Question 1

The first document to identify &#34;consent to participate in a study must be voluntary&#34; as a key point was the&#10;A) Declaration of Helsinki.&#10;B) Nuremburg Code.&#10;C) Tuskegee Study.

Accepted Answer

The Nuremburg Code was the first document to formally outline strategies for protecting the rights of human research participants. The Declaration of Helsinki and Tuskegee Study contributed to the ethical strategies, but were not the first to outline key points. A contribution of the Declaration of Helsinki (2004) is its distinction of therapeutic and non-therapeutic research. The United States Public Health Service syphilis study at Tuskegee contributed to the need for an ethical code in research.

Question 2

Coercion refers to&#10;A) collecting data without participants' knowledge.&#10;B) offering inappropriate inducements for study participation.&#10;C) study conduct being affected by sponsorship.

Accepted Answer

Coercion generally refers to the presentation of an overt threat of harm or excessive reward to obtain compliance. Collection of data without participant knowledge violates rules of full disclosure, and a study affected by sponsorship would fall under conflict of interest.

Question 3

Students are told they will receive 10 bonus points if they agree to participate in their instructor's research project. This practice constitutes possible&#10;A) coercion.&#10;B) covert data collection.&#10;C) deception.

Accepted Answer

Coercion is correct as it generally refers to the presentation of an overt threat of harm or excessive reward to obtain compliance. Deception involves providing false information or withholding information. Covert data collection occurs when individuals are unaware that they are being used as participants in a research study.

Question 4

The collection of research information without participants' knowledge and consent is called&#10;A) coercion.&#10;B) covert data collection.&#10;C) deception.

Accepted Answer

Covert data collection occurs when individuals are unaware that they are being used as participants in a research study. Coercion refers to the presentation of an overt threat of harm or excessive reward to obtain compliance. Deception involves providing false information or withholding information.

Question 5

Which of the following actions reflects anonymity?&#10;A) Instructing respondents not to put their name on their survey.&#10;B) Reporting study data in aggregate form.&#10;C) Using pseudonyms to report qualitative research findings.

Accepted Answer

Anonymity means that there is no way of linking responses to individual study participants. When research participants complete a questionnaire without providing the researcher with their name or other identifying information, their responses will be anonymous.
Reporting data in aggregate protects confidentiality, which refers to strategies for managing private information. Anonymity is not possible during qualitative studies because data usually are collected through interviews or observations.

Question 6

Confidentiality is promoted by&#10;A) debriefing participants after data collection.&#10;B) obtaining informed consent.&#10;C) reporting data in aggregate form.

Accepted Answer

Confidentiality refers to strategies for managing private information. Reporting data in aggregate form is one strategy to protect confidentiality. When more than minimal risk is suspected in a study, debriefing is a method to reduce risk. Obtaining informed consent is a requirement of the IRB.

Question 7

In a qualitative study, confidentiality can be promoted by&#10;A) debriefing informants after data collection.&#10;B) obtaining informed consent.&#10;C) using pseudonyms to identify informants.

Accepted Answer

Confidentiality, which is a strategy for managing private information, can be promoted by using pseudonyms. Debriefing is a method to reduce risk and obtaining informed consent is a requirement of the IRB.

Question 8

What does informed consent imply?&#10;A) All possible information about a study has been given to potential participants.&#10;B) Study participants agree to forfeit the right to withdraw from a study after signing the form.&#10;C) Study participants understand the information about a study before agreeing to participate.

Accepted Answer

Informed consent consists of (1) information about the study, (2) comprehension, (3) competence to give consent, and (4) voluntary consent. All possible information about a study that is given to potential participants is part of the definition of informed consent but does not include all four points. Study participants agreeing to forfeit the right to withdraw from a study after signing the form does not comply with one of the rights of human research, which is the right to withdraw from a study at any time.

Question 9

Qualitative research usually is characterized by&#10;A) assumed consent.&#10;B) process consent.&#10;C) verbal consent.

Accepted Answer

Qualitative studies often make use of process consent procedures because disclosing full information in advance may influence responses. Consent should never be assumed and verbal consent is not a method of consent used in research.

Question 10

The ethical principle of justice relates to&#10;A) balancing risks and benefits of a study for participants.&#10;B) fair selection and fair treatment of study participants.&#10;C) treating participants as autonomous agents who can make their own decisions.

Accepted Answer

The principle of justice encompasses participants' rights to fair treatment and privacy. Balancing risks/benefits is a duty associated with the principle of beneficence and treating participants as autonomous agents is a demonstration of respect for human dignity.

Question 11

Which of the following studies would qualify as &#34;exempt&#34; from IRB review?&#10;A) Food taste test.&#10;B) Observation of nurses' responses to call lights.&#10;C) Record review of medication errors.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following studies would qualify...

Question 12

Which of the following studies would need a full IRB review?&#10;A) A study observing children's separation behaviors.&#10;B) A patient satisfaction survey.&#10;C) A study of pathological specimens.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following studies would need...

Question 13

Rewording one's own work to produce a new paper with the same data is an example of&#10;A) misconduct during the research process.&#10;B) misconduct related to reporting findings.&#10;C) self-plagiarism.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Rewording one's own work to produce a...

Question 14

Identify the independent variable in the following research question: &#34;Does type of healthcare provider (physician versus nurse practitioner) affect smoking cessation success in adult men?&#34;&#10;A) Adult men.&#10;B) Healthcare provider.&#10;C) Smoking cessation success.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Identify the independent variable in the following...

Deck 4: Ethical Considerations in Nursing Research