Deck 7: Memory

Question 1

____________ is why you can recall what someone said several seconds ago, even if you were absorbed in another task when they first said it.

A) Instant recall
B) Phonosonic memory
C) Auditory recall
D) Echoic memory

Answer 1

Echoic memory

Question 2

An example of _______________ memory is seeing light from a flashlight in a dark room as a continuous stream shortly after it is flashed.

A) lingering
B) interim
C) echoic
D) iconic

Answer 2

iconic

Question 3

Hearing a tone for a split second after the tone has stopped is an example of ____ memory.

A) faulty
B) overactive
C) echoic
D) iconic

Answer 3

echoic

Question 4

Which of the following is TRUE regarding short-term memory?

A) It has a relatively large capacity.
B) Its capacity is limited to 5-9 items.
C) It maintains information for a few minutes or less.
D) It receives information only from sensory memory.

Question 5

The process of repeating information over and over to maintain it in short-term memory is called _____.

A) rote memorization
B) mnemonic memory
C) a reverberating circuit
D) maintenance rehearsal

Question 6

If you want to remember someone's name and use the memory technique of repeating their name over and over again, you would be using _____ to keep this person's name in _____ memory.

A) mnemonics; long-term memory
B) a reverberating circuit; sensory memory
C) maintenance rehearsal; short-term memory
D) selective attention; short-term memory

Question 7

It helps to picture STM as a _______ with a ________ who selectively attends to certain sensory information, and also sends and retrieves it from LTM.

A) workbench; worker
B) boat; sail
C) doctor; stethoscope
D) both b and c

Question 8

The "worker" in STM manipulates _____ information.

A) incoming
B) transferred
C) retrieved
D) a, b, and c

Question 9

The tools the STM "worker" uses during active processing include:

A) selective attention
B) chunking
C) consolidation
D) a, b, and c

Question 10

The duration of short-term memory is _________.

A) infinite
B) 1-2 seconds
C) 30 seconds
D) 10 seconds

Question 11

Sensory memory is little in its __________ but long in its ___________.

A) capacity; duration
B) duration; capacity
C) purpose; capacity
D) purpose; duration

Question 12

In the sensory memory experiment conducted by George Sperling, how many letters on average were people able to recall out of a matrix of letters?

A) 12
B) 8
C) 4-5
D) 20

Question 13

Conscious thinking occurs in _____________.

A) sensory memory
B) STM
C) LTM
D) a and c

Question 14

Working memory involves active processing of incoming information, followed by what?

A) active encoding of information to LTM
B) retrieval of information from LTM
C) consolidation
D) a and b

Question 15

Implicit/nondeclarative memory is learned _____.

A) intentionally or consciously
B) through repetition
C) via classical conditioning
D) b and c

Question 16

After just hearing about the Little Albert experiment, the priming effect suggests that you would complete the word completion __ AT with ________.

A) rat
B) cat
C) fat
D) hat

Question 17

Based on research, if you play an audiotape of your history class while you are fully asleep you are most likely to remember _____ of the tape.

A) nearly 100 percent
B) 75 to 95 percent
C) 5 to 50 percent
D) none

Question 18

Recognition of high school classmates' names is ______ and recognition of their faces is ___ many years after graduation.

A) high; high
B) high; low
C) low; low
D) low; high

Question 19

Asking students to come up with examples of the concept of classical conditioning in their own lives involves _________.

A) maintenance
B) encoding
C) chunking
D) elaborative rehearsal

Question 20

Specific mnemonic strategies compiled from memory research include ________________.

A) peg words
B) massed practice
C) method of loci
D) a and c

Question 21

The method of loci, peg-word system, substitute word system, and method of word association are all examples of _____.

A) didectic memory
B) mnemonic devices
C) eidetic imagery
D) a photographic memory

Question 22

To remember the pathway for vision you imagine yourself walking into your house, noting the cornea peephole in the front door, the entryway fishbowl full of aqueous humor, and a pupil seated in your living room handing you a lens as you enter the dining room where glasses filled with vitreous humor rest on a retinal tablecloth with pictures of rods and cones. This is an example of _____.

A) acronyms
B) the method of word association
C) the peg-word technique
D) the method of loci

Question 23

An example of the _____ mnemonic device would be to remember the order of the bones in the middle ear by thinking of a mallet hitting a bun, a shoe sitting on an anvil, and a pair of stirrups hanging from a tree.

A) word association
B) method of loci
C) peg-word
D) substitute word

Question 24

If you drink coffee while you study for a test, according to state-dependent retrieval, you should do what when you are taking the test?

A) not drink coffee, because it will make you anxious
B) drink coffee to re-create the physiological state you were in while studying
C) not drink or eat anything; devote your entire focus to taking the test
D) consume any type of caffeine

Question 25

When subsequent information distorts our memory of a previous experience, this is known as _________.

A) the sleeper effect
B) source amnesia
C) the misinformation effect
D) the serial position effect

Question 26

Over time, we can forget the source of information we have learned. As a result, over time, this information comes to be regarded as reliable. This is called the ______ effect.

A) source
B) sleeper
C) credibility
D) gullibility

Question 27

Research on humans and lab animals suggests that injections of _____ and stimulation of _____ increases the encoding and storage of new information.

A) epinephrine and cortisol; the amygdala
B) serotonin and dopamine; the cerebellum
C) testosterone; the gonads
D) endorphins; Broca's area

Question 28

The accuracy of flashbulb memories is generally ________.

A) low
B) high
C) strong
D) There has been no research conducted on this issue.

Question 29

The two brain areas that are MOST active when encoding pictorial information are the _____.

A) hypothalamus and cerebral cortex
B) parahippocampal cortex and right prefrontal cortex
C) parasympathetic and sympathetic systems
D) neocortex and limbic system

Question 30

Such procedures as memory recognition, sequencing of events, and episodic memory occur in the ______.

A) hippocampal formation
B) amygdala
C) thalamus
D) cortex

Question 31

Spatial working memory is located in the __________.

A) basal ganglia and cerebellum
B) amygdala
C) thalamus
D) cortex

Question 32

Repressed memories of sexual abuse are _________.

A) always accurate
B) never accurate
C) sometimes accurate
D) always made up

Question 33

Describe the encoding, storage, and retrieval approach to memory, using a computer analogy.

Question 34

Describe the three storage systems in the traditional model of memory, and explain how the purpose, duration, and capacity of each system differ. Illustrate your answer with an example of how each system contributed to a specific memory from your recent past.

Question 35

Describe the subsystems of long-term memory storage, illustrating each with a personal example.

Question 36

Describe how you can use the principles of organization and rehearsal to improve both short-term and long-term memory; illustrate your answer with examples.

Question 37

Describe the retrieval process, focusing on retrieval cues, recognition, recall, and the encoding specificity principle, illustrating each with a personal example.

Question 38

Summarize how you can use the following concepts to improve your study habits and exam scores: elaborative rehearsal, retrieval cues, and organization.

Question 39

Imagine that you are a neuropsychologist and you have to explain the biological factors that affect memory to an introductory psychology class. Include a discussion of neuronal and synaptic changes, hormonal influences, and where memory is "located"
in the brain.

Question 40

Describe the two major biological causes (e.g., amnesia, Alzheimer's disease) of memory loss. What is the origin of each of these memory problems?

Question 41

Describe each of the following four theories of forgetting, and include examples to illustrate each one: decay theory, interference theory, motivated forgetting, encoding failure, and retrieval failure theory.

Question 42

Describe the factors involved in forgetting (such as the serial position effect, source amnesia, the misinformation effect, the sleeper effect) and give an example of how each can distort the accuracy of our memories.

Question 43

Summarize the research and its implications or consequences for eyewitness testimony and repressed memories.

Question 44

You need to buy ten grocery items: meat, poultry, raisins, soda, tomatoes, oranges, milk, cookies, apples, and tea. Illustrate how you would use each of the following mnemonic devices to remember this list: method of loci, peg word, and word association.