Deck 12: Expanding the Simple Experiment: Factorial Designs

Question 1

Factorial experiments

A) use more than one independent variable
B) use more than one dependent variable
C) test all combinations of the dependent variables
D) test each independent variable at all levels of the dependent variable

Answer 1

use more than one independent variable

Question 2

An experiment is a factorial experiment if

A) it has more than one dependent variable
B) it has more than one independent variable
C) it has four or more groups
D) participants are randomly assigned to condition

Answer 2

it has more than one independent variable

Question 3

With a 2 X 2 factorial experiment, you can

A) get at least as much information as you would from doing four simple experiments
B) estimate the overall main effects of two variables
C) determine whether certain combinations of your two variables produce an effect that is different from the sum of their two individual effects
D) all of the above

Answer 3

all of the above

Question 4

A 2 X 2 factorial experiment contains _____ simple main effects.

A) 2
B) 3
C) 4
D) 8

Question 5

With a 3 X 2 factorial experiment, you would have ____ groups.

A) 2
B) 3
C) 5
D) 6

Question 6

To have a factorial experiment, you must do all of the following EXCEPT:

A) randomly assign participants to group
B) use multiple dependent measures
C) have two or more independent variables
D) expose every participant in the study to at least one level of each independent variable

Question 7

If, in a 2 X 2 experiment, you know that main effectsexist for both factors, then you know

A) that an interaction is definitely present
B) that an interaction probably is present
C) that an interaction probably isn't present
D) nothing whatsoever about the interaction

Question 8

If, in a 2 X 2 experiment, you know that there are no main effects,then you know

A) that an interaction is definitely present
B) that an interaction probably is present
C) that an interaction probably isn't present
D) nothing whatsoever about the interaction

Question 9

To estimate the overall main effect in a 2 X 2 factorial experiment,you

A) add the variable's simple main effects
B) subtract the overall main effects
C) average the variable's simple main effects
D) subtract the variable's simple main effects

Question 10

To estimate the interaction in a 2 X 2 factorial experiment,you

A) add the variable's simple main effects
B) subtract the overall main effects
C) average the variable's simple main effects
D) subtract the variable's simple main effects

Question 11

Which of the following statements is an example of aninteraction?

A) The size of the effect of one variable changes at different levels of another variable.
B) In the low stress conditions, the caffeine group remembers more words than the no-caffeine group, but in the high stress conditions, the caffeine group remembers fewer words than the no-caffeine group.
C) The effect of variable X on variable Y depends on whether condition Z is present or absent.
D) all of the above

Question 12

Interactions

A) involve moderating factors
B) are not of interest to applied psychologists
C) both a and b
D) neither a nor b

Question 13

The possibility that a main effect found in a simple experiment may interact with another variable,

A) may limit the simple experiment's external validity
B) limit the simple experiment's internal validity
C) both a and b
D) neither a nor b

Question 14

All of the following are true EXCEPT

A) Interactions qualify main effects.
B) Interactions are rare.
C) Interactions may limit the generalizability of a treatment's effect.
D) Interactions may require us to change a simple rule into a more complex rule.

Question 15

In the 2 X 2 factorial experiment, our primary goal is to

A) examine the four simple main effects.
B) examine the two overall main effects.
C) examine two main effects and the interaction.
D) examine the four overall main effects.

Question 16

If both simple main effects for exercise are 0 and the average of the simple main effects for caffeine is 100, there is probably

A) a main effect for caffeine
B) an interaction between caffeine and exercise
C) both a and b
D) neither a nor b

Question 17

One simple main effect for caffeine is much less thanthe other simple main effect for caffeine. Your best guessis that

A) you have a main effect for caffeine
B) you do not have a main effect for caffeine
C) you have an interaction between caffeine and some other variable
D) you do not have an interaction between caffeine and some other variable

Question 18

The caffeine/exercise group scores higher than either than caffeine/no-exercise group or the no-caffeine/no exercise group.This could be due to:

A) main effects for both caffeine and exercise
B) an interaction between caffeine and exercise
C) both a and b
D) neither a nor b

Question 19

If the lines in a graph cross, this indicates

A) two main effects and an interaction
B) two main effects and no interaction
C) an ordinal interaction
D) a disordinal interaction

Question 20

Given that the null hypothesis for interaction has beenrejected, the corresponding graph of this interactionshould contain two or more __________ lines.

A) straight
B) dissimilar
C) nonparallel
D) intersecting

Question 21

In a graph of experimental results, the presence of aninteraction is indicated by

A) some points being higher than others
B) one line that is higher than another
C) two lines that are not parallel to the x axis
D) two lines that are not parallel to each other

Question 22

If there is a caffeine and exercise interaction, which of thefollowing is not necessarily correct

A) there are main effects for both caffeine and exercise
B) the effect of caffeine depends on the level of exercise
C) the effect of exercise depends on the level of caffeine
D) the simple main effect of exercise in one caffeine condition is different from the simple main effect of exercise in the other caffeine condition

Question 23

One study tried to determine whether men prefer women who are blonde or women who are brunette. The hair color of the men also was varied. The experimenter found that both light and dark-haired men prefer blonde women to brunettes, but the effect was much greater for dark-haired men than for light-haired men. These results reflect

A) a main effect and no interaction
B) two main effects
C) neither a main effect nor an interaction
D) both a main effect and an interaction

Question 24

A) an A main effect
B) a B main effect
C) A and B main effects
D) two main effects and an interaction

Question 25

A) a main effect for A
B) a main effect for B
C) main effects for A and B
D) two main effects and an interaction

Question 26

A) a main effect for A
B) a main effect for B
C) main effects for A and B
D) an interaction and a main effect for B

Question 27

A) a main effect for A
B) a main effect for B
C) main effects for A and B
D) an interaction

Question 28

A) a main effect for A
B) main effects for A and B
C) interaction and a main effect for A
D) interaction and a main effect for B

Question 29

The numbers (i.e., 2 x 6) included when identifyingfactorial designs stand for

A) the number of IVs involved
B) the number of DVs involved
C) the number of levels of each IV
D) the number of levels of a DV

Question 30

A researcher is using 48 subjects in a 4 (levels of exercise) X 3 (levels of caffeine) between subjects factorial experiment. The degrees of freedom for the exercise by caffeine interaction is

A) 12 X 48
B) 48
C) 12
D) 6

Question 31

A researcher is using 60 participants in a 2 (levels of exercise) X 2 (levels of caffeine) between subjects factorial experiment. The degrees of freedom for the exercise by caffeine interaction is

A) 1
B) 2
C) 4
D) 240

Question 32

A researcher is using 60 participants in a 2 (levels of exercise) X 2 (levels of caffeine) between subjects factorial experiment. The degrees of freedom for the exercise main effect is

A) 1
B) 2
C) 4
D) 240

Question 33

A researcher is using 60 participants in a 2 (levels ofexercise) X 2 (levels of caffeine) between subjectsfactorial experiment. The total degrees of freedomfor the experiment is

A) 561
B) 58
C) 59
D) 60

Question 34

Significant interactions usually

A) decrease the chances of finding significant main effects
B) limit the generalizations scientists can make
C) allow straightforward interpretations of main effects
D) a and c

Question 35

Which kind of interaction may reflect a problem with your dependent variable rather than the fact that the effect of one variable is affected by the presence of a second variable?

A) almost all significant interactions
B) cross-over interactions
C) disordinal interactions
D) ordinal interactions

Question 36

In which of the following situations would the researcher be most likely to hope for a statistically significant interaction?

A) a factorial experiment in which the second factor is a replication factor
B) a factorial experiment where the second factor is which member of the research team served as experimenter
C) a moderating factor study
D) both a and b

Question 37

Which of the following is true?

A) with an ordinal interaction, there may not really be an interaction at the psychological level.
B) some interactions may represent, at a conceptual level, the main effect of similarity
C) both a and b
D) neither a nor b

Question 38

A researcher wants to do a 2 (female/male) X 2 (no caffeine/ large amount of caffeine) study. Which of the following is true?

A) The researcher can't make causal statement about the effect of caffeine.
B) The researcher will have a better idea of the generalizability of the effects of caffeine that if she had done a simple experiment.
C) The researcher can't make causal statements about the effects of gender.
D) both b and c

Question 39

Adding a nonexperimental factor to a simple experiment creates a 2 X 2 study that

A) may allow more accurate conclusions about the generalizability of the treatment's effect
B) allow you to draw causal conclusions about the nonexperimental factor
C) both a and b
D) neither a nor b

Question 40

Factorial experiments permit you to look at the effects of more than one independent variable at a time.

Question 41

The simplest factorial experiment is the 1 X 1 experiment.

Question 42

An interaction occurs when an independent variable has a different effect when a second variable is present than when the second variable is absent.

Question 43

Interactions are especially useful for demonstrating that general rules are universal.

Question 44

The easiest way to visualize an interaction is to graph the data.

Question 45

A crossover interaction may indicate that a treatment has the opposite effect on two groups.

Question 46

If a treatment has more of an effect on one group than on another, you have a ordinal interaction.

Question 47

If you have an ordinal interaction, you can be confident that your treatment has more of an effect in some conditions than in others.

Question 48

A significant interaction usually indicates that the treatment effect is not the same in all conditions.

Question 49

The main advantage of a hybrid design is that you can make cause-effect statements about variables that have not been randomly assigned.

Question 50

Give an example of how a simple experiment could be expanded to a 2 X 2 design that included a replication factor. What would be the advantage of including this factor?

Question 51

Give an example of how a simple experiment could be expanded to a 2 X 2 design that included a potential moderating factor.

Question 52

Give an example of how the variable of similarity could be represented by an interaction between two variables.