Deck 6: Probabilityfrom Samples to Statistics

Question 1

Which of the following should be used to answer the question, "How sure of our results can we be?"

A) descriptive statistics
B) inferential statistics
C) population parameters
D) population statistics

Answer 1

inferential statistics

Question 2

Which of the following should be used to describe characteristics of a population?

A) inferential statistics
B) population parameters
C) sample statistics
D) sampling error

Answer 2

population parameters

Question 3

Which of the following should be used to generalize to a population?

A) descriptive statistics
B) population parameters
C) sample statistics
D) degrees of freedom

Answer 3

sample statistics

Question 4

Which of the following should be used to describe characteristics of a sample?

A) inferential statistics
B) population parameters
C) sample statistics
D) population statistics

Question 5

Which of the following is NOT a type of random sample?

A) cluster sample
B) snowball sample
C) stratified random sample
D) multistage cluster sample

Question 6

Which of the following is a type of nonrandom sample?

A) cluster sample
B) snowball sample
C) stratified random sample
D) multistage cluster sample

Question 7

Which of the following is NOT a type of nonrandom sample?

A) cluster sample
B) snowball sample
C) convenience sample
D) quota sample

Question 8

To make the formula for the standard error of the mean applicable to sample data, the denominator changes to the square root of -----------.

A) N-1
B) N
C) N+1
D) N²

Question 9

Which of the following influences the standard error of the mean?

A) dispersion in the data
B) number of cases
C) t ratio
D) both a and b

Question 10

Suppose a corporation has 2,000 employees with an average age of 36. If the standard deviation of age is 6 years, what is the standard error of the mean for this population?

A) .003
B) .07
C) .13
D) .80

Question 11

What percent of employees from question 10 fall within one standard deviation above and below the mean?

A) 34
B) 50
C) 68
D) 95

Question 12

If a statistics class has 25 students, and has a distribution of grades with a mean of 70 and standard deviation of 15, what is the standard error of the mean?

A) .6
B) 1.5
C) 3
D) 6.5

Question 13

What percent of students from question 12 fall within 1.96 standard deviations above and below the mean?

A) 34
B) 68
C) 48
D) 95

Question 14

Increasing a sample size from 100 to 200 causes the standard error to ----------.

A) decrease
B) remain the same
C) increase

Question 15

When working with proportions, maximum dispersion is achieved with a percent value of ----------.

A) 25
B) 50
C) 75
D) 100

Question 16

Use the following table from the 2006 GSS to answer questions :
RACE OF RESPONDENT
$\begin{array}{l}\text { } \\\begin{array}{|l|l|ll| }\hline \text { } & \text { } & \text { } \\\text { } & \text { Frequency } & \text { Percent } & \\ \hline \text { \(~~ ~~~\) } 1~~ WHITE & ~ ~~~~ ~~~~ ~~~~ 3284 & ~ ~~~~ ~~~~ ~~~~ 72.8 \\\text { \text { \(~~ ~\) } 2~~ BLACK } & ~ ~~~~ ~~~~ ~~~~ 634 & ~ ~~~~ ~~~~ ~~~~ 14.1 \\\text { \text { \(~~ ~\) } 3~~ OTHER } & ~ ~~~~ ~~~~ ~~~~ 592 & ~ ~~~~ ~~~~ ~~~~ 13.1 \\\text { \text { \(~~ ~\) } Total~~ } & ~ ~~~~ ~~~~ ~~~~ 4510 & ~ ~~~~ ~~~~ ~~~~ 100.0 \\\hline\end{array}\end{array}$

-What is the value of the measure of dispersion for the proportion white?

A) .198
B) .272
C) .728
D) 1

Question 17

Use the following table from the 2006 GSS to answer questions :
RACE OF RESPONDENT
$\begin{array}{l}\text { } \\\begin{array}{|l|l|ll| }\hline \text { } & \text { } & \text { } \\\text { } & \text { Frequency } & \text { Percent } & \\ \hline \text { \(~~ ~~~\) } 1~~ WHITE & ~ ~~~~ ~~~~ ~~~~ 3284 & ~ ~~~~ ~~~~ ~~~~ 72.8 \\\text { \text { \(~~ ~\) } 2~~ BLACK } & ~ ~~~~ ~~~~ ~~~~ 634 & ~ ~~~~ ~~~~ ~~~~ 14.1 \\\text { \text { \(~~ ~\) } 3~~ OTHER } & ~ ~~~~ ~~~~ ~~~~ 592 & ~ ~~~~ ~~~~ ~~~~ 13.1 \\\text { \text { \(~~ ~\) } Total~~ } & ~ ~~~~ ~~~~ ~~~~ 4510 & ~ ~~~~ ~~~~ ~~~~ 100.0 \\\hline\end{array}\end{array}$

-What is the value of the measure of dispersion for the proportion other?

A) .113
B) .131
C) .869
D) 1

Question 18

Use the following table from the 2006 GSS to answer questions :
RACE OF RESPONDENT
$\begin{array}{l}\text { } \\\begin{array}{|l|l|ll| }\hline \text { } & \text { } & \text { } \\\text { } & \text { Frequency } & \text { Percent } & \\ \hline \text { \(~~ ~~~\) } 1~~ WHITE & ~ ~~~~ ~~~~ ~~~~ 3284 & ~ ~~~~ ~~~~ ~~~~ 72.8 \\\text { \text { \(~~ ~\) } 2~~ BLACK } & ~ ~~~~ ~~~~ ~~~~ 634 & ~ ~~~~ ~~~~ ~~~~ 14.1 \\\text { \text { \(~~ ~\) } 3~~ OTHER } & ~ ~~~~ ~~~~ ~~~~ 592 & ~ ~~~~ ~~~~ ~~~~ 13.1 \\\text { \text { \(~~ ~\) } Total~~ } & ~ ~~~~ ~~~~ ~~~~ 4510 & ~ ~~~~ ~~~~ ~~~~ 100.0 \\\hline\end{array}\end{array}$

-What is the standard error of the proportion white?

A) .007
B) .014
C) .198
D) .728

Question 19

Use the following table from the 2006 GSS to answer questions :
RACE OF RESPONDENT
$\begin{array}{l}\text { } \\\begin{array}{|l|l|ll| }\hline \text { } & \text { } & \text { } \\\text { } & \text { Frequency } & \text { Percent } & \\ \hline \text { \(~~ ~~~\) } 1~~ WHITE & ~ ~~~~ ~~~~ ~~~~ 3284 & ~ ~~~~ ~~~~ ~~~~ 72.8 \\\text { \text { \(~~ ~\) } 2~~ BLACK } & ~ ~~~~ ~~~~ ~~~~ 634 & ~ ~~~~ ~~~~ ~~~~ 14.1 \\\text { \text { \(~~ ~\) } 3~~ OTHER } & ~ ~~~~ ~~~~ ~~~~ 592 & ~ ~~~~ ~~~~ ~~~~ 13.1 \\\text { \text { \(~~ ~\) } Total~~ } & ~ ~~~~ ~~~~ ~~~~ 4510 & ~ ~~~~ ~~~~ ~~~~ 100.0 \\\hline\end{array}\end{array}$

-What is the standard error of the proportion other?

A) .005
B) .01
C) .113
D) .869

Question 20

How many degrees of freedom are in a sample of 24 individuals?

A) 0
B) 12
C) 23
D) 24

Question 21

What type of error occurs when we claim that something is significant when it really is not?

A) type 1 error
B) type 2 error
C) sampling error
D) standard error

Question 22

Parameters are used to describe the characteristics of a sample.

Question 23

Descriptive statistics are used to answer questions about how much confidence we can place in our results.

Question 24

The goal in developing a sample is to maximize its generalizability.

Question 25

Replacing "N" in the denominator of the formula for standard error of the mean with "N-1" results in a slightly smaller standard error.

Question 26

Measure of dispersion and standard deviation are used in similar ways when calculating the standard error of the mean and proportion.

Question 27

Null hypotheses predict that patterns do exist in data.

Question 28

Type 1 errors occur when we fail to claim that something is significant when it really is significant.

Question 29

Suppose a sample of statistics students (N=30) has a distribution of grades with a mean of 70 and standard deviation of 15.
a. What is the standard error of the mean?
b.Report the 68% confidence interval.
c.Based on your response to part b, interpret the 68% confidence interval.
d.Report the 95% confidence interval.
e.Report the 99% confidence interval.

Question 30

The 2006 GSS asked respondents how many siblings they have. The mean number of siblings was 3.76 with a standard deviation of 3.178. N=2,988. Use this information to answer the following questions:
a. What is the standard error of the mean?
b.Report the 68% confidence interval.
c.Based on your response to part b, interpret the 68% confidence interval.
d.Report the 95% confidence interval.
e.Report the 99% confidence interval.

Question 31

Use this table from the 2006 GSS to answer the following questions:
RACE OF RESPONDENT

$\begin{array}{l}\text { } \\\begin{array}{|l|l|ll| }\hline \text { } & \text { } & \text { } \\\text { } & \text { Frequency } & \text { Percent } & \\ \hline \text { \(~~ ~~~\) } 1~~ WHITE & ~ ~~~~ ~~~~ ~~~~ 3284 & ~ ~~~~ ~~~~ ~~~~ 72.8 \\\text { \text { \(~~ ~\) } 2~~ BLACK } & ~ ~~~~ ~~~~ ~~~~ 634 & ~ ~~~~ ~~~~ ~~~~ 14.1 \\\text { \text { \(~~ ~\) } 3~~ OTHER } & ~ ~~~~ ~~~~ ~~~~ 592 & ~ ~~~~ ~~~~ ~~~~ 13.1 \\\text { \text { \(~~ ~\) } Total~~ } & ~ ~~~~ ~~~~ ~~~~ 4510 & ~ ~~~~ ~~~~ ~~~~ 100.0 \\\hline\end{array}\end{array}$

a. What is the standard error of the proportion white?
b.Report the 68% confidence interval for proportion white.
c. Based on your response to part b,interpret the 68% confidence interval.
d.Report the 95% confidence interval.
e.Report the 99% confidence interval.