Deck 3: Preconception Nutrition Conditions and Interventions

Question 1

​Which hormone is produced by the pituitary gland and stimulates ovulation and the development of the corpus luteum?

A) ​luteinizing hormone
B) ​progesterone
C) ​follicle-stimulating hormone
D) ​estrogen
E) ​gonadotropin releasing hormone

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Ovulation and menstruation resume in most women with eating disorders with a return to normal eating behaviors and weight gain.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

​Which pituitary hormone stimulates sperm production in males?

A) ​luteinizing hormone
B) ​progesterone
C) ​follicle-stimulating hormone
D) ​testosterone
E) ​gonadotropin releasing hormone

Answer 3

C

Question 4

All people with type 2 diabetes can manage their glucose levels with diet and exercise only.

Question 5

​The periconceptional period is the _____.

A) ​developing organism from 8 weeks to the moment of birth
B) ​month before conception
C) ​time period around conception measured in weeks or months
D) ​month after conception
E) ​month directly following birth

Question 6

Hypothalamic amenorrhea develops in all women who suffer from anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa.

Question 7

Polycystic ovary syndrome is easy to diagnose because the signs and symptoms are the same for all women.

Question 8

Obesity causes polycystic ovary syndrome.

Question 9

Celiac disease is three times more common in women than men.

Question 10

The luteal phase of the menstrual cycle occurs after ovulation.

Question 11

The three components of the female athlete triad are _____​

A) ​anemia,anorexia,and osteoporosis
B) ​amenorrhea,anemia,and anorexia
C) ​menstrual dysfunction,eating disorder,and osteoporosis
D) ​eating disorder,anemia,and osteoarthritis
E) ​eating disorder,osteoporosis,and infertility

Question 12

​The first therapeutic option for infertility in obese people is _____.

A) ​medication
B) ​weight loss
C) ​hormone therapy
D) ​in-vitro fertilization
E) ​surgery

Question 13

​Associations between overweight and poor health outcomes are much weaker than those for obesity in the absence of high levels of _____.

A) ​subcutaneous fat
B) ​stomach fat
C) ​LDL cholesterol
D) ​HDL cholesterol
E) ​intra-abdominal fat

Question 14

Phenylketonuria is a preventable cause of intellectual disability.

Question 15

​In women,elevated blood insulin levels reduce _____ and that prompts the ovaries to increase production of _____.

A) ​luteinizing hormone;estrogen
B) ​luteinizing hormone;progesterone
C) sex hormone binding globulin;testosterone​
D) ​sex hormone binding globulin;estrogen
E) ​gonadotropin releasing hormone;progesterone

Question 16

​Gonadotropin releasing hormone stimulates the release of _____ from the anterior pituitary gland.

A) ​luteinizing hormone only
B) ​progesterone only
C) ​follicle-stimulating hormone only
D) ​estrogen and progesterone
E) ​luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone

Question 17

​Excess central body fat is related to _____.

A) ​insulin resistance
B) ​increased sperm count
C) ​decreased testosterone production in females
D) ​increased testosterone production in males
E) ​decreased oxidative stress

Question 18

The treatment for celiac disease is long-term steroid therapy.

Question 19

​Women with low BMIs (<20 kg/m2)may develop anovulation and amenorrhea due to reduced hypothalamic production of _____.

A) ​luteinizing hormone
B) ​progesterone
C) ​follicle-stimulating hormone
D) ​estrogen
E) ​gonadotropin releasing hormone

Question 20

Low levels of sex hormone binding globulin are related to increased availability of testosterone and estrogen in the body.

Question 21

​Symptoms of PCOS often improve with a _____ loss of initial body weight.

A) ​2-4%
B) ​4-6%
C) ​5-10%
D) ​10-12%
E) ​15%

Question 22

​Which characteristic applies to androgens?

A) ​produced only in the testes
B) ​produced only in the ovaries
C) ​derived only from carbohydrates
D) ​may stimulate the development and functioning of male sex organs
E) ​are a type of peptide hormone

Question 23

​Which term applies to people with diabetes?

A) ​protein resistant
B) ​insulin immune
C) ​low glycemic
D) ​diet controlled
E) ​carbohydrate intolerant

Question 24

​Which pattern(s)of physical activity should be part of a diabetes care plan?

A) ​strength training only
B) ​twice-weekly strength training
C) ​strength and aerobic exercise
D) ​thrice-weekly aerobic exercise
E) ​aerobic exercise only

Question 25

​Which diet strategy would be inappropriate to treat individuals with type 2 diabetes?

A) ​weight loss if overweight
B) ​regular fruit and vegetable consumption
C) ​increasing intake of low-glycemic index foods that are rich in fiber
D) ​150 minutes of physical activity per week
E) ​regular intake of refined grain

Question 26

​Hypothalamic amenorrhea is related to _____ and is characterized by _____.

A) ​caloric restriction;a loss of menstrual cycles
B) ​caloric restriction;increased frequency of ovulation
C) ​obesity;a loss of menstrual cycles
D) ​obesity;increased frequency of ovulation
E) ​diabetes;increased discomfort during menstruation

Question 27

​A deficiency of sex hormones and poor development and functioning of the reproductive system characterize _____.

A) ​anemia
B) ​amenorrhea
C) ​hypogonadism
D) ​hirsutism
E) ​hypergonadism

Question 28

Which eating disorder(s)affect(s)fertility?​

A) ​hypothalamic amenorrhea only
B) ​anorexia nervosa only
C) ​bulimia nervosa only
D) ​celiac disease and anorexia nervosa
E) ​anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa

Question 29

​Which symptom is least likely to be associated with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)?

A) ​insulin resistance
B) ​amenorrhea
C) ​infertility
D) ​low testosterone levels
E) ​obesity

Question 30

​Which situation is least likely related to the onset of hypothalamic amenorrhea?

A) ​being underweight due to anorexia nervosa
B) ​weight loss accompanied by intense exercise,as seen in the female athlete triad
C) ​caloric restriction leading to an energy deficit
D) ​being normal weight with inadequate folate intake
E) ​being underweight due to bulimia nervosa

Question 31

​Women with very low levels of body fat are at an increased risk for osteoporosis due to decreased levels of _____.

A) ​progesterone
B) ​estrogen
C) ​vitamin A
D) ​iron
E) ​insulin

Question 32

​Dietary recommendations for women with PCOS emphasize _____.

A) ​whole grains,fruits,and vegetables high in antioxidants only
B) ​lean sources of protein only
C) ​high-glycemic index carbohydrate sources only
D) ​whole grains,fruits,vegetables high in antioxidants,and lean sources of protein
E) ​high-glycemic index carbohydrate sources and lean sources of protein

Question 33

​Which condition would be considered teratogenic?

A) ​congenital abnormalities
B) ​high blood glucose levels during the first two months of pregnancy
C) ​low sperm count due to obesity
D) ​high testosterone levels in females due to obesity
E) ​amenorrhea due to anorexia nervosa

Question 34

​Which condition is an example of an autoimmune disease?

A) ​phenylketonuria (PKU)
B) ​type 1 diabetes
C) ​type 2 diabetes
D) ​female athlete triad
E) ​polycystic ovary syndrome

Question 35

​Two grains that people with celiac disease can safely consume are _____.

A) ​corn and rice
B) ​oats and wheat
C) ​rye and rice
D) ​barley and oats
E) ​barley and rye

Question 36

Lack of the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase diminishes conversion of _____ to _____.​

A) ​fatty acids;tyrosine
B) ​glucose;phenylalanine
C) ​phenylalanine;insulin
D) ​phenylalanine;tyrosine
E) ​tyrosine;phenylalanine

Question 37

​Women with PKU must avoid the essential amino acid phenylalanine and consume a diet low in protein because _____.

A) ​they lack enough stomach acid (HCl)to break down dietary proteins,including phenylalanine
B) ​they are allergic to phenylalanine and other protein-rich foods
C) ​they lack the enzyme necessary to convert phenylalanine to tyrosine
D) ​phenylalanine and protein-rich foods cause an accumulation of acid to build up in the blood
E) ​they are unable to incorporate phenylalanine into proteins,so it builds up in the blood,potentially blocking blood vessels

Question 38

Diets that provide low-glycemic index carbohydrates along with _____ g per 1000 calories of fiber daily are associated with improved blood glucose control.

A) ​10
B) ​25
C) 14​
D) ​38
E) ​50

Question 39

​The primary goal of PCOS treatment is to _____.

A) increase insulin sensitivity​
B) ​induce weight loss if overweight
C) ​regulate blood lipid levels
D) ​reverse infertility
E) ​prevent diabetes from developing

Question 40

​Which food item would be acceptable in a PKU diet plan?

A) ​meat
B) ​wheat
C) ​fish
D) ​broccoli
E) ​eggs

Question 41

​The test for celiac disease _____.

A) ​can be performed when an individual is on a gluten-free diet
B) ​must be undertaken when individuals are on their normal,non-gluten-free diet
C) ​tests for high levels of blood glucose
D) ​tests for insulin antibodies
E) ​cannot make use of genetic markers since the disease is not hereditary

Question 42

​When a woman develops carbohydrate intolerance during pregnancy,this means that _____.

A) ​she complains of a dislike of carbohydrate-containing foods that commonly occurs during the second trimester of pregnancy
B) ​her pancreas cannot produce insulin,so glucose cannot enter cells
C) ​her blood glucose levels increase abnormally after she eats carbohydrate-containing foods
D) ​carbohydrates cause the insulin-producing cells of her body to degenerate
E) ​the fetus is unable to obtain glucose from the mother's bloodstream

Question 43

​Premenstrual syndrome (PMS)begins _____ and ends _____.

A) ​in the follicular phase;with menses
B) ​in the follicular phase;in the luteal phase
C) ​in the luteal phase;in the follicular phase
D) ​with menses;in the follicular phase
E) ​in the luteal phase;with menses

Question 44

​Which symptom is least likely to indicate premenstrual syndrome?

A) ​thirst
B) ​anger
C) ​abdominal bloating
D) ​confusion
E) ​anxiety

Question 45

Matching
a.Cell membranes have reduced sensitivity to insulin
b.The time period around conception
c.No menstrual cycle
d.Syndrome characterized by mood swings,irritability,and physical symptoms
e.Most common cause of diarrhea among children
f.​Exposures that produce malformations in embryos or fetuses
g.A structural,functional,or metabolic irregularity present at birth
h.Carbohydrate intolerance first discovered during pregnancy
i.​Rapid uncontrolled eating followed by compensatory behaviors
j.​A measure of the extent to which blood glucose levels are raised
​Periconceptional period

Question 46

​Which remedy would be the least effective at treating PMS or PMDD symptoms?

A) ​caffeine
B) ​oral contraceptives
C) ​supplements like B6 or calcium
D) ​chasteberry extract
E) ​antidepressants

Question 47

​Which statement correctly describes non-celiac gluten sensitivity?

A) ​Rye,barley,and wheat must be removed from the diet to relieve the condition.
B) ​Gluten consumption elicits the production of antibodies related to gluten intolerance.
C) ​Adverse reactions are similar to those of celiac disease when gluten is consumed.
D) ​Symptoms include weight gain and joint pain.
E) ​Genetic markers are irrelevant because the disease is not hereditary.

Question 48

​Dietary modifications for this diagnosis would include _____.

A) ​avoiding wheat,rye,oats,and barley
B) ​avoiding aspartame and artificial sweeteners
C) ​avoiding sugar
D) ​including whole grains and fruits and vegetables that are high in antioxidants
E) ​consuming 1000 mg calcium per day

Question 49

​Treatment of celiac disease focuses on removing _____ from the diet.

A) ​sugar
B) ​gluten
C) ​fiber
D) ​excess vitamins
E) ​fats

Question 50

​The occurrence of _____ is unrelated to obesity.

A) ​type 1 diabetes
B) ​infertility
C) ​type 2 diabetes
D) ​polycystic ovary syndrome
E) ​metabolic syndrome

Question 51

Matching
a.Cell membranes have reduced sensitivity to insulin
b.The time period around conception
c.No menstrual cycle
d.Syndrome characterized by mood swings,irritability,and physical symptoms
e.Most common cause of diarrhea among children
f.​Exposures that produce malformations in embryos or fetuses
g.A structural,functional,or metabolic irregularity present at birth
h.Carbohydrate intolerance first discovered during pregnancy
i.​Rapid uncontrolled eating followed by compensatory behaviors
j.​A measure of the extent to which blood glucose levels are raised
​Insulin resistance

Question 52

​Judy has been suffering from depression,breast tenderness,muscle pain,anxiety,and headaches for the past 2 months;it is likely she has _____.

A) ​polycystic ovary syndrome
B) ​phenylketonuria
C) ​premenstrual dysphoric disorder
D) ​dysmenorrhea
E) ​celiac disease

Question 53

Matching
a.Cell membranes have reduced sensitivity to insulin
b.The time period around conception
c.No menstrual cycle
d.Syndrome characterized by mood swings,irritability,and physical symptoms
e.Most common cause of diarrhea among children
f.​Exposures that produce malformations in embryos or fetuses
g.A structural,functional,or metabolic irregularity present at birth
h.Carbohydrate intolerance first discovered during pregnancy
i.​Rapid uncontrolled eating followed by compensatory behaviors
j.​A measure of the extent to which blood glucose levels are raised
Congenital abnormality

Question 54

​Which symptoms would indicate that Jane has this diagnosis?

A) ​her blood pressure,weight,and height
B) ​her conception difficulties and her age
C) ​her high fasting blood glucose,blood triglycerides,and HDL cholesterol levels
D) ​her waist circumference,age,and blood pressure
E) ​her height,age,and conception difficulties

Question 55

​A severe form of PMS that occurs in about 5% of menstruating women is called _____.

A) ​foggy mind
B) ​hirsutism
C) ​premenstrual dysphoric disorder
D) ​amenorrhea
E) ​female athlete triad

Question 56

Matching
a.Cell membranes have reduced sensitivity to insulin
b.The time period around conception
c.No menstrual cycle
d.Syndrome characterized by mood swings,irritability,and physical symptoms
e.Most common cause of diarrhea among children
f.​Exposures that produce malformations in embryos or fetuses
g.A structural,functional,or metabolic irregularity present at birth
h.Carbohydrate intolerance first discovered during pregnancy
i.​Rapid uncontrolled eating followed by compensatory behaviors
j.​A measure of the extent to which blood glucose levels are raised
Bulimia nervosa

Question 57

​Signs and symptoms of celiac disease would be least likely to include _____.

A) ​anemia
B) ​osteoporosis
C) ​subfertility
D) ​bleeding gums
E) ​weight loss

Question 58

Matching
a.Cell membranes have reduced sensitivity to insulin
b.The time period around conception
c.No menstrual cycle
d.Syndrome characterized by mood swings,irritability,and physical symptoms
e.Most common cause of diarrhea among children
f.​Exposures that produce malformations in embryos or fetuses
g.A structural,functional,or metabolic irregularity present at birth
h.Carbohydrate intolerance first discovered during pregnancy
i.​Rapid uncontrolled eating followed by compensatory behaviors
j.​A measure of the extent to which blood glucose levels are raised
Amenorrhea​

Question 59

​Which food is sure to be gluten-free?

A) ​corn
B) ​deli meat
C) ​hot dog
D) ​salad dressing
E) ​bouillon

Question 60

​Based on the data above,Jane will likely be diagnosed with _____

A) ​type 2 diabetes
B) ​metabolic syndrome
C) ​celiac disease
D) ​hypothalamic amenorrhea
E) ​gestational diabetes

Question 61

Matching
a.Cell membranes have reduced sensitivity to insulin
b.The time period around conception
c.No menstrual cycle
d.Syndrome characterized by mood swings,irritability,and physical symptoms
e.Most common cause of diarrhea among children
f.​Exposures that produce malformations in embryos or fetuses
g.A structural,functional,or metabolic irregularity present at birth
h.Carbohydrate intolerance first discovered during pregnancy
i.​Rapid uncontrolled eating followed by compensatory behaviors
j.​A measure of the extent to which blood glucose levels are raised
​Glycemic index

Question 62

Matching
a.Cell membranes have reduced sensitivity to insulin
b.The time period around conception
c.No menstrual cycle
d.Syndrome characterized by mood swings,irritability,and physical symptoms
e.Most common cause of diarrhea among children
f.​Exposures that produce malformations in embryos or fetuses
g.A structural,functional,or metabolic irregularity present at birth
h.Carbohydrate intolerance first discovered during pregnancy
i.​Rapid uncontrolled eating followed by compensatory behaviors
j.​A measure of the extent to which blood glucose levels are raised
Rotavirus

Question 63

Describe the impact of eating disorders,such as anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa,on women's reproductive health.

Question 64

Explain the similarities and differences between type 1 and type 2 diabetes.

Question 65

Matching
a.Cell membranes have reduced sensitivity to insulin
b.The time period around conception
c.No menstrual cycle
d.Syndrome characterized by mood swings,irritability,and physical symptoms
e.Most common cause of diarrhea among children
f.​Exposures that produce malformations in embryos or fetuses
g.A structural,functional,or metabolic irregularity present at birth
h.Carbohydrate intolerance first discovered during pregnancy
i.​Rapid uncontrolled eating followed by compensatory behaviors
j.​A measure of the extent to which blood glucose levels are raised
​Gestational diabetes

Question 66

Matching
a.Cell membranes have reduced sensitivity to insulin
b.The time period around conception
c.No menstrual cycle
d.Syndrome characterized by mood swings,irritability,and physical symptoms
e.Most common cause of diarrhea among children
f.​Exposures that produce malformations in embryos or fetuses
g.A structural,functional,or metabolic irregularity present at birth
h.Carbohydrate intolerance first discovered during pregnancy
i.​Rapid uncontrolled eating followed by compensatory behaviors
j.​A measure of the extent to which blood glucose levels are raised
PMDD

Question 67

Discuss the risks associated with high phenylalanine levels in the mother during pregnancy.

Question 68

List common physical symptoms associated with premenstrual syndrome.

Question 69

Matching
a.Cell membranes have reduced sensitivity to insulin
b.The time period around conception
c.No menstrual cycle
d.Syndrome characterized by mood swings,irritability,and physical symptoms
e.Most common cause of diarrhea among children
f.​Exposures that produce malformations in embryos or fetuses
g.A structural,functional,or metabolic irregularity present at birth
h.Carbohydrate intolerance first discovered during pregnancy
i.​Rapid uncontrolled eating followed by compensatory behaviors
j.​A measure of the extent to which blood glucose levels are raised
​Teratogenic

Question 70

Discuss how using low-glycemic index foods might help someone with diabetes manage his/her blood glucose levels.List several low-glycemic foods that would be appropriate for someone wishing to incorporate them into his/her diet.

Question 71

A woman with type 2 diabetes taking an oral medication wants to become pregnant.Discuss the dietary recommendations that will promote better pregnancy outcomes and normalize her blood sugars.

Question 72

Compare and contrast celiac disease,wheat allergy,and non-celiac gluten sensitivity.

Question 73

Describe the difference between congenital malformations and inborn errors of metabolism.Cite one example of an inborn error of metabolism and describe the best nutrition-related intervention.

Question 74

Describe the effect of obesity on the development of gestational and type 2 diabetes.

Question 75

What are the consequences of untreated celiac disease in men and women?

Question 76

Jane and Julie are in their early 30s and both are overweight.Jane runs half-marathons and participates in an aerobics class,while Julie seldom exercises.All else being equal,who has a better chance of conceiving a child?

Question 77

Define metabolic syndrome and discuss the conditions associated with it.

Question 78

​A friend was recently diagnosed with polycystic ovary disease (PCOS).Describe some characteristics of the disease,the first line of therapy,and dietary changes needed.

Question 79

A young female gymnast is diagnosed with female athlete triad.Explain how her condition may be treated and the importance of treatment.

Question 80

Why do obese men tend to have low testosterone and elevated estradiol levels? Explain how this change in hormone levels affects male fertility.