vision loss
B) Physical handicap
C) Mental illness
D) All of the above

Question 23

When a professional counselor is fused in his or her own culture of origin and is unaware of mutual influences between self and sociocultural context, he or she is in a state of

A) cultural pluralism.
B) discrimination.
C) multicultural competence.
D) cultural encapsulation.

Question 24

Ethnicity is described as

A) a classification of groups of people based on various physical attributes such as skin color, facial form, or eye shape.
B) a characteristic of a people or group sharing a common and distinctive culture, religion, or language.
C) socially transmitted behaviors patterns, arts, beliefs, institutions, and all other products of human work and thought.
D) All of the above.

Question 25

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the current changes in the United States population?

A) Forty percent of the population consists of "baby boomers."
B) There are significant increases in percentages of Whites, non-Hispanic.
C) A 19% increase of foreign born individuals is projected by 2050.
D) None of the above.

Question 26

A culturally competent counselor

A) possesses an awareness of their own culture while appreciating and valuing the cultural background of clients.
B) engages in monocultural interventions and techniques when working with diverse clients.
C) attempts to help clients adapt to and accept Western cultural values and make connections between client problems and lack of acceptance of Western cultural values.
D) None of the above.

Question 27

Professional counselors who ascribe to the __________ perspective believe that client assessment and treatment should be culturally sensitive.

A) cultural pluralism
B) etic
C) advocacy
D) emic

Question 28

In order to promote an understanding and acceptance of diversity, professional counselors must

A) teach Western based cultural values.
B) challenge client stereotypes and cultural beliefs.
C) eliminate all of their biases.
D) maintain in-depth knowledge of diverse cultural backgrounds and values.

Question 29

Which of the following is NOT a key issue that professional counselors should consider when gaining an understanding of cultural identity?

A) Clients who don't identify with White cultural values may not value connections with family and community.
B) Clients may terminate counseling prematurely when counselor techniques and interventions conflict with their values and worldviews.
C) Western perceptions of abnormality may be considered normal and appropriate in other cultures.
D) None of the above is a key issue.

Question 30

__________ is a dimension of the personal identity model.

A) Positive and negative individual experiences influenced by events in society in which individuals may have little control
B) Characteristics that are universal for all people
C) Personal characteristics that may be selected by the individual
D) All of the above.

Question 31

An individual's sense of belongingness to a particular ethnic group is described as

A) racial identity.
B) acculturation.
C) discrimination.
D) ethnic identity.

Question 32

According to Hardiman, individuals in the naiveté stage of the __________ identity development model categorize people by race and receive and transmit messages concerning the amount of power or privilege a particular racial group has.

A) people of color racial
B) White racial
C) sexual
D) spiritual

Question 33

According to Helms (1995), Whites who exhibit intolerance and dislike for individuals of other racial groups are in the __________ stage of the White identity development model.

A) Pseudo-independence
B) Immersion-emersion
C) Reintegration
D) Autonomy

Question 34

According to the Helms' (1995) people of color racial identity development model, during the immersion and emersion statuses people of color

A) may seek out other groups who have experienced oppression.
B) develop a strong preference for dominant cultural values.
C) experience a crisis or conflict that increases their awareness that racism exists.
D) actively reject White culture, have increased racial pride, and retreat into their racial community.

Question 35

The four stages of MaCarn and Fessinger's lesbian identity development model are

A) awareness, exploration, deepening commitment, and identity integration.
B) passive acceptance, revelation, synthesis, and active commitment.
C) personal identity, enmeshment/denial, appreciation, and integration.
D) initial confusion, exploration, applying the label, and settling into the identity.

Question 36

Individuals in lower SES environments

A) experience counseling issues related to depression, suicide, post-traumatic stress disorder, behavioral problems, and substance abuse.
B) are significantly more likely to exhibit criteria for a mental illness compared with individuals in higher SES groups.
C) often live in neighborhoods characterized by crime, high unemployment, substandard housing or homelessness, schools with inadequate resources, and substance abuse.
D) All of the above are characteristics of individuals in low SES environments.

Question 37

__________ values include individualism, autonomy, status and power, direct communication, linear time orientation, rationality, emphasis on the scientific method, and a nuclear family structure.

A) African American
B) Native American
C) European American
D) Hispanic American

Question 38

__________ is a central theme in the Hispanic culture that refers to family unity, loyalty, and respect.

A) Machismo
B) Marianismo
C) Familism
D) Assimilation

Question 39

Because about 70% of households are single parent and female led, collaboration among extended family members, neighbors, and community leaders is often the norm in the __________ culture.

A) African American
B) Native American
C) Asian American
D) Hispanic American

Question 40

__________ have struggled with being labeled as the model minority because of examples of individuals from this group being seen as financially successful, intelligent, and nonaggressive.

A) African Americans
B) Native Americans
C) Asian Americans
D) Hispanic Americans

Question 41

Professional counselors can act as advocates for transgender individuals by

A) accepting transgender individuals' experiences and serving as an ally to educate the community and profession on their needs.
B) identifying strengths that they possess as they deal with societal discrimination.
C) assisting them to connect to support systems and appropriate occupational opportunities.
D) All of the above.

Question 42

__________ approaches allow the professional counselor to attend to cultural variations and culturally specific interventions.

A) Integrative
B) Eclectic
C) Etic
D) Emic

Question 43

The purpose of __________ is to help explain ways individuals come to know themselves culturally and engage in relationships with a variety of cultural members.

A) the Personal Identity Model
B) cultural identity development models
C) multiculturalism
D) cultural encapsulation

Question 44

__________ is NOT a stage of sexual identity development.

A) Identity comparison
B) Identity tolerance
C) Identity crossing
D) Identity synthesis

Question 45

__________ clients need special attention in counseling because of the inaccessibility of basic resources that affect their physical and psychological well-being.

A) Low socioeconomic status
B) Biracial
C) Disabled
D) Elderly

Question 46

_________ refers to many special, unearned advantages in U.S. society.

A) Cultural encapsulation
B) White privilege
C) Acculturation
D) None of the above

Question 47

__________ involves negative beliefs and behaviors based on the notion that femininity is devalued and "less healthy."

A) Feminism
B) Marianismo
C) Machismo
D) Sexism

Question 48

To effectively counsel in our diverse society, professional counselors should

A) increase their knowledge of clients' cultural identities.
B) increase knowledge of available resources to help clients develop stronger networks in the community.
C) be aware of ways one's cultural makeup grants privileges and, likewise, oppresses.
D) All of the above.

Question 49

Which of the following statements about counseling transgender individuals is NOT true?

A) Professional counselors should pay attention to sexist assumptions found in counseling theories, interventions, and assessments.
B) Professional counselors should increase their knowledge of the intersection of sexism and other forms of oppression.
C) Professional counselors should set a goal with the client to identify his/her choice of gender.
D) Professional counselors should focus on their own biases regarding the influence of gender on mental health.

Question 50

As time goes on, more multicultural individuals are seeking professional counselors due to

A) an increased discomfort because of increased discrimination.
B) the U. S. population becoming more diverse.
C) an increase in culture throughout the world.
D) an increase in cultural separation throughout the country.

Question 51

One issue in counseling multicultural clients is the dominance of European/North American cultural values in counseling theories, such as

A) individualism.
B) universality.
C) collaboration.
D) dependence.

Question 52

The term ________ refers to minority groups participating fully in the dominant society yet maintaining their cultural differences.

A) multiculturalism
B) diversity
C) cultural encapsulation
D) cultural pluralism

Question 53

The active promotion of a fair and just society while challenging injustice, advocating for others, and valuing diversity refers to

A) race.
B) advocacy.
C) social justice.
D) worldview.

Question 54

The term ______ refers to an arbitrary classification based on various physical characteristics, such as skin color, facial form, or eye shape.

A) ethnicity
B) culture
C) race
D) multiculturalism

Question 55

According to Hardiman's white racial identity model, the main developmental issue for Whites is

A) the abandonment of entitlement.
B) an integration of their whiteness with other components of their cultural identities.
C) developing complex views of all racial groups.
D) All of the above.

Question 56

According to Helms' white racial identity model, White individuals in the _________ status become social advocates and attempt to relinquish some of the advantages they have experienced.

A) disintegration
B) immersion
C) emersion
D) autonomy

Question 57

In __________ families, children are expected to strive for family goals and not engage in behaviors that could dishonor the family (i.e., save face).

A) Asian American
B) African American
C) European American
D) Hispanic American

Question 58

__________ primarily view mental health and wellness as harmony between mind, body, and spirit; disharmony creates illness and is often ameliorated by the community.

A) Hispanic Americans
B) African Americans
C) Native Americans
D) Asian Americans

Question 59

Guidelines for gender-sensitive counseling practices include

A) attending to sexist assumptions found in counseling theories, interventions, and assessments.
B) overcoming or ignoring counseling gender biases.
C) focusing on sexism over other forms of oppression.
D) All of the above.

Question 60

Many elderly adults are affected by _________, which are negative attitudes related to the process of aging or elderly people.

A) fraud
B) inequity
C) discrimination
D) ageism

Question 61

Several cultural values are presented for various racial and ethnic groups throughout this chapter. Select three of these values and discuss how each may be both beneficial and limiting for multicultural counseling.

Question 62

How might heterosexism be present in the counseling profession? In what ways can you normalize the experiences of those who do not identify as heterosexual so that they feel more satisfied with counseling?

Question 63

Select an individual with a potential counseling issue from popular media and describe their cultural identity and cultural values. How would you incorporate aspects of the person's cultural makeup into counseling? What might be some of your concerns for this "client" with traditional counseling approaches?

Question 64

Describe aspects that are involved in the development of personal identity.

Question 65

Describe the five stage models of White Racial Identity Development according to Hardiman and Helms.

Question 66

Explain the effects of poverty and issues that a professional counselor may encounter.

Question 67

Explain the difference in gender roles among Hispanic and African American families.

Question 68

Describe issues that are unique to individuals with diverse sexual orientations.

Question 69

Explain how to prepare oneself to become a multiculturally competent professional counselor.

Question 70

Describe problems and considerations one may face in the assessment, diagnosis, and treatment of diverse clients.

Question 71

Describe your perceptions of multicultural counseling? In your opinion, is all counseling multicultural in nature? How can profession counselors create a culturally sensitive environment in the counseling relationship?

Question 72

What are your perceptions of a culturally competent counselor? Describe personal attributes and skills you possess that would help you practice as a culturally competent counselor. Which qualities and skills do you need to cultivate more? Use material from the readings to support your assertions.

Question 73

Describe and explain the etic vs. emic debate. What are your perceptions of each perspective?

Question 74

Identify and explain a racial/ethnic development model based on the cultural group with which you identify. What is your current status in the development model and your level of satisfaction with your current status? Describe how your current status may affect the counseling relationship.

Question 75

Clients' cultural experiences are based on the intersection of various identities to create unique cultural experiences. Discuss how professional counselors can work with clients to acknowledge and explore these "intersecting identities."

Question 76

Privilege and oppression play a central role in the cultural experiences of individuals. Discuss ways professional counselors can facilitate the exploration of the client's experiences of privilege and oppression in the counseling relationship.

Question 77

Define acculturation and describe how individuals' experiences of acculturation may affect their willingness to participate in counseling and their overall experiences in the counseling relationship.

Question 78

Discuss the messages you have received that have affected your ideas about gender roles. Describe how professional counselors can address gender roles and biases in the counseling relationship.

Question 79

Creating a culturally sensitive environment is an essential aspect of working as a culturally competent counselor. How do you plan to create a culturally sensitive environment based on the population with which you would like to work?

Question 80

Describe key concepts in understanding and working with Asian Americans.