Deck 12: Motivation and Emotion

Question 1

Motivation is BEST defined as _____.

A) the set of factors that activate, direct, and maintain behavior toward a goal
B) the physiological and psychological arousal that occurs when a person really wants to achieve a goal
C) what makes you do what you do
D) the conscious and unconscious thoughts that focus a person's behaviors and emotions in the same direction toward a goal

Answer 1

the set of factors that activate, direct, and maintain behavior toward a goal

Question 2

In the drive-reduction theory, motivation decreases once _____ occurs.

A) exhaustion
B) reward
C) homeostasis
D) punishment

Answer 2

homeostasis

Question 3

A behavior pattern that is unlearned and found in almost all members of a species is called _____.

A) impossible
B) a reflex
C) an instinct
D) routine

Answer 3

an instinct

Question 4

Zuckerman's test for sensation seeking measures which of the following characteristics?

A) Dangerousness, antisocial traits, "letting loose,' and intolerance for boredom
B) Thrill seeking, experience seeking, disinhibition, and susceptibility to boredom
C) Adventurousness, physical prowess, creative morality, and charisma
D) Dangerousness, adventurousness, creativity, and thrill seeking

Question 5

In recent times, the case for instincts in humans has been supported by _____.

A) incentive theorists
B) behaviorists
C) sociobiologists
D) psychoanalysts

Question 6

Performance is BEST for most tasks when you are experiencing _____ levels of arousal.

A) high
B) low
C) moderate
D) low or high

Question 7

According to your textbook, motivation _____ behavior and emotion _____.

A) directs; energizes it
B) energizes; is the feeling response
C) follows; precedes it
D) precedes; directs it

Question 8

Assume that you want to perform well on this test, but you feel anxious about your ability to do so. In this case, your desire to perform well is related to your _____ state, while your anxiety is related to your _____ state.

A) conscious; unconscious
B) unconscious; conscious
C) motivational; emotional
D) emotional; motivational

Question 9

Sociobiologist, Edward O. Wilson believes that humans also have instincts like _________, genetically transmitted from one generation to the next.

A) aggression and competition
B) competition and cooperation
C) aggression and cooperation
D) none of the above

Question 10

Emotion is BEST defined as _____.

A) affective feelings
B) a subjective feeling that includes arousal, cognitions, and behavioral expressions
C) affective responses that are the result of external or internal stimuli
D) physical or psychological responses to the fulfillment or frustration of our goals

Question 11

_____ theory suggests that organisms are motivated to achieve and maintain an ideal or optimal level of stimulation that maximizes their performance.

A) Drive reduction
B) Incentive
C) Optimal arousal
D) Instinct

Question 12

In the _____ theory of motivation, a lack or a deficiency of something creates a state of tension that motivates us to reduce the deficiency.

A) incentive
B) drive-reduction theory
C) state-dependent
D) attribution

Question 13

Sociobiologists emphasized that _____ are inborn genetic factors in motivation.

A) aggression
B) competition
C) instincts
D) cooperation

Question 14

Which of the following is INCORRECTLY matched?

A) Drive-reduction theory: external stimuli
B) Incentive theory: external stimuli
C) Cognitive theory: attributions and expectancies
D) Maslow: hierarchy of needs

Question 15

Gaston and Page got married on a high bridge and started their honeymoon with a bungee-jump from the bridge. Which type of motive BEST explains their behavior?

A) The achievement motive
B) The drive-reduction motive
C) The arousal motive
D) The need for self-actualization

Question 16

Sensation seeking is related to _____.

A) the arousal motive
B) the achievement motive
C) Maslow's hierarchy of needs
D) Zuckerman's dangerousness model

Question 17

Which of the following is TRUE regarding the arousal motive?

A) It is the desire for an optimum level of arousal.
B) It is rarely observed in non-human species.
C) Performance is best when an organism is in a high state of arousal.
D) Performance is best when an organism is in a low state of arousal.

Question 18

You bring a package home from the department store and your dog immediately jumps on you to investigate it; your 3-year-old niece comes to visit and opens all your kitchen cupboards to see what is inside; on a television documentary program, you see a monkey trying to open a box left in its cage. All of these are examples of _____.

A) a lack of discipline
B) sensation-seeking behavior
C) the achievement motive
D) the arousal motive

Question 19

_____ is the body's tendency to maintain a relatively stable state for internal processes.

A) Homeostasis
B) Heterogeneity
C) Drive-induction
D) Biostability

Question 20

According to Zuckerman, which of the following people will have the MOST difficulty in their career or home relationships?

A) Yachi is a low sensation seeker working as an air traffic controller.
B) Jacob is a high sensation seeker working as a test pilot for the Air Force.
C) Mr. Dudley has a low to moderate need for arousal; Mrs. Dudley has a moderate to low need for arousal.
D) Peony has a moderate need for arousal, and works as a mail carrier.

Question 21

In Somalia, refugees often sacrificed their own safety in efforts to help others. This behavior refutes a basic premise of which theory of motivation?

A) Incentive theory
B) Drive-reduction theory
C) Maslow's theory
D) Cognitive theory

Question 22

The theory that some motives have to be satisfied before a person can advance to fulfilling higher motives is based on _____.

A) Freud's psychosexual stages of development
B) Kohlberg's moral stages of development
C) Erikson's psychosocial stages of development
D) Maslow's hierarchy of needs

Question 23

According to the cognitive theory of motivation, which of the following students is MOST likely to study hard for the next psychology exam?

A) Sasha believes she earned an "A" on this exam because the questions were easy.
B) Endora believes she is a witch and can get whatever she wants by waving her arms and casting a spell.
C) Martino believes he can bring his "C' up to an "B" or "A" next time.
D) Clemy believes he studied as hard as he could for this exam and is very discouraged that he only got a "D."

Question 24

You just stuffed yourself with a hot dog, a large tub of popcorn, and a box of Milk Duds while watching a movie. When you come out of the theater, you smell the cinnamon buns across the mall and decide to get one even though you are full. This can BEST be explained by _____.

A) drive-reduction theory
B) incentive theory
C) the push-pull theory
D) your lack of will power

Question 25

The _____ theory says people are "pulled" by external stimuli to act in a certain way.

A) cognitive
B) drive-reduction
C) Maslow's hierarchy of needs
D) incentive

Question 26

The heat generated in response to food ingestion is called _____.

A) satiation
B) dehydration
C) thermogenesis
D) thermolosis

Question 27

According to Maslow, belonging and self-actualization are _____ needs, and will be satisfied after physiological and safety needs.

A) essential
B) primary
C) higher-level
D) optional

Question 28

Hunger, arousal, and achievement are three basic _____.

A) emotions
B) feelings
C) responses
D) motives

Question 29

When the lateral hypothalamus is destroyed, animals will _____.

A) stop eating, and must be force-fed
B) overeat to obesity
C) become picky eaters
D) any of these options

Question 30

_____ theories emphasize the importance of attributions and expectancies in motivating behaviors.

A) Attribution
B) Motivational
C) Achievement
D) Cognitive

Question 31

According to your textbook, the MOST important cure for test anxiety is _____.

A) advance preparation and hard work
B) deep breathing
C) meditation
D) an aerobic workout

Question 32

_____ is a feeling of fullness that has an effect on the perception of hunger.

A) Insatiety
B) Protrudation
C) Satiety
D) Grandiosity

Question 33

According to _____ theory, basic survival and security needs must be satisfied before one can move on to such higher needs as self-actualization.

A) evolutionary
B) instinct
C) Maslow's
D) Wiener's

Question 34

According to Maslow's view of motivation, if you haven't eaten all day, your thoughts will be MOST focused on your _____.

A) self-esteem
B) physical safety
C) physiological needs
D) sense of belonging

Question 35

The _____ motive causes us to look for a certain amount of novelty and complexity from our environment for no apparent reason.

A) sensory
B) social
C) drive
D) arousal

Question 36

The feeling of fullness you get once you have ingested enough food is called _____.

A) bloating
B) gastrointestinal fullness
C) insatiety
D) satiety

Question 37

Low levels of arousal lead to _____ and high levels of arousal lead to _____.

A) reduced behavior efficiency; reduced behavior efficiency
B) increased behavior efficiency; reduced behavior efficiency
C) increased behavior efficiency; increased behavior efficiency
D) reduced behavior efficiency; increased behavior efficiency

Question 38

According to the cognitive theory of motivation, _____ influence our goal-directed behavior.

A) attributions and expectancies
B) expectancies and internal needs
C) internal needs and attributions
D) attributions, expectancies, and internal needs

Question 39

What role does the stomach play in feelings of hunger?

A) Pressure receptors in the stomach walls signal fullness or emptiness.
B) Stomach contractions signal the brain that it is time to eat again.
C) Fullness receptors and stomach contractions both play a role.
D) None of these options

Question 40

The _____ hypothalamus signals an animal to start eating, whereas the _____ hypothalamus signals the animal to stop eating.

A) lateral; ventromedial
B) ventro; medial
C) ventromedial; lateral
D) medial; ventro

Question 41

_____ involves extreme weight loss due to an obsessive fear of obesity and self-imposed starvation.

A) Agoraphobia
B) The Pritikin diet
C) Anorexia nervosa
D) Bulimia nervosa

Question 42

Harold has a high need for achievement. Knowing this, you can most accurately predict that, given an opportunity to throw ten free shots from anywhere on a basketball court, Harold will stand _____.

A) as close to the basket as possible
B) just far enough from the basket to assure that he will never miss
C) far enough away from the basket for it to be challenging, but close enough to allow some successes
D) amazingly far away so that if he makes at least one basket, observers will be very impressed

Question 43

To study the cognitive component of emotions, psychologists are MOST likely to use _____ techniques.

A) cross-cultural observation
B) naturalistic observation
C) self-reporting
D) all of these options

Question 44

You feel anxious because you are sweating and your heart is beating rapidly. This statement illustrates the _____ theory of emotion.

A) James-Lange
B) two-factor
C) Cannon-Bard
D) physiological feedback

Question 45

Sonja has a high need for achievement. This means that she has _____.

A) a preference for feedback on her efforts toward goals
B) an attraction to competitive careers and tasks
C) the desire to assume responsibility for projects
D) all of these options

Question 46

According to research, the causes of eating disorders are _________.

A) genetic
B) cultural
C) psychosocial
D) all of the above

Question 47

The three components of emotion are _____.

A) cognitive, physiological, and behavioral
B) perceiving, thinking, and acting
C) positive, negative, and neutral
D) active/passive, positive/negative, direct/indirect

Question 48

In a Duchenne smile, the cheek muscles are pulled back, and the muscles around the _____ also contract.

A) nose
B) mouth
C) eyes
D) ears

Question 49

The brain's "eating center" is found _____.

A) in the hypothalamus
B) throughout the brain
C) in the lateral thalamus
D) in the ventromedial thalamus

Question 50

Which of the following is characteristic of anorexia nervosa?

A) Bone fractures, osteoporosis, amenorrhea, and loss of brain tissue
B) Very few of its victims will die
C) Loss of teeth, severe throat and stomach damage
D) Nearly 90% of its victims will die

Question 51

When the ventromedial hypothalamus is destroyed or lesioned, animals will _____.

A) overeat to the point of extreme obesity
B) become picky about what they eat
C) experience an increase in insulin
D) all of these options

Question 52

Two parts of the brain that play an important role in emotion are the _____.

A) hypothalamus and cerebellum
B) limbic system and cerebral cortex
C) pituitary gland and brain stem
D) CNS and PNS

Question 53

Which of the following is NOT characteristic of bulimia nervosa?

A) People with bulimia are underweight.
B) People with bulimia are often impulsive in other areas of their lives.
C) Bulimia can cause tooth erosion, tooth loss, damage to the throat and stomach, serious digestive disorders, and even death.
D) All of these options are characteristic of bulimia.

Question 54

_____ involves consuming large quantities of food followed by self-induced vomiting, the use of laxatives, or extreme exercise.

A) Anorexia nervosa
B) The binge-purge syndrome
C) Bulimia nervosa
D) Pritikin dieting

Question 55

Some people are more achievement oriented because:

A) it is an inborn
B) they learned it in childhood, primarily through their parents
C) the culture they live in
D) all of the above

Question 56

Research has shown that people whom are experimentally induced to smile by producing vowels that cause the inner cheek muscles to rise are more likely to report themselves in a better mood. This supports the ____ theory of emotion.

A) James-Lange
B) Cannon-Bard
C) two-factor
D) none of the above

Question 57

_____ is one of the MOST important external factors related to when, what, where, and why we eat.

A) Advertising
B) Sound
C) Cultural conditioning
D) all of these options are equally important

Question 58

If we are walking in the woods and jump because we think we see a snake (it ends up being a stick), that fear reaction without conscious fear originates in the _____.

A) corpus callosum
B) hypothalamus
C) cortex
D) limbic system

Question 59

The cerebral cortex plays a major role in our emotions because it _____.

A) plays a role in the ability to recognize and regulate emotions
B) visualizes dangers and possible responses to them
C) stimulates the autonomic nervous system
D) relays information from all the senses to assist in processing what is important

Question 60

The _____ nervous system produces obvious signs of emotional arousal.

A) somatic
B) central
C) autonomic
D) parasympathetic

Question 61

The two factors in Schachter's theory of emotion are _____.

A) physical arousal and cognitive labeling
B) psychological arousal and emotional expression
C) emotional expression and physical arousal
D) cognitive labeling and psychological arousal

Question 62

Subjects in Schachter's classic study on emotions were given an injection of epinephrine, which caused physiological arousal. Some subjects were correctly informed about the drug's effects, others were either uninformed or misinformed. Which of the following happened?

A) Correctly informed participants were unaffected by the behavior of others around them.
B) Misinformed participants took on the emotions of others around them.
C) Uninformed participants took on the emotions of others around them.
D) All of these options

Question 63

A therapist advises his depressed client to make himself smile for at least a few seconds every hour. This therapist may _____.

A) supporting the arousal theory of emotion
B) believe in the facial feedback hypothesis regarding emotions
C) be using Schachter's two-factor theory of emotions
D) need therapy himself

Question 64

This theory that you perceive an event, your body reacts, and then you interpret the bodily changes as a specific emotion.

A) Cannon-Bard
B) James-Lange
C) Facial feedback
D) Schachter's two-factor

Question 65

Which of the following is INCORRECTLY matched?

A) Cannon-Bard theory: emotions occur before a body response
B) James-Lange theory: emotions occur after a body response
C) Facial feedback hypothesis: emotional intensity is affected by facial expressions
D) Schachter's two-factor theory: emotions are the result of a cognitive label for arousal

Question 66

Ishaya was startled awake by a major earthquake. He immediately felt frightened, broke out in a cold sweat, and jumped out of bed to run for cover-all in the same instant. This description of Ishaya's experience BEST fits the ______ theory of emotion.

A) Cannon-Bard
B) James-Bard
C) Cannon-Lange
D) James-Lange

Question 67

Your best friend just won the lottery. Even though you may experience envy, you also cannot help feeling excited along with him because you are both grinning from ear to ear. This reaction supports the ______ regarding the origin and intensification of emotion.

A) social reciprocity theory
B) two-factor hypothesis
C) facial feedback hypothesis
D) Cannon-Bard theory

Question 68

In the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion, the thalamus sends simultaneous messages to the _____.

A) central nervous system and peripheral nervous system
B) endocrine system and muscular system
C) cortex and autonomic nervous system
D) parasympathetic nervous system and sympathetic nervous system

Question 69

This is a criticism of the James-Lange theory of emotion.

A) Physical arousal can occur without any emotional experience.
B) It requires a distinctly pattern of arousal for each emotion.
C) Most people are not aware of slight variations in physical arousal patterns for basic emotions.
D) All of these options

Question 70

In contrast to other theories of emotion, Schachter's two-factor theory explains the origins of emotion based on _____.

A) physiological arousal
B) cognitive interpretation
C) automatic processing
D) autonomic processing

Question 71

According to the facial feedback hypothesis, expressing an emotion should ______.

A) diminish it
B) change it
C) intensify it
D) have no impact on it

Question 72

According to _____, bodily arousal must be labeled or interpreted for an emotional experience to occur.

A) Cannon-Bard theory
B) James-Lange theory
C) the facial feedback hypothesis
D) Schachter's two-factor theory

Question 73

In a _____, the cheek muscles are pulled back, and the muscles around the eyes also contract.

A) Duchenne smile
B) Madonna smile
C) Mona Lisa smile
D) De Vinci smile

Question 74

Animals that have been surgically prevented from experiencing physiological arousal still demonstrate behaviors that are characteristic of emotional arousal. This supports the _____ theory of emotions.

A) Cannon-Bard
B) James-Lange
C) Schachter's two-factor
D) facial feedback

Question 75

The belief that movements of the facial muscles produce or intensify emotional reactions is the _____.

A) facial movement hypothesis
B) facial feedback hypothesis
C) facial display hypothesis
D) second factor in Schachter's two-factor theory

Question 76

Schachter would agree with which of the following statements?

A) The experience of emotion comes from awareness of bodily arousal.
B) Emotions are physiologically similar.
C) We look to environmental cues to decide what emotion is being felt.
D) All of these options

Question 77

This theory says that emotions are physiologically similar and are due to simultaneous arousal, cognitive, and behavioral expressions.

A) Schachter's Two Factor
B) Cannon-Bard
C) James-Lange
D) Facial feedback

Question 78

Jay, a single male, just saw a very attractive woman in the student lounge. According to the James-Lange theory of emotion, what would be MOST likely to happen next?

A) Jay might fall in love.
B) Jay might experience lust.
C) Jay might notice an increase in his heart rate and breathing.
D) Jay would rather focus on studying for his psychology exam

Question 79

We see a bear in the woods, our hearts race as we begin to run, and then we experience fear. This is BEST explained by the _____.

A) James-Lange theory
B) Cannon-Bard theory
C) facial feedback hypothesis
D) Schachter Two-Factor theory

Question 80

Which of the following is the CORRECT order of events in the James-Lange theory of emotion?

A) Perception of event → emotion → body response
B) Perception of event and emotion simultaneously → body response
C) Perception of event and body response simultaneously → emotion
D) Perception of event → perception of body response → emotion