Deck 4: Socialization

Question 1

To illustrate the point that nature is more important than nurture,some scientists point to which of the following examples?

A) Genie, a girl raised in isolation.
B) Harlow, a monkey raised in a cage.
C) David, a boy raised as a girl.
D) Tanya, a girl raised as a boy.
E) Steven, a boy raised in isolation.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Caitlin behaves and interacts differently with her boyfriend than she does with her girlfriends.This is an illustration of which of the key functions of socialization?

A) Socialization establishes our social identity.
B) Socialization teaches us role taking.
C) Socialization controls our behavior.
D) Socialization transmits culture to the next generation.
E) Socialization distinguishes between nature and nurture.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

The Harlows' experiments with infant monkeys concluded that

A) orphaned monkeys needed more attention than those with mothers.
B) biology affects behavior.
C) nourishment was more important than warmth and comfort.
D) warmth and comfort were more important than nourishment.
E) warmth and comfort did not affect development.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Socialization begins at

A) conception.
B) birth.
C) when a child learns to walk.
D) when a child begins to speak.
E) when a child begins school.

Question 5

Benjamin describes himself as a single male,a college student,and a son.Benjamin's self description illustrates which of the key functions of socialization?

A) Socialization establishes our social identity.
B) Socialization teaches us role taking.
C) Socialization controls our behavior.
D) Socialization transmits culture to the next generation.
E) Socialization distinguishes between nature and nurture.

Question 6

"Human nature is innate." This statement is an example of which side of the nature/nurture debate?

A) The statement is an example of the nurture side of the debate.
B) The statement is an example of the nature side of the debate.
C) The statement is an example of neither the nurture nor the nature side of the debate.
D) The statement is an example of either the nurture or the nature side of the debate.
E) The statement is an example of both the nurture and the nature side of the debate.

Question 7

"Human development is fairly fixed." This statement is an example of which side of the nature/nurture debate?

A) The statement is an example of the nurture side of the debate.
B) The statement is an example of the nature side of the debate.
C) The statement is an example of neither the nurture nor the nature side of the debate.
D) The statement is an example of either the nurture or the nature side of the debate.
E) The statement is an example of both the nurture and the nature side of the debate.

Question 8

"Human development is fairly changeable." This statement is an example of which side of the nature/nurture debate?

A) The statement is an example of the nurture side of the debate.
B) The statement is an example of the nature side of the debate.
C) The statement is an example of neither the nurture nor the nature side of the debate.
D) The statement is an example of either the nurture or the nature side of the debate.
E) The statement is an example of both the nurture and the nature side of the debate.

Question 9

"Human development is largely due to environment." This statement is an example of which side of the nature/nurture debate?

A) The statement is an example of the nurture side of the debate.
B) The statement is an example of the nature side of the debate.
C) The statement is an example of neither the nurture nor the nature side of the debate.
D) The statement is an example of either the nurture or the nature side of the debate.
E) The statement is an example of both the nurture and the nature side of the debate.

Question 10

Frank understands that he must attend his driver's education classes.If he does not,he will not pass the driving test and will not be allowed to drive.This is an illustration of which of the key functions of socialization?

A) Socialization establishes our social identity.
B) Socialization teaches us role taking.
C) Socialization controls our behavior.
D) Socialization transmits culture to the next generation.
E) Socialization distinguishes between nature and nurture.

Question 11

Genie was found at age 13 after years of isolation and abuse from her father.After rehabilitation

A) Genie was toilet-trained.
B) Genie learned to walk.
C) Genie learned to walk, eat and was toilet-trained.
D) Genie learned to eat normally, was toilet-trained and increased her vocabulary.
E) Genie was never rehabilitated.

Question 12

Andrew was born to a single mother.He started preschool at age 4 and finished high school at age 18.Andrew attended college and then got his first job when he was 23.Andrew was married at age 25 and had two children by age 31.Andrew retired at 67 and died at age 82.When did Andrew's socialization begin?

A) At birth
B) Age 4
C) Age 18
D) Age 25
E) Age 82

Question 13

Lauren learned from her parents and religious leaders that sex before marriage is wrong.Lauren participated in abstinence-only programs and made a sexual abstinence pledge.Lauren serves on her church's planning organization to promote abstinence-only education and speaks with other youth on the topic.This is an example of

A) religious fundamentalism.
B) assimilation.
C) socialization.
D) conversion.
E) succumbing.

Question 14

Biologists focus on the role of _____ in human development.Sociologists focus on the role of _____ in human development.

A) internalization; socialization
B) institutionalization; internalization
C) internalization; institutionalization
D) socialization; heredity
E) heredity; socialization

Question 15

"Men are more aggressive than women because of their biology." This statement illustrates which scientific explanation of human behavior?

A) psychology
B) sociobiology
C) sociology
D) biology
E) anthropology

Question 16

Socialization controls behavior because of

A) sociobiology.
B) integration.
C) institutionalization.
D) internalization.
E) nurture.

Question 17

_____ is the lifelong process of social interaction in which an individual acquires a social identify.

A) The generalized other
B) The looking-glass self
C) Socialization
D) Resocialization
E) The sense of self

Question 18

Adrian,from the time he was born,began learning how to think and behave effectively in society.He learned language,norms,and values first from his parents and then from his peers.Adrian went through a process of

A) learning.
B) socialization.
C) culture.
D) resocialization.
E) nurturing.

Question 19

Research indicates that the likelihood of women worldwide being victims of physical abuse varies - higher in some countries than in others.This finding suggests that sociobiology

A) is global supported.
B) is questionable.
C) is dubious.
D) explains female victimization.
E) explains patriarchy.

Question 20

_____ applies biological principles to explain human behavior.

A) Sociology
B) Anthropology
C) Sociobiology
D) Biography
E) Criminology

Question 21

Tony's parents put him in "time-out" each time he colors on the walls.According to social learning theories,this is an example of _____ learning.

A) primary
B) indirect
C) direct
D) constant
E) gendered

Question 22

Which of the following theorists is not a symbolic interactionist?

A) Charles Horton Cooley
B) Erving Goffman
C) Harry Harlow
D) George Herbert Mead
E) Jane Addams

Question 23

Rick thinks that the students in his class do not like him.Because of this,Rick will not attend the school dance.Rick is in which of Cooley's stages?

A) Phase 1: perception
B) Phase 2: interpretation
C) Phase 3: response
D) Phase 4: reflection
E) Phase 5: introspection

Question 24

Maggie's parents clap and cheer every time she uses the potty "like a big girl." According to social learning theories,this is an example of _____ learning.

A) principal
B) oblique
C) direct
D) regular
E) onerous

Question 25

Which of the following is the appropriate order of Cooley's phases of the "looking-glass self?"

A) perception, interpretation, response
B) perception, response, interpretation
C) perception, initiation, response
D) preparatory, play, game
E) play, game, preparatory

Question 26

Which theorist is associated with the "looking-glass self?"

A) Charles Horton Cooley
B) Emile Durkheim
C) David Deschanel
D) Max Weber
E) Jane Addams

Question 27

Which of the following theoretical approaches is most commonly used to understand socialization?

A) functionalism
B) conflict
C) feminist
D) symbolic interactionism
E) conflict theory

Question 28

The textbook used which of the following examples to illustrate the importance of nurture?

A) a family history of alcoholism
B) a family history of physical abuse
C) birth defects
D) personality disorders
E) celebrity status

Question 29

Allison was walking through the park and noticed that some people continually turned to watch her walk by.She thought,"People must think I'm fat." Allison is in which of Cooley's stages?

A) Phase 1: perception
B) Phase 2: interpretation
C) Phase 3: response
D) Phase 4: reflection
E) Phase 5: introspection

Question 30

When her father gets mad at her mother,Ellen's father yells at her mother.Now,when Ellen gets mad,she yells.This is an example of

A) modeling
B) indirect learning
C) primary socialization
D) secondary socialization
E) resocialization

Question 31

Social learning theories suggest that children (in most cases)can be influenced by both _____ and _____ learning.

A) male; female
B) better; worse
C) direct; indirect
D) primary; secondary
E) aggressive; passive

Question 32

Margaret Mead's 1935 cross cultural research suggests that gender roles are

A) parallel across cultures.
B) different across cultures.
C) constant across time and place.
D) unique across cultures.
E) universal across cultures.

Question 33

Most sociologists would agree with which of the following statements?

A) Nature's influence on human development is constant; nurture's influence fluctuates over the life course.
B) Nature can explain all human behavior.
C) Nurture can explain all human behavior.
D) Nurture affects human development, but nature is more significant.
E) Nature affects human development, but nurture is more significant.

Question 34

Which of the following theories maintains that socialization teaches people new attitudes,beliefs,and behaviors through social interaction?

A) conflict
B) feminist
C) social learning
D) functionalist
E) sociobiology

Question 35

Which of the following theories would agree with this statement: "Humans behave in certain ways,dependent upon past rewards and punishments."

A) Functionalist
B) Social learning
C) Symbolic interactionist
D) Conflict
E) Feminist

Question 36

When Aaron went to daycare,he observed that his peers did not get punished for hitting and kicking the other kids.According to social learning theories,this is an example of _____ learning.

A) primary
B) indirect
C) direct
D) constant
E) gendered

Question 37

Critics of social learning theories cite which of the following as a major weakness?

A) Social learning theories do not account for generational differences.
B) Social learning theories fail to acknowledge parenting differences in socialization.
C) Social learning theories focus too much attention on birth order.
D) Social learning theories emphasize early socialization and often neglect later socialization.
E) Social learning theories do not explain gender differences in learning.

Question 38

Travis has struggled with his school work for several years.Now that he has started high school,Travis believes that his teachers will judge him from his past work.Travis is in which of Cooley's stages?

A) Phase 1: perception
B) Phase 2: interpretation
C) Phase 3: response
D) Phase 4: reflection
E) Phase 5: introspection

Question 39

Which of the following statements is NOT true about the functionalist approach to understanding socialization?

A) Functionalism suggests that socialization encourages conformity.
B) Functionalism does not address how socialization works.
C) Functionalism treats socialization as a one-way process - people are influenced by socialization, but do not influence socialization themselves.
D) Functionalism suggests that conflict helps socialization develop.
E) Functionalism suggests that socialization encourages stability.

Question 40

Which of the following statements is best associated with Cooley's "looking-glass self?"

A) Children learn to develop their sense of self by interactions with other children.
B) Children acquire a sense of self through their interactions with others and interpretations of how others view them.
C) Children develop a sense of self through various stages of play and learning.
D) Children obtain their sense of self by socialization within the family.
E) Children find their sense of self through theater and acting exercises.

Question 41

Tasha is preparing for her first date with Bobby.She is very excited because Bobby is the captain of the football team.Before the date,she showers,applies make-up,and buys an expensive new outfit.Tasha's preparation is an example of Goffman's

A) imitation stage.
B) the self.
C) impression management.
D) setting control.
E) manner.

Question 42

In the Mead's play stage,children take on the role of

A) generalized others.
B) significant others.
C) orientation groups.
D) external groups.
E) social groups.

Question 43

Which of the following best describes Goffman's views on socialization?

A) Individuals act differently in different settings.
B) Individuals act pretty much the same throughout adulthood.
C) Individuals are the product of their environment.
D) Individuals cannot control their environment.
E) Individuals can only control their appearance.

Question 44

Mead called the creative and spontaneous part of the self the

A) me.
B) I.
C) id.
D) ego.
E) role.

Question 45

Mead called the part of the self that is socialized the

A) me.
B) I.
C) id.
D) ego.
E) role.

Question 46

According to George Herbert Mead,the most critical social interaction occurs within

A) the home.
B) student/teacher interaction.
C) parent/children interaction.
D) sibling interaction.
E) interactions with strangers.

Question 47

According to George Herbert Mead,children learn to take the role of important people in their lives,especially parents,as they model themselves after them.Mead referred to these important people as

A) role models.
B) looking-glass models.
C) significant others.
D) the generalized other.
E) authority figures.

Question 48

Which of the following best describes Cooley's "looking-glass self?"

A) The process of forming a looking-glass self ends in childhood.
B) Our self-concept changes over time.
C) People are aware of the looking-glass self in all situations.
D) Our looking-glass self is always accurate.
E) Our looking-glass self is never accurate.

Question 49

When children ask permission to share another child's toy,they illustrate which of Mead's concepts?

A) role
B) id
C) me
D) ego
E) I

Question 50

Which theorist is associated with the concepts of "me" and "I?"

A) Charles Horton Cooley
B) Erving Goffman
C) Harry Harlow
D) George Herbert Mead
E) Margaret Mead

Question 51

Micah (age 4)likes to play house,where she is the "mommy" and her dolls are her babies.Which of Mead's stages is Micah in?

A) perception stage
B) preparatory stage
C) response stage
D) play stage
E) game stage

Question 52

In a process called _____,Goffman suggested that individuals can positively control their image.

A) the self
B) socialization
C) social learning
D) impression management
E) anticipation

Question 53

As children engage in role taking,the _____ forms.

A) id
B) ego
C) I
D) me
E) status

Question 54

Tyler and Martin are on a Little League baseball team.While neither can hit the ball very far,they understand the rules of the game and enjoy playing on a team.Which of Mead's stages are Tyler and Martin in?

A) perception stage
B) preparatory stage
C) response stage
D) play stage
E) game stage

Question 55

Rickie (age 6)and his sister Emily (age 5)pretend to be in school,where Rickie is the student and Emily is the teacher.Which of Mead's stages are Rickie and Emily in?

A) perception stage
B) preparatory stage
C) response stage
D) play stage
E) game stage

Question 56

According to George Herbert Mead,in the play stage children learn how to perform a role they don't yet occupy.Mead referred to this process as

A) a developing self.
B) anticipatory socialization.
C) role taking.
D) the generalized other.
E) gender identification.

Question 57

Goffman used which metaphor to explain social life?

A) Life is like a classroom.
B) Life is like a circus.
C) Life is like a mirror.
D) Life is like a theater.
E) Life is like a box of chocolates.

Question 58

Which theorist is associated with "impression management?"

A) Charles Horton Cooley
B) Erving Goffman
C) Harry Harlow
D) George Herbert Mead
E) Margaret Mead

Question 59

In which of Mead's stages do children understand and take the role of the generalized other?

A) perception stage
B) preparatory stage
C) response stage
D) play stage
E) game stage

Question 60

Fiona (age 2)watches her mother put on make-up in the morning.When playing,Fiona imitates her mother by rubbing a plastic tube of "lipstick" on her lips.Which of Mead's stages is Fiona in?

A) perception stage
B) preparatory stage
C) response stage
D) play stage
E) game stage

Question 61

Which of the following is not a primary agent of socialization?

A) parents
B) peers
C) teachers
D) media
E) sports

Question 62

Symbolic interactionism is a _____-level theory,and critics often note that there is too little attention given to _____-level factors.

A) macro; micro
B) macro; mezo
C) micro; macro
D) micro; meta
E) meta; mezo

Question 63

Susan is a physician.She wears a white lab coat and asks that her staff call her "Dr.Brown." Which of Goffman's expressive resources was Susan controlling?

A) situation
B) setting
C) social
D) appearance
E) manner

Question 64

Brian sets limits for his children and expects appropriately mature behavior from them.Brian's parenting style is

A) authoritarian.
B) authoritative.
C) permissive.
D) uninvolved.
E) maternal.

Question 65

Teresa's children do not have a curfew and have few house rules.Teresa's parenting style is

A) authoritarian.
B) authoritative.
C) permissive.
D) uninvolved.
E) maternal.

Question 66

Critics often argue that _____ are too accepting of the idea that people exercise free will in their behavior.

A) functionalists
B) social learning theorists
C) symbolic interactionists
D) conflict theorists
E) feminists

Question 67

Amber is very supportive of her daughter's desire to be a ballet dancer,but is sure to explain the challenges associated with being a professional dancer.Amber's parenting style is

A) authoritarian.
B) authoritative.
C) permissive.
D) uninvolved.
E) maternal.

Question 68

Which of the following primary agents of socialization is the most influential?

A) parents
B) peers
C) teachers
D) media
E) sports

Question 69

Angelika is an alcoholic and pays very little attention to her children.She often turns up the television to drown out the noise from their playing.Angelika's parenting style is

A) authoritarian.
B) authoritative.
C) permissive.
D) uninvolved.
E) maternal.

Question 70

Jessica has never really liked her lab partner,Andrew.In fact,she really hates him.However,when Andrew says "good morning," Jessica politely responds in kind.Which of Goffman's expressive resources is Jessica controlling?

A) situation
B) setting
C) social
D) appearance
E) manner

Question 71

Makayla often does not know where her children are.She works long hours and is rarely home.Makayla's parenting style is

A) authoritarian.
B) authoritative.
C) permissive.
D) uninvolved.
E) maternal.

Question 72

Children who are praised are more likely to develop a strong self-image than those who are always criticized.This statement best exemplifies which theory of socialization?

A) functionalism
B) social learning
C) sociobiology
D) conflict
E) feminist

Question 73

Some critics contend that George Herbert Mead's concept of the generalized other ignores the importance of

A) internalization.
B) the looking-glass self.
C) role taking.
D) reference groups.
E) sociobiology.

Question 74

Which of the following is not one of Goffman's types of expressive resources?

A) setting
B) social
C) appearance
D) manner
E) mirror

Question 75

Which is NOT a way that parents socialize their children?

A) Parents teach their children social rules and roles.
B) Parents socialize their children through the management of their environment.
C) Parents decorate their children's room in specific styles.
D) Parents provide their children with particular books and toys.
E) Parents control all of the child's decisions and behaviors.

Question 76

Dale,a realtor,was preparing a new home for an open house.He cleaned the house from top to bottom and put fresh flowers around the house.Which of Goffman's expressive resources was Dale controlling?

A) situation
B) setting
C) social
D) appearance
E) manner

Question 77

Tanya constantly tells her children what to do,how to do it,and when to do it.Tanya's parenting style is

A) authoritative.
B) authoritarian.
C) permissive.
D) uninvolved.
E) maternal.

Question 78

Children learn how to behave when they are scolded or praised for specific behaviors.This statement best exemplifies which theory of socialization?

A) functionalism
B) social learning
C) sociobiology
D) conflict
E) feminist

Question 79

Troy encourages his daughters to work hard and rewards their work with complements and occasional gifts.Troy's parenting style is

A) authoritarian.
B) authoritative.
C) permissive.
D) uninvolved.
E) maternal.

Question 80

Barry enjoys watching football with his son.When his son asked him permission to go to a game,Barry replied,"Sure,whatever." Barry's parenting style is

A) authoritarian.
B) authoritative.
C) permissive.
D) uninvolved.
E) maternal.