Deck 9: Infant Nutrition Conditions and Interventions

Question 1

​What percent range of infants and children from birth to 3 years with developmental delay were found to have one or more nutritional risk factors?

A) ​39-50
B) ​49-60
C) ​59-70
D) ​69-80
E) ​79-90

Answer 1

E

Question 2

​Which statement about fat is inaccurate?

A) ​Low-fat diets are rarely recommended for infants.
B) ​Fats are easier for preterm infants to absorb.
C) ​Compared to children and adults,infants need a higher percentage of their daily calories from fat.
D) ​Medium-chain triglycerides do not require bile for digestion.
E) ​Fat provides 45-55 percent of the energy content in human milk.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

​Extremely low-birthweight infants weigh,at maximum,_____ grams at birth.

A) ​700
B) ​800
C) ​900
D) ​1000
E) ​1100

Answer 3

D

Question 4

​Infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia often need energy intakes _____ for age.

A) ​above the EER
B) ​below the EER
C) ​equal to the EER
D) ​above the DRI
E) ​below the DRI

Question 5

​The overall U.S.infant mortality rate decreased by _____% between 2005 and 2011.

A) ​5
B) ​9
C) ​12
D) ​20
E) ​25

Question 6

Corrected age is the same as chronological age for preterm infants.

Question 7

Multiple gestation can be associated with intrauterine growth retardation.

Question 8

Infant feeding guidelines for term infants are appropriate for use in most preterm infants using their corrected age.

Question 9

Slow growth is always a symptom of inadequate nutrition.

Question 10

Down syndrome can be associated with _____.​

A) ​short stature only
B) ​decreased muscle tone only
C) ​increased risk for overweight only
D) ​short stature and increased risk for overweight only
E) ​short stature,decreased muscle tone,and increased risk for overweight

Question 11

Nutrient and energy requirements for high-risk infants with health conditions are based on the recommendations for healthy infants.

Question 12

Preterm infants have high metabolic rates.

Question 13

Intrauterine growth may not predict postnatal growth for some infants whose birth removes them from adverse exposure within the intrauterine environment.

Question 14

All infants with developmental delay have developmental disabilities that continue into childhood.

Question 15

​For which condition would fewer calories be needed for a child?

A) ​infections
B) ​fever
C) ​difficulty breathing
D) ​recovery from surgery
E) ​spina bifida

Question 16

Breast milk is unlikely to be recommended for a preterm infant.

Question 17

In-depth nutrition assessments make sure nutrition is not limiting an infant's growth and development.Which infant would be least likely to require these assessments?

A) ​an infant born between 37 and 42 weeks of gestation
B) ​an infant born between 34 and 36.5 weeks of gestation
C) ​an infant born with consequences of abnormal development during pregnancy
D) ​an infant at risk for chronic health problems
E) ​an infant born before 34 weeks gestation

Question 18

​The European Society for Gastroenterology and Nutrition recommends that a premature infant have an energy intake range of _____ cal/kg.

A) ​50-65
B) ​70-90
C) ​110-135
D) ​175-225
E) ​250-275

Question 19

​An infant who is unable to swallow and is having gastrointestinal problems should not be given enteral feedings.

Question 20

The body composition of preterm infants is the same as that of term infants.

Question 21

​What percentage of children with special health care needs was found to have nutrition-related problems?

A) ​5-15%
B) ​20-30%
C) ​35-40%
D) ​45-60%
E) ​70-90%

Question 22

​Infants with intrauterine growth retardation are at increased risk for metabolic disturbances related to metabolism of _____.

A) ​fatty acids only
B) ​proteins only
C) ​fatty acids and proteins
D) ​fatty acids and glucose
E) ​fatty acids,proteins,and glucose

Question 23

​The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends _____ supplementation for preterm infants on breast milk feedings.

A) ​vitamin B12
B) ​vitamin C
C) ​iron
D) ​folic acid
E) ​phenylalanine

Question 24

​Which factor is least likely to be a reason for slower growth rates among infants that have the lung condition bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD)?

A) ​higher nutritional requirements
B) ​increased muscle mass
C) ​changes in endocrine systems
D) ​changes in pulmonary systems
E) ​interactions between endocrine and pulmonary systems

Question 25

How many calories would the American Academy of Pediatrics initially recommend for a 1.5-kg infant that was born at 33 weeks gestation?

A) ​120 kcal/day
B) ​150 kcal/day
C) ​180 kcal/day
D) ​225 kcal/day
E) ​248 kcal/day

Question 26

​Which organ has the smallest impact on an infant's ability to digest protein?

A) ​heart
B) ​small intestine
C) ​liver
D) ​stomach
E) ​pancreas

Question 27

​The brain grows most rapidly during _____.

A) ​the first year
B) ​the second year
C) ​years 5-8
D) ​puberty
E) ​adulthood

Question 28

What is the gestation-adjusted age for a 9-month-old infant born preterm (32 weeks)? ​

A) ​6 months
B) ​6.5 months
C) ​7 months
D) ​8 months
E) ​8.5 months

Question 29

​Later development of hypertension,hypercholesterolemia,coronary heart disease,impaired glucose tolerance,and diabetes has been associated with birthweight below the _____ percentile.

A) ​10th
B) ​15th
C) ​20th
D) ​30th
E) ​37th

Question 30

​An infant with _____ requires less energy than a healthy infant.

A) ​extremely low-birth-weight
B) ​low-birth-weight
C) ​Down syndrome
D) ​difficulty breathing
E) ​PKU

Question 31

​Which statement correctly describes enteral and/or parenteral feedings?

A) ​Breastfeeding is an example of enteral feeding.
B) ​Breastfeeding is an example of parenteral feeding.
C) ​Enteral feeding delivers nutrients directly to the digestive system while parenteral feeding delivers nutrients directly into the bloodstream.
D) ​Parenteral feeding delivers nutrients directly to the digestive system while enteral feeding delivers nutrients directly into the bloodstream.
E) ​Transport of nutrients across the placenta is an example of enteral feeding.

Question 32

​Accretion of body fat occurs _____.

A) ​mainly in preterm infants
B) ​mainly in infants born after 40 weeks gestation
C) ​throughout the period of gestation
D) ​during the second trimester
E) ​during the third trimester

Question 33

​The DRI for protein in infants without special conditions that impair growth or digestion is _____ g protein/kg body weight.

A) ​1.52
B) ​2.2
C) ​3.0
D) ​5.0
E) ​8.55

Question 34

​An infant with repaired spina bifida or Down syndrome requires _____.

A) ​more calories than a healthy full-term infant
B) ​fewer calories than a healthy full-term infant
C) ​the same amount of calories as a healthy full-term infant
D) ​more calories than a preterm infant
E) ​the same amount of calories as an adult

Question 35

​The Fenton preterm growth charts are _____.

A) gender specific​
B) ​outdated
C) ​used exclusively in the United States
D) ​reflective of longitudinal postnatal growth
E) ​used exclusively in European countries

Question 36

​Which nutrient has been implicated in fetal-origin errors?

A) ​vitamin B12
B) ​vitamin A
C) ​iron
D) ​selenium
E) ​vitamin D

Question 37

​The key nutrient in human milk fortifiers is _____.

A) iron​
B) ​vitamin D
C) ​sodium
D) ​calcium
E) ​protein

Question 38

​A routine source of fat in preterm infant formula is _____.

A) long-chain triglycerides​
B) ​medium-chain triglycerides
C) ​short-chain triglycerides
D) ​trans fatty acids
E) ​vegetable oil

Question 39

​Developmental disabilities are conditions related to impairment in which of the following areas?

A) ​physical and learning only
B) ​physical and behavioral only
C) ​learning and behavioral only
D) ​physical,learning,and behavioral only
E) ​physical,learning,behavioral,and language

Question 40

​An adequate and consistent pattern of weight gain of _____ grams per day is needed as preterm infants progress toward discharge.

A) ​5-10
B) ​10-15
C) ​15-20
D) ​20-30
E) ​30-40

Question 41

​A gavage feeding is one that provides _____.

A) ​nutrition directly through the central vein and includes amino acids,dextrose,and a lipid emulsion
B) ​nutrition through a tube inserted into the stomach or small intestine
C) ​tube feedings originating from the mouth to the stomach or from the nose to the stomach
D) ​oral nutrition that has been pureed thoroughly so the infant does not choke
E) ​nutrition through the use of an oral syringe

Question 42

​The addition of folic acid as a supplement to grains and flours has helped reduce the incidence of _____.

A) ​spina bifida
B) ​galactosemia
C) ​diaphragmatic hernia
D) ​tracheoesophageal atresia
E) ​cleft palate

Question 43

A 12-month-old preterm infant born 2 months prematurely should follow feeding recommendations for _____-month-old infants.

A) ​2
B) ​3
C) ​6
D) ​10
E) ​12

Question 44

​Which program provides financial support and access to health insurance to families of infants with disabling conditions if the family meets income eligibility guidelines?

A) ​WIC
B) ​Early Head Start
C) ​National Council on Pediatric Affairs (NCPA)
D) ​Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)programs
E) ​Supplemental Social Insurance program

Question 45

​An example of a central nervous system congenital anomaly is _____.

A) a heart malformation
B) ​spina bifida
C) ​cleft lip
D) ​tracheoesophageal atresia
E) ​galactosemia

Question 46

​The energy content of preterm and term breast milk is _____ calories per ounce.

A) ​5
B) ​10
C) ​20
D) ​25
E) ​30

Question 47

​Which feeding choice is recommended for preterm infants?

A) ​formula fortified to meet the infants' nutritional needs
B) ​breast milk from a donor bank
C) ​preterm breast milk from the mother
D) ​a combination of preterm breast milk from the mother and fortified formula
E) ​a combination of breast milk from a donor bank and fortified formula

Question 48

​Preterm infants usually require high calorie feeds that provide _____ calories per ounce.

A) ​18-20
B) ​22-24
C) ​26-28
D) ​28-30
E) ​34-37

Question 49

​Provision of adequate energy and nutrients to the very preterm infant requires _____,followed by slow transition to _____.

A) ​breastfeeding;parenteral feeding
B) ​parenteral feeding;breastfeeding
C) ​enteral feeding;parenteral feeding
D) ​parenteral feeding;enteral feeding
E) ​enteral feeding;breastfeeding

Question 50

​One sign of feeding problems in high-risk infants younger than 6 months is _____.

A) ​a brief duration of feeding
B) ​too tight a seal on the mother's nipple
C) ​a rhythmic sucking pattern
D) ​shallow breathing after the feeding
E) ​coughing during the feeding

Question 51

​When enteral nutrition is expected to be needed long term,generally over 3 months,the _____ feeding method is most often used.

A) ​only the gavage
B) ​the gavage or gastronomy
C) ​the parenteral or jejunostomy
D) ​the gavage or jejunostomy
E) ​the gastronomy or jejunostomy

Question 52

​Donor milk is typically _____ than preterm breast milk

A) higher in fat​
B) ​lower in fat
C) ​higher in protein
D) lower in protein​
E) ​higher in carbohydrate

Question 53

​Which statement correctly describes food safety with preterm infants?

A) ​Formula powder is sterile.
B) ​Hospitals limit duration of hang time of continuous feeds to 4 hours.
C) ​Hospital policies require changing of tube feeding assemblies every hour to limit contamination.
D) ​Liquid concentrates and ready-to-feed formulas are unsterile.
E) ​Preterm babies have fully developed immune systems.

Question 54

The disadvantage of preterm infant formulas is increased risk of _____.​

A) ​phenylketonuria
B) ​necrotizing enterocolitis
C) ​Down syndrome
D) ​developing obesity later in life
E) ​diabetes

Question 55

​Which food would be inappropriate for a baby with galactosemia?

A) ​sugar solution
B) ​apple juice
C) ​soybean formula
D) ​breast milk
E) ​orange juice

Question 56

Interventions are required to ensure adequate growth and development when feeding problems are identified in infancy.Which intervention would be least helpful?​

A) ​assessing growth less frequently
B) ​monitoring the infant's intake of all liquids and foods to ensure enough is being consumed
C) ​changing the frequency and volume of feedings as needed
D) ​increasing the nutrient density of foods or fluids
E) ​adjusting nutrition goals to the infant's development abilities

Question 57

​Several factors explain why a preterm baby may be hard to feed.An exception is _____.

A) ​lethargy
B) ​abdominal distension
C) ​altered breathing and heart rate
D) ​disorganized feeding
E) ​high tolerance of volume

Question 58

​Which nutrition concern is least likely to be associated with infants who have Down syndrome?

A) ​feeding difficulties related to weak muscles in the face and overall
B) ​high rate of linear growth
C) ​gastrointestinal problems
D) ​suboptimal growth rate
E) ​excessive energy intake

Question 59

​If energy provision is inadequate,what stores do preterm infants use to meet their glucose needs?

A) ​fat stores in tissue only
B) ​protein stores in muscle only
C) ​carbohydrate stores in muscle only
D) ​fat and protein stores in tissue and muscle
E) ​protein and carbohydrate stores in muscle

Question 60

​Routes of enteral feeding include _____.

A) ​gavage and gastronomy feedings only
B) ​gastronomy and jejunostomy feedings only
C) ​parenteral and gavage feedings only
D) ​gavage,gastronomy,and jejunostomy feedings
E) ​gavage,gastronomy,jejunostomy,and parenteral feedings

Question 61

​What daily weight gain goal would the dietitian set for the first three months?

A) ​10-25 g/day
B) ​20-30 g/day
C) ​30-40 g/day
D) ​40-50 g/day
E) ​60 g/day

Question 62

Matching
a.​Incomplete connection between the esophagus and the stomach in utero,resulting in a shortened esophagus
b.​Condition characterized by inflammation or damage to a section of the intestine
c.Displacement of the intestines up into the lung area due to incomplete formation of the diaphragm in utero
d.A rare genetic condition of carbohydrate metabolism​
e.Infants weighing <1000 grams at birth
f.​Infants weighing <1500 grams at birth
g.​Infants weighing <2500 grams at birth
h.​Abnormally large head size for age and gender
i.Abnormally small head size for age and gender
j.Condition in which electrical nerve transmission in the brain is disrupted,resulting in periods of loss of function
k.Condition in which three copies of chromosome 21 occur​
l.Condition in which the brain is not formed correctly,resulting in neonatal death
​Macrocephaly

Question 63

Following discharge from the hospital,Rebecca shows signs of fatigue during feeding.The dietitian then recommends a higher-calorie formula.How many calories/ounce would the new formula most likely contain?

A) ​24
B) ​30
C) ​35
D) ​40
E) ​45

Question 64

Matching
a.​Incomplete connection between the esophagus and the stomach in utero,resulting in a shortened esophagus
b.​Condition characterized by inflammation or damage to a section of the intestine
c.Displacement of the intestines up into the lung area due to incomplete formation of the diaphragm in utero
d.A rare genetic condition of carbohydrate metabolism​
e.Infants weighing <1000 grams at birth
f.​Infants weighing <1500 grams at birth
g.​Infants weighing <2500 grams at birth
h.​Abnormally large head size for age and gender
i.Abnormally small head size for age and gender
j.Condition in which electrical nerve transmission in the brain is disrupted,resulting in periods of loss of function
k.Condition in which three copies of chromosome 21 occur​
l.Condition in which the brain is not formed correctly,resulting in neonatal death
​Down syndrome

Question 65

Matching
a.​Incomplete connection between the esophagus and the stomach in utero,resulting in a shortened esophagus
b.​Condition characterized by inflammation or damage to a section of the intestine
c.Displacement of the intestines up into the lung area due to incomplete formation of the diaphragm in utero
d.A rare genetic condition of carbohydrate metabolism​
e.Infants weighing <1000 grams at birth
f.​Infants weighing <1500 grams at birth
g.​Infants weighing <2500 grams at birth
h.​Abnormally large head size for age and gender
i.Abnormally small head size for age and gender
j.Condition in which electrical nerve transmission in the brain is disrupted,resulting in periods of loss of function
k.Condition in which three copies of chromosome 21 occur​
l.Condition in which the brain is not formed correctly,resulting in neonatal death
​Extremely low-birthweight infant (ELBW)

Question 66

Matching
a.​Incomplete connection between the esophagus and the stomach in utero,resulting in a shortened esophagus
b.​Condition characterized by inflammation or damage to a section of the intestine
c.Displacement of the intestines up into the lung area due to incomplete formation of the diaphragm in utero
d.A rare genetic condition of carbohydrate metabolism​
e.Infants weighing <1000 grams at birth
f.​Infants weighing <1500 grams at birth
g.​Infants weighing <2500 grams at birth
h.​Abnormally large head size for age and gender
i.Abnormally small head size for age and gender
j.Condition in which electrical nerve transmission in the brain is disrupted,resulting in periods of loss of function
k.Condition in which three copies of chromosome 21 occur​
l.Condition in which the brain is not formed correctly,resulting in neonatal death
Galactosemia

Question 67

​Which statement best describes body fat storage changes expected in Rebecca?

A) ​Fat stores will decrease in 3 months.
B) ​Fat stores will stay the same in 3 months.
C) ​Fat stores will increase in 3 months.
D) ​Body fat stores will increase immediately.
E) ​Body fat stores will decrease immediately.

Question 68

Explain the fetal programming hypothesis,with specific reference to how preterm birth provides supportive evidence.

Question 69

Matching
a.​Incomplete connection between the esophagus and the stomach in utero,resulting in a shortened esophagus
b.​Condition characterized by inflammation or damage to a section of the intestine
c.Displacement of the intestines up into the lung area due to incomplete formation of the diaphragm in utero
d.A rare genetic condition of carbohydrate metabolism​
e.Infants weighing <1000 grams at birth
f.​Infants weighing <1500 grams at birth
g.​Infants weighing <2500 grams at birth
h.​Abnormally large head size for age and gender
i.Abnormally small head size for age and gender
j.Condition in which electrical nerve transmission in the brain is disrupted,resulting in periods of loss of function
k.Condition in which three copies of chromosome 21 occur​
l.Condition in which the brain is not formed correctly,resulting in neonatal death
​Low-birth-weight infant (LBW)

Question 70

What are some of the factors that can affect growth rate during pregnancy?

Question 71

Matching
a.​Incomplete connection between the esophagus and the stomach in utero,resulting in a shortened esophagus
b.​Condition characterized by inflammation or damage to a section of the intestine
c.Displacement of the intestines up into the lung area due to incomplete formation of the diaphragm in utero
d.A rare genetic condition of carbohydrate metabolism​
e.Infants weighing <1000 grams at birth
f.​Infants weighing <1500 grams at birth
g.​Infants weighing <2500 grams at birth
h.​Abnormally large head size for age and gender
i.Abnormally small head size for age and gender
j.Condition in which electrical nerve transmission in the brain is disrupted,resulting in periods of loss of function
k.Condition in which three copies of chromosome 21 occur​
l.Condition in which the brain is not formed correctly,resulting in neonatal death
Microcephaly​

Question 72

​Three months after Rebecca's birth,her mother returns to the community health care clinic and reports that Rebecca is "not as tired as she used to be when drinking her bottle." What additional information would reinforce the mom's report that the infant's feeding behaviors have improved?

A) ​The number of bowel movements had increased since the last visit.
B) ​The amount of time between feedings had increased since the last visit.
C) ​The infant is now drinking sugar water.
D) ​The infant now enjoys a pacifier.
E) ​The infant appears hungry all the time.

Question 73

Matching
a.​Incomplete connection between the esophagus and the stomach in utero,resulting in a shortened esophagus
b.​Condition characterized by inflammation or damage to a section of the intestine
c.Displacement of the intestines up into the lung area due to incomplete formation of the diaphragm in utero
d.A rare genetic condition of carbohydrate metabolism​
e.Infants weighing <1000 grams at birth
f.​Infants weighing <1500 grams at birth
g.​Infants weighing <2500 grams at birth
h.​Abnormally large head size for age and gender
i.Abnormally small head size for age and gender
j.Condition in which electrical nerve transmission in the brain is disrupted,resulting in periods of loss of function
k.Condition in which three copies of chromosome 21 occur​
l.Condition in which the brain is not formed correctly,resulting in neonatal death
​Tracheoesophageal atresia

Question 74

Matching
a.​Incomplete connection between the esophagus and the stomach in utero,resulting in a shortened esophagus
b.​Condition characterized by inflammation or damage to a section of the intestine
c.Displacement of the intestines up into the lung area due to incomplete formation of the diaphragm in utero
d.A rare genetic condition of carbohydrate metabolism​
e.Infants weighing <1000 grams at birth
f.​Infants weighing <1500 grams at birth
g.​Infants weighing <2500 grams at birth
h.​Abnormally large head size for age and gender
i.Abnormally small head size for age and gender
j.Condition in which electrical nerve transmission in the brain is disrupted,resulting in periods of loss of function
k.Condition in which three copies of chromosome 21 occur​
l.Condition in which the brain is not formed correctly,resulting in neonatal death
​Congenital diaphragmatic hernia

Question 75

Matching
a.​Incomplete connection between the esophagus and the stomach in utero,resulting in a shortened esophagus
b.​Condition characterized by inflammation or damage to a section of the intestine
c.Displacement of the intestines up into the lung area due to incomplete formation of the diaphragm in utero
d.A rare genetic condition of carbohydrate metabolism​
e.Infants weighing <1000 grams at birth
f.​Infants weighing <1500 grams at birth
g.​Infants weighing <2500 grams at birth
h.​Abnormally large head size for age and gender
i.Abnormally small head size for age and gender
j.Condition in which electrical nerve transmission in the brain is disrupted,resulting in periods of loss of function
k.Condition in which three copies of chromosome 21 occur​
l.Condition in which the brain is not formed correctly,resulting in neonatal death
​Anencephaly

Question 76

Matching
a.​Incomplete connection between the esophagus and the stomach in utero,resulting in a shortened esophagus
b.​Condition characterized by inflammation or damage to a section of the intestine
c.Displacement of the intestines up into the lung area due to incomplete formation of the diaphragm in utero
d.A rare genetic condition of carbohydrate metabolism​
e.Infants weighing <1000 grams at birth
f.​Infants weighing <1500 grams at birth
g.​Infants weighing <2500 grams at birth
h.​Abnormally large head size for age and gender
i.Abnormally small head size for age and gender
j.Condition in which electrical nerve transmission in the brain is disrupted,resulting in periods of loss of function
k.Condition in which three copies of chromosome 21 occur​
l.Condition in which the brain is not formed correctly,resulting in neonatal death
​Seizures

Question 77

Matching
a.​Incomplete connection between the esophagus and the stomach in utero,resulting in a shortened esophagus
b.​Condition characterized by inflammation or damage to a section of the intestine
c.Displacement of the intestines up into the lung area due to incomplete formation of the diaphragm in utero
d.A rare genetic condition of carbohydrate metabolism​
e.Infants weighing <1000 grams at birth
f.​Infants weighing <1500 grams at birth
g.​Infants weighing <2500 grams at birth
h.​Abnormally large head size for age and gender
i.Abnormally small head size for age and gender
j.Condition in which electrical nerve transmission in the brain is disrupted,resulting in periods of loss of function
k.Condition in which three copies of chromosome 21 occur​
l.Condition in which the brain is not formed correctly,resulting in neonatal death
Necrotizing enterocolitis

Question 78

Your friend is worried that her preterm infant may be at nutritional risk.What are some questions you or a physician could ask her to help identify if there may be a problem?

Question 79

Matching
a.​Incomplete connection between the esophagus and the stomach in utero,resulting in a shortened esophagus
b.​Condition characterized by inflammation or damage to a section of the intestine
c.Displacement of the intestines up into the lung area due to incomplete formation of the diaphragm in utero
d.A rare genetic condition of carbohydrate metabolism​
e.Infants weighing <1000 grams at birth
f.​Infants weighing <1500 grams at birth
g.​Infants weighing <2500 grams at birth
h.​Abnormally large head size for age and gender
i.Abnormally small head size for age and gender
j.Condition in which electrical nerve transmission in the brain is disrupted,resulting in periods of loss of function
k.Condition in which three copies of chromosome 21 occur​
l.Condition in which the brain is not formed correctly,resulting in neonatal death
​Very-low-birth-weight infant (VLBW)

Question 80

​What would be the appropriate resource to measure Rebecca's growth velocity?

A) ​a growth chart specifically made for preterm births
B) ​a CDC growth chart
C) ​catch-up growth charts
D) ​a growth chart made for healthy,full-term infants
E) ​Growth charts are not appropriate for preterm infants.