Deck 5: Nutrition During Pregnancy Conditions and Interventions

Question 1

​Which symptom is least likely to be associated with preeclampsia-eclampsia?

A) ​blood vessel spasms and constriction
B) ​increased calcium excretion
C) ​oxidative stress and inflammation
D) ​platelet aggregation and blood coagulation
E) ​insulin resistance

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Gestational diabetes appears to be caused by a woman's intake of sugar.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Because of higher needs,women with multifetal pregnancies should take nutrient supplements exceeding the Tolerable Upper Intake Levels.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

Hypertension is defined as having a blood pressure of ≥ _____ mm Hg systolic or ≥ _____ mm Hg diastolic blood pressure.

A) ​120;70
B) ​140;90
C) ​120;90
D) ​140;70
E) ​160;110

Question 5

​A worldwide leading cause of maternal mortality is _____.

A) ​gestational diabetes
B) ​a hypertensive disorder of pregnancy
C) ​AIDS/HIV
D) ​multifetal pregnancy
E) ​an adolescent pregnancy complication

Question 6

​Weight loss by obese women during pregnancy _____.

A) ​is recommended
B) ​increases the risk of large-for-gestation-age infants
C) ​lengthens the duration of pregnancy
D) ​increases the risk of small-for-gestation-age infants
E) ​has no impact on pregnancy outcomes

Question 7

The risk for developing preeclampsia is higher in women who were born large for gestational age.

Question 8

Children born to calcium-supplemented women have been found to have lower blood pressure than children whose mothers were not supplemented.

Question 9

Research indicates that 75% of women with gestational diabetes in a previous pregnancy will develop it in a subsequent pregnancy.

Question 10

​Women who enter pregnancy obese are more likely to gain _____ during pregnancy compared with normal weight women.

A) ​too much weight
B) ​too little weight
C) ​weight too slowly
D) ​weight too quickly
E) ​no weight

Question 11

Twins at the highest risk of death and malformations have separate amniotic sacs but share the same placenta.

Question 12

Rates of dizygotic twins vary among racial groups and by country.

Question 13

Routine salt restriction is advised to lower the risk of preeclampsia.

Question 14

​Dumping syndrome is a condition characterized by the abnormally rapid emptying of the stomach and is seen in women who _____.

A) ​have gestational diabetes
B) ​are at risk for preeclampsia
C) ​have undergone bariatric surgery
D) ​drink more than 4 alcoholic beverages per day
E) ​are carrying triplets

Question 15

​The effects of gestational hypertension on the course and outcome of pregnancy are often benign.

Question 16

​Signs,symptoms,severity,and causes of preeclampsia vary from woman to woman.

Question 17

​The urinary excretion of ≥ 0.3 g of protein in a 24-hour urine specimen defines _____.

A) ​gestational diabetes
B) ​hypertension
C) ​proteinuria
D) ​preeclampsia
E) ​dumping syndrome

Question 18

​Obesity increases the risk of _____.

A) ​gestational diabetes only
B) ​hypertension during pregnancy only
C) ​anemia
D) ​gestational diabetes and hypertension during pregnancy
E) ​gestational diabetes,hypertension during pregnancy,and anemia

Question 19

​Organs most affected by small blood clots and reduced blood flow due to preeclampsia include the _____.

A) ​pancreas
B) ​lungs
C) ​heart
D) ​liver
E) ​appendix

Question 20

An unfavorable metabolic change associated with excessive body fat is _____.​

A) ​decreased blood glucose levels
B) ​decreased blood concentration of insulin
C) ​insulin resistance
D) ​high levels of HDL cholesterol
E) ​low levels of LDL cholesterol

Question 21

​Elevation of ketone levels can occur if calorie intakes are decreased to less than _____.

A) ​1500 calories daily
B) ​1800 calories daily
C) ​2000 calories daily
D) ​20% below calorie needs
E) ​25% below calorie needs

Question 22

​The primary outcome goal for pregnant women with type 2 diabetes is to _____.

A) ​maintain blood glucose levels within normal range
B) ​prevent the development of diabetes later in life
C) ​prevent excessive weight gain
D) ​maintain normal blood pressure
E) ​avoid the use of insulin during pregnancy

Question 23

​Which nutritional or physical activity recommendation is least likely to benefit women at risk for preeclampsia?

A) ​high-dosage iron supplements
B) ​5 or more servings of fruits and vegetables daily
C) ​moderate exercise
D) ​adequate fiber intake
E) ​adequate vitamin D

Question 24

​About _____% of women with gestational diabetes will develop type 2 diabetes within 2-5 years.

A) ​10-15
B) ​20-25
C) ​30-40
D) ​50-60
E) ​75

Question 25

​Metformin,the only type of oral medication used to treat gestational diabetes,is useful because it _____.

A) ​increases glucose production
B) ​stimulates insulin secretion
C) ​increases insulin resistance
D) ​improves insulin sensitivity
E) ​stimulates ketone production

Question 26

​The majority (88%)of all cases of diabetes in pregnancy are _____.

A) ​type 1 diabetes
B) ​preeclampsia
C) ​gestational diabetes
D) ​gestational hypertension
E) ​type 2 diabetes

Question 27

​Which nutrients appear to reduce or prevent preeclampsia?

A) ​calcium and magnesium
B) ​calcium and folic acid
C) ​calcium and vitamin D
D) ​fish oils and vitamin E
E) ​vitamins C and E

Question 28

​How many minutes of physical activity are recommended daily for women at risk of preeclampsia?

A) ​15
B) ​30
C) ​60
D) ​90
E) ​Exercise is not recommended.

Question 29

​Chronic inflammation and oxidative stress are decreased by _____.

A) ​high levels of body fat
B) ​frequent intake of processed meats
C) ​smoking
D) ​physical inactivity
E) ​vitamin D sufficiency

Question 30

​Insulin resistance and requirement _____ as pregnancy progresses.

A) ​both increase
B) ​both decrease
C) ​both remain unchanged
D) ​increase and decrease,respectively
E) ​decrease and increase,respectively

Question 31

​According to the American Diabetes Association,when should pregnant women without diabetes have their blood glucose tested?

A) ​between 24-28 weeks of gestation
B) ​after the first trimester
C) ​between 6-8 weeks of gestation
D) ​at 17 weeks of gestation
E) ​Pregnant women without diabetes do not need to be screened.

Question 32

​Maintenance of normal blood glucose levels during pregnancy requires sufficient insulin production by _____ cells of the _____.

A) ​alpha;pancreas
B) ​beta;pancreas
C) ​gamma;pancreas
D) ​alpha;thyroid
E) ​beta;thyroid

Question 33

​It is common for women with gestational diabetes to consume _____ % of calories from carbohydrates during pregnancy.

A) 65​
B) ​50
C) ​45
D) ​25
E) ​60

Question 34

​Which type of diabetes is potentially the most hazardous to the mother and fetus?

A) ​type 1 diabetes
B) ​type 2 diabetes
C) ​gestational diabetes
D) ​They are all equally hazardous.
E) ​None are hazardous to both the mother and fetus.

Question 35

​Diets characterized by a high intake of _____ have been linked to a decreased risk of preeclampsia.

A) ​protein-containing foods
B) ​plant foods
C) ​salty foods
D) ​sweet or sugary foods
E) ​processed foods

Question 36

All forms of hypertension in pregnancy are related to _____.​

A) ​chronic inflammation only
B) ​oxidative stress only
C) ​damage to the endothelium of blood vessels only
D) ​chronic inflammation and oxidative stress only
E) ​chronic inflammation,oxidative stress,and damage to the endothelium of blood vessels

Question 37

​Chronic hypertension _____.

A) ​occurs more often in non-Hispanic Black Americans than Caucasian Americans
B) ​is decreasing in incidence due to better medical prevention methods
C) ​is less common in women of older childbearing age
D) ​is usually treated with the same prescriptions in pregnant and non-pregnant women
E) ​increases the rate of fetal growth

Question 38

​The mainstay of treatment for gestational diabetes aimed at normalizing blood glucose levels is(are)_____.

A) ​oral medications
B) ​insulin injections or an insulin pump
C) ​a low-calorie,high-protein diet
D) ​medical nutrition therapy focusing on diet and exercise
E) ​a very low calorie intake

Question 39

​Oxidative stress occurs when cells are exposed to more _____ molecules than _____ molecules.

A) ​lipid;protein
B) ​antioxidant;protein
C) ​oxidizing;lipid
D) ​oxidizing;antioxidant
E) ​antioxidant;oxidizing

Question 40

​Ideally,when should dietary intervention for preeclampsia begin?

A) ​prior to pregnancy
B) ​prior to infant delivery
C) ​prior to the 20th week of pregnancy
D) ​after the 20th week of pregnancy
E) ​after childbirth

Question 41

​Inadequate food intake in pregnant women with eating disorders is indicated by the presence of _____ in the urine.

A) ​ketones
B) ​fiber
C) ​iron
D) ​thromboxane
E) ​glucose

Question 42

What eating disorder is most commonly observed among pregnant American women?​

A) ​bulimia nervosa
B) ​anorexia nervosa
C) ​binge eating disorder
D) ​emotional overeating
E) ​Pregnant women cannot have eating disorders because women do not ovulate if they have an eating disorder.

Question 43

​An estimated 44 percent of children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders have _____ system impairments that result in behavioral and intellectual disabilities.

A) ​central nervous system
B) ​circulatory
C) ​respiratory
D) ​immune
E) ​insulin delivery

Question 44

Abnormal facial features,such as a flat mid-face,abnormally shaped ears,and the presence of a smooth ridge between nose and lips characterize infants _____.

A) with alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder​
B) ​with alcohol-related birth defects
C) ​with fetal alcohol syndrome
D) ​of mothers with gestational diabetes
E) ​of mothers with eating disorders

Question 45

​A multifetal pregnancy is least likely to increase the mother's risk for _____.

A) ​preeclampsia
B) ​iron-deficiency anemia
C) ​preterm delivery
D) ​Cesarean delivery
E) ​maternal mortality

Question 46

​Which type of multifetal pregnancy is most common?

A) ​twins
B) ​triplets
C) ​quadruplets
D) ​quintuplets
E) ​heptuplets

Question 47

To achieve a 40-pound weight gain,women with twins need to consume approximately _____ more calories during pregnancy than do women with singleton pregnancies.

A) ​15,000
B) ​25,000
C) ​35,000
D) ​45,000
E) ​50,000

Question 48

The vanishing twin phenomenon refers to _____.​

A) ​more triplets and quadruplets being born than twins due to fertility drugs
B) ​the disappearance of embryos within 13 weeks of conception
C) ​the decreasing percentage of dizygotic twins in favor of monozygotic twins
D) ​the emergence of an additional fetus in a pregnancy that began with only two fetuses
E) the decreasing percentage of twins in favor of single-child births due to in vitro fertilization techniques

Question 49

​Assessment of urinary _____ levels is sometimes used in practice to estimate the adequacy of calories and carbohydrate intake.

A) ​insulin
B) ​glucose
C) ​sugar
D) ​ketone
E) ​potassium

Question 50

​The term used in the healthcare field to discuss pregnant women with eating disorders is _____.

A) ​pregnancy fasting
B) ​pregnancy-related food deficit
C) ​pregulemia
D) ​pregorexia
E) ​pregnancy anorexia

Question 51

AIDS may be transmitted from mother to child through _____.​

A) ​pregnancy only
B) ​breastfeeding only
C) ​airborne HIV particles only
D) ​pregnancy and breastfeeding only
E) ​pregnancy,breastfeeding,and airborne HIV particles

Question 52

Goals for the nutritional management of women with HIV/AIDS advise against _____.​

A) ​normal intakes of supplemental vitamins A and D
B) ​normal intakes of supplemental iron
C) ​BMI estimates early in pregnancy
D) ​treating iron-deficiency anemia with iron supplements
E) ​high doses of vitamin and mineral supplements

Question 53

​The recommended treatment for a pregnant woman with an eating disorder is to _____.

A) ​remind her to eat foods that help with weight gain
B) ​refer her to an eating disorder clinic that uses a team approach to solve nutritional issues
C) ​bargain with the woman to consume larger food portions but tell her that she can still vomit after eating
D) ​listen to her express her anxiety and fear of weight gain without commenting negatively
E) ​commit her to a psychiatric ward that helps women with eating disorders

Question 54

​The majority of twins born are _____.

A) ​dizygotic
B) ​monozygotic
C) ​trizygotic
D) ​identical
E) ​dizygotic and identical

Question 55

​The term fetal alcohol spectrum is now being used to describe _____.

A) ​the range of effects alcohol has on fetal growth and development
B) ​the number of drinks a woman can safely consume while pregnant
C) ​a set of characteristics seen in children with alcoholic mothers
D) ​children that have alcoholic fathers
E) ​the effects on young children who are allowed to consume alcohol

Question 56

​Monozygotic twins are _____,while dizygotic twins are _____.

A) ​always the same sex;always different sexes
B) ​the same sex 50% of the time;always the same sex
C) ​always the same sex;the same sex 50% of the time
D) ​always different sexes;always the same sex
E) ​the same sex 50% of the time;always different sexes

Question 57

​Pregnant adolescents have a higher requirement for _____ than pregnant adults.

A) ​iron
B) ​folic acid
C) ​vitamin A
D) ​protein
E) ​calcium

Question 58

​With respect to management of type 1 diabetes,an artificial _____ has been developed and may become available for use in the future?

A) ​bladder
B) ​pancreas
C) ​liver
D) ​kidney
E) ​lung

Question 59

Several studies on weight gain and birth weight have shown that a weight gain of approximately _____ pounds corresponds to healthy-sized triplets.

A) 25​
B) ​30
C) ​40
D) ​50
E) ​60

Question 60

​The mean birthweight of newborns from a twin pregnancy is _____ grams.

A) ​1800
B) ​2000
C) ​2400
D) ​2600
E) ​2800

Question 61

Matching
a.physiologically active substances that act to constrict blood vessels,causing blood pressure to increase
b.carbohydrate intolerance with first onset in pregnancy
c.​the layer of cells lining the inside of blood vessels
d.blood pressure ≥140 mm Hg (systolic)or ≥90 mm Hg (diastolic)diagnosed before 20th week of pregnancy
e.​increased blood pressure diagnosed mid-pregnancy
f.abnormally rapid emptying of the stomach causing weakness,dizziness,flushing,and nausea
g.head too large for birth canal
h.​increased blood pressure diagnosed after the 20th week of pregnancy in previously normotensive women
i.​the separation of the placenta from its attachment to the uterus wall
j.metabolic by-products of the breakdown of fatty acids
k.disease associated with having deficient insulin output and being dependent on exogenous insulin
Ketones

Question 62

Matching
a.physiologically active substances that act to constrict blood vessels,causing blood pressure to increase
b.carbohydrate intolerance with first onset in pregnancy
c.​the layer of cells lining the inside of blood vessels
d.blood pressure ≥140 mm Hg (systolic)or ≥90 mm Hg (diastolic)diagnosed before 20th week of pregnancy
e.​increased blood pressure diagnosed mid-pregnancy
f.abnormally rapid emptying of the stomach causing weakness,dizziness,flushing,and nausea
g.head too large for birth canal
h.​increased blood pressure diagnosed after the 20th week of pregnancy in previously normotensive women
i.​the separation of the placenta from its attachment to the uterus wall
j.metabolic by-products of the breakdown of fatty acids
k.disease associated with having deficient insulin output and being dependent on exogenous insulin
​Preeclampsia

Question 63

Matching
a.physiologically active substances that act to constrict blood vessels,causing blood pressure to increase
b.carbohydrate intolerance with first onset in pregnancy
c.​the layer of cells lining the inside of blood vessels
d.blood pressure ≥140 mm Hg (systolic)or ≥90 mm Hg (diastolic)diagnosed before 20th week of pregnancy
e.​increased blood pressure diagnosed mid-pregnancy
f.abnormally rapid emptying of the stomach causing weakness,dizziness,flushing,and nausea
g.head too large for birth canal
h.​increased blood pressure diagnosed after the 20th week of pregnancy in previously normotensive women
i.​the separation of the placenta from its attachment to the uterus wall
j.metabolic by-products of the breakdown of fatty acids
k.disease associated with having deficient insulin output and being dependent on exogenous insulin
Cephalopelvic disproportion​

Question 64

Matching
a.physiologically active substances that act to constrict blood vessels,causing blood pressure to increase
b.carbohydrate intolerance with first onset in pregnancy
c.​the layer of cells lining the inside of blood vessels
d.blood pressure ≥140 mm Hg (systolic)or ≥90 mm Hg (diastolic)diagnosed before 20th week of pregnancy
e.​increased blood pressure diagnosed mid-pregnancy
f.abnormally rapid emptying of the stomach causing weakness,dizziness,flushing,and nausea
g.head too large for birth canal
h.​increased blood pressure diagnosed after the 20th week of pregnancy in previously normotensive women
i.​the separation of the placenta from its attachment to the uterus wall
j.metabolic by-products of the breakdown of fatty acids
k.disease associated with having deficient insulin output and being dependent on exogenous insulin
​Thromboxanes

Question 65

Discuss the primary goals of treatment for gestational diabetes,and the potential adverse outcomes for mother and baby if these goals are not met.What risk factors are associated with developing gestational diabetes?

Question 66

Matching
a.physiologically active substances that act to constrict blood vessels,causing blood pressure to increase
b.carbohydrate intolerance with first onset in pregnancy
c.​the layer of cells lining the inside of blood vessels
d.blood pressure ≥140 mm Hg (systolic)or ≥90 mm Hg (diastolic)diagnosed before 20th week of pregnancy
e.​increased blood pressure diagnosed mid-pregnancy
f.abnormally rapid emptying of the stomach causing weakness,dizziness,flushing,and nausea
g.head too large for birth canal
h.​increased blood pressure diagnosed after the 20th week of pregnancy in previously normotensive women
i.​the separation of the placenta from its attachment to the uterus wall
j.metabolic by-products of the breakdown of fatty acids
k.disease associated with having deficient insulin output and being dependent on exogenous insulin
Gestational diabetes

Question 67

Matching
a.physiologically active substances that act to constrict blood vessels,causing blood pressure to increase
b.carbohydrate intolerance with first onset in pregnancy
c.​the layer of cells lining the inside of blood vessels
d.blood pressure ≥140 mm Hg (systolic)or ≥90 mm Hg (diastolic)diagnosed before 20th week of pregnancy
e.​increased blood pressure diagnosed mid-pregnancy
f.abnormally rapid emptying of the stomach causing weakness,dizziness,flushing,and nausea
g.head too large for birth canal
h.​increased blood pressure diagnosed after the 20th week of pregnancy in previously normotensive women
i.​the separation of the placenta from its attachment to the uterus wall
j.metabolic by-products of the breakdown of fatty acids
k.disease associated with having deficient insulin output and being dependent on exogenous insulin
​Gestational hypertension

Question 68

Name and describe the four types of hypertensive disorders associated with pregnancy.

Question 69

Matching
a.physiologically active substances that act to constrict blood vessels,causing blood pressure to increase
b.carbohydrate intolerance with first onset in pregnancy
c.​the layer of cells lining the inside of blood vessels
d.blood pressure ≥140 mm Hg (systolic)or ≥90 mm Hg (diastolic)diagnosed before 20th week of pregnancy
e.​increased blood pressure diagnosed mid-pregnancy
f.abnormally rapid emptying of the stomach causing weakness,dizziness,flushing,and nausea
g.head too large for birth canal
h.​increased blood pressure diagnosed after the 20th week of pregnancy in previously normotensive women
i.​the separation of the placenta from its attachment to the uterus wall
j.metabolic by-products of the breakdown of fatty acids
k.disease associated with having deficient insulin output and being dependent on exogenous insulin
​Chronic hypertension

Question 70

​Mickie's glucose tolerance test results indicate that she _____.

A) ​is okay and does not have to be tested for gestational diabetes
B) ​has gestational diabetes
C) ​has borderline diabetes
D) ​has type 2 diabetes
E) ​has preeclampsia

Question 71

Matching
a.physiologically active substances that act to constrict blood vessels,causing blood pressure to increase
b.carbohydrate intolerance with first onset in pregnancy
c.​the layer of cells lining the inside of blood vessels
d.blood pressure ≥140 mm Hg (systolic)or ≥90 mm Hg (diastolic)diagnosed before 20th week of pregnancy
e.​increased blood pressure diagnosed mid-pregnancy
f.abnormally rapid emptying of the stomach causing weakness,dizziness,flushing,and nausea
g.head too large for birth canal
h.​increased blood pressure diagnosed after the 20th week of pregnancy in previously normotensive women
i.​the separation of the placenta from its attachment to the uterus wall
j.metabolic by-products of the breakdown of fatty acids
k.disease associated with having deficient insulin output and being dependent on exogenous insulin
Type 1 diabetes

Question 72

Matching
a.physiologically active substances that act to constrict blood vessels,causing blood pressure to increase
b.carbohydrate intolerance with first onset in pregnancy
c.​the layer of cells lining the inside of blood vessels
d.blood pressure ≥140 mm Hg (systolic)or ≥90 mm Hg (diastolic)diagnosed before 20th week of pregnancy
e.​increased blood pressure diagnosed mid-pregnancy
f.abnormally rapid emptying of the stomach causing weakness,dizziness,flushing,and nausea
g.head too large for birth canal
h.​increased blood pressure diagnosed after the 20th week of pregnancy in previously normotensive women
i.​the separation of the placenta from its attachment to the uterus wall
j.metabolic by-products of the breakdown of fatty acids
k.disease associated with having deficient insulin output and being dependent on exogenous insulin
​Placenta abruption

Question 73

Describe two factors with increased chances of multifetal pregnancies.

Question 74

Matching
a.physiologically active substances that act to constrict blood vessels,causing blood pressure to increase
b.carbohydrate intolerance with first onset in pregnancy
c.​the layer of cells lining the inside of blood vessels
d.blood pressure ≥140 mm Hg (systolic)or ≥90 mm Hg (diastolic)diagnosed before 20th week of pregnancy
e.​increased blood pressure diagnosed mid-pregnancy
f.abnormally rapid emptying of the stomach causing weakness,dizziness,flushing,and nausea
g.head too large for birth canal
h.​increased blood pressure diagnosed after the 20th week of pregnancy in previously normotensive women
i.​the separation of the placenta from its attachment to the uterus wall
j.metabolic by-products of the breakdown of fatty acids
k.disease associated with having deficient insulin output and being dependent on exogenous insulin
​Dumping syndrome

Question 75

Discuss the dietary recommendations for women with gestational diabetes.What are the proportions of daily calorie intake assigned to meals and snacks?

Question 76

​Mickie's BMI indicates that she was _____ going into pregnancy.

A) ​underweight
B) ​at a normal weight
C) ​overweight
D) ​obese
E) ​morbidly

Question 77

How can women with HIV/AIDS during pregnancy decrease the risk of developing a foodborne infection?

Question 78

Matching
a.physiologically active substances that act to constrict blood vessels,causing blood pressure to increase
b.carbohydrate intolerance with first onset in pregnancy
c.​the layer of cells lining the inside of blood vessels
d.blood pressure ≥140 mm Hg (systolic)or ≥90 mm Hg (diastolic)diagnosed before 20th week of pregnancy
e.​increased blood pressure diagnosed mid-pregnancy
f.abnormally rapid emptying of the stomach causing weakness,dizziness,flushing,and nausea
g.head too large for birth canal
h.​increased blood pressure diagnosed after the 20th week of pregnancy in previously normotensive women
i.​the separation of the placenta from its attachment to the uterus wall
j.metabolic by-products of the breakdown of fatty acids
k.disease associated with having deficient insulin output and being dependent on exogenous insulin
​Endothelium

Question 79

​What would be the next step for Mickie?

A) ​Go home and continue to have routine doctor visits.
B) ​Attempt to normalize blood glucose levels by following a healthy diet and exercising.
C) ​Perform a 50-gram glucose tolerance test while fasting.
D) ​Begin a calorie-controlled diet and return to her doctor in 2 weeks to recheck weight.
E) ​Cut caloric intake to less than 1500 calories per day.

Question 80

Describe visceral fat and its metabolic effects.Explain how high levels of visceral fat can lead to increased disease risk.