Deck 12: Personality

Question 1

A major premise underlying psychoanalytic or psychodynamic theories of personality is that _____.

A) conscious thoughts and feelings overcome unconscious motives
B) unconscious forces have an enormous impact on our behavior
C) unconscious forces are responsible for negative behaviors, whereas conscious forces are responsible for positive ones
D) unconscious motives direct all behavior, positive or negative

Answer 1

unconscious forces have an enormous impact on our behavior

Question 2

Freud believed that many of the ideas stored in the unconscious mind might explain __________.

A) poor eating habits
B) psychological disorders
C) intelligence
D) height

Answer 2

psychological disorders

Question 3

The part of the psyche that Freud thought was the reservoir of mental energy is the _____.

A) unconscious
B) preconscious
C) id
D) ego

Answer 3

id

Question 4

A disadvantage to the superego is that it unrealistically strives for _____.

A) moral behavior in an immoral world
B) perfection
C) immediate gratification
D) compromise

Question 5

Defense mechanisms are _____ strategies employed by the ego to reduce anxiety and avoid conflict.

A) conscious
B) ineffective
C) unconscious
D) fixated

Question 6

According to Freud, each stage of development is characterized by a conflict between the id and social demands. If unresolved, Freud believed a person would become _____.

A) psychotic
B) immoral
C) fixated
D) regressed

Question 7

According to Freud, during the phallic stage of psychosexual development, children develop _____, which is a desire for the opposite-sex parent along with hostility toward the same-sex parent.

A) homosexual tendencies
B) an Oedipus complex
C) retentive-expulsive fantasies
D) womb or penis envy

Question 8

Toland is angry with his mother. His mother tells him, "Nice boys don't hate their mothers." In Rogerian terms, this is an example of _____.

A) incongruence between self-concept and life experiences
B) unconditional negative regard
C) how to condition appropriate emotional responses
D) a phenomenological process

Question 9

From a humanistic perspective, which behavior cannot be explained?

A) love
B) happiness
C) greed
D) peace

Question 10

Self-efficacy _______________.

A) is specific to a particular situation
B) never generalizes across situations
C) sometimes generalizes across situations
D) is high for all tasks that you accomplish on a daily basis

Question 11

According to Rotter's theory of cognitive expectancies, behavior and personality are determined by _______.

A) what you expect to happen following a specific action
B) reinforcement values attached to specific outcomes
C) what others expect of you
D) both a and b

Question 12

Which of the following is true of people who possess an internal locus of control?

A) They are generally in better mental health.
B) They usually achieve more.
C) They are less likely to put effort into the tasks that they complete.
D) They believe that outside events dominate their lives.

Question 13

Support for a biological contribution to personality can be found in brain research, which suggests that extroversion is associated with activation in the ______ lobe(s) of the brain.

A) left frontal
B) right temporal
C) left and right parietal
D) cerebellar

Question 14

Shyness is associated with increased activity in what part of the brain?

A) amygdala
B) right frontal lobe
C) pons
D) medulla

Question 15

A concern about the idea of genetic determinism is that ____________.

A) one race or ethnicity might be seen as more inferior than others
B) people may feel that they are simply victims of their genetics
C) both a and b
D) multiple religions are seen as dominant

Question 16

What percentage of our personality is determined by unknown factors?

A) 40-50%
B) 27%
C) 7%
D) 16-26%

Question 17

The biggest influence on personality is ________.

A) genetics
B) unknown factors
C) shared environmental factors
D) nonshared environmental factors

Question 18

It is believed that 40 to 50% of the influence on personality results from _______ factors.

A) unshared environmental
B) shared environmental
C) genetic
D) unknown

Question 19

Julio is having troubles with his wife, as well as with his son. What would the BEST method be to assess Julio's personality as well as his family dynamics?

A) interview
B) observation
C) objective test
D) projective test

Question 20

The MMPI-2 consists of ______ clinical scales such as Depression and Hysteria.

A) 5
B) 10
C) 15
D) 20

Question 21

The MMPI-2 consists of ______ validity scales such as the "F" Scale.

A) 2
B) 4
C) 6
D) 8

Question 22

Two important criteria for evaluating the usefulness of tests used to assess personality are _____.

A) concurrence and prediction
B) reliability and validity
C) consistency and correlation
D) diagnosis and prognosis

Question 23

Describe and illustrate Freud's three levels of consciousness and his three components of personality.

Question 24

Briefly describe each of Freud's psychosexual stages, including the approximate ages, the erogenous zones, the primary conflicts, and an unhealthy resolution for each stage.

Question 25

Describe at least five Freudian defense mechanisms and how they help to keep anxiety in the unconscious mind.

Question 26

Describe at least two concepts that can be attributed to each of the following Neo-Freudians: Adler, Jung, and Horney. State which Neo-Freudian you believe described personality most accurately, and explain your choice.

Question 27

Describe the Five-Factor model of personality traits.

Question 28

Define humanistic psychology, and describe two concepts that can be attributed to Rogers, and two that can be attributed to Maslow. State which humanist you believe described personality most accurately, and explain your choice.

Question 29

State the social/cognitive perspective on personality, and describe the concepts proposed by the two most influential theorists in this field.

Question 30

Describe the role of brain structures, neurochemistry, and genetics in the development of personality. What influence does environment have on personality?

Question 31

Describe and provide examples of the four methods of personality assessment. Differentiate personality tests from vocational interest tests, aptitude tests, and achievement tests.

Question 32

Define and evaluate the four methods of personality assessment.

Question 33

Imagine that you have a friend who believes in astrology. Describe and illustrate the three logical fallacies that support your friend's beliefs.