Deck 5: States of Consciousness

Question 1

Bauby, the French editor of Elle magazine, suffered a massive stroke but was able to dictate his memoir by ______.

A) moving his fingers slightly
B) winking his left eye
C) tapping one finger
D) moving his tongue

Answer 1

winking his left eye

Question 2

Sleeping represents what level of consciousness?

A) high
B) medium
C) low
D) no

Answer 2

low

Question 3

Physiological measures, such as blood pressure, pulse, and body temperature reach their peak during ________.

A) early evening
B) late evening
C) daytime hours
D) early morning

Answer 3

daytime hours

Question 4

Disruptions in circadian rhythms lead to which of the following:

A) relationship problems
B) reduced concentration
C) health problems
D) b and c

Question 5

In general, it is easier to shift from __________ to ____________ shifts.

A) night; day
B) day; night
C) night; afternoon
D) afternoon; morning

Question 6

As you read this test, you will likely do best if you _____.

A) are in an alternate state of consciousness
B) employ automatic processing
C) let your stream of consciousness take charge
D) employ controlled processing

Question 7

Consciousness ___________.

A) is an all or nothing phenomenon
B) exists along a continuum
C) is only when you are fully awake and alert
D) both a and c

Question 8

A skilled driver who is driving a car would be engaging in _______________ processing.

A) controlled
B) automatic
C) autonomic
D) cerebral

Question 9

A coma would be considered to be at what level of awareness?

A) low
B) middle
C) high
D) automatic

Question 10

A person under anesthesia would be considered to be at what level of awareness?

A) low
B) middle
C) high
D) automatic

Question 11

Which of the following is an example of automatic processing?

A) learning to drive a car
B) studying for an exam
C) dreaming
D) walking while you talk on the phone

Question 12

What hormone increases in our bodies when we are sleep deprived?

A) melatonin
B) cortisol
C) testosterone
D) insulin

Question 13

In a sleep lab, electrodes hooked up to the patient will probably measure _______, which is (are) common for researchers to measure.

A) heart rate, respiration, and blood pressure
B) brain waves, muscle activity, and eye movements
C) heart rate, muscle movements, and sexual arousal
D) brain waves, myocardial functioning, and ocular movements

Question 14

How do REM dreams compare to non-REM (Stages 1-4) dreams?

A) more frequent in REM than non-REM
B) very similar
C) more colorful
D) both a and b

Question 15

Which of the following is the CORRECT sequence of sleep stages?

A) non-REM-Stages 1-2-3-4—REM
B) presleep-Stages 1-2-3-4—REM—Stages 4-3-2-1
C) presleep-Stages 1-2-3-4-3-2—REM
D) non-REM-Stages 1-2-3-4-3-2—REM

Question 16

What would best explain your baby's breathing irregularly, making little sounds, and moving her eyes rapidly back and forth under closed lids?

A) The baby appears to be coming out of Stage 1 sleep.
B) The baby is showing signs of a transition between sleep stages.
C) The baby has obviously been awake for several minutes.
D) The baby is most likely in the REM sleep stage

Question 17

REM sleep occurs in ________.

A) all mammals
B) only humans
C) mammals with higher intelligence including humans
D) both b and c

Question 18

What is MOST likely to happen to your sleep cycles the first time you get uninterrupted sleep after missing several night sleeps cramming for an exam?

A) You have more than the usual amount of REM sleep.
B) You have more than the usual amount of non-REM sleep.
C) You sleep more hours than usual, and get an equal amount of REM and non-REM sleep.
D) You remain basically normal.

Question 19

As we age, the amount of time we _____ declines.

A) spend in Stage 2 sleep
B) sleep
C) spend in REM sleep
D) both b and c

Question 20

The average middle-aged adult spends what percentage of sleep time in REM sleep?

A) 40%
B) 14%
C) 20%
D) 33%

Question 21

After becoming very angry with your sister and wishing that she were dead, you dream about pushing her off a cliff. According to Freud, the latent content of your dream would be _____, while the manifest content would be _____.

A) pushing her off the cliff; wishing she were dead
B) wishing she were dead; pushing her off the cliff
C) pushing her off the cliff; angry feelings
D) angry feelings; wishing she were dead

Question 22

The cognitive view of dreaming suggests that dreams _____.

A) awaken the unconscious
B) help us sift through and sort out our everyday experiences
C) are a type of information processing
D) b and c

Question 23

Which of the following statements about sleep disorders is correct?

A) About 50% of American adults suffer from sleep problems.
B) Only 10% of children under the age of 5 have sleep problems.
C) Approximately 20% of all drivers have fallen asleep for a few seconds at the wheel.
D) More men than women suffer with sleep disorders.

Question 24

_____________ involve problems sleeping, whereas ___________ refer to abnormal sleep disturbances.

A) Parasomnias; dyssomnias
B) Dyssomnias; parasomnias
C) Nightmares, sleep apnea
D) Narcolepsy; insomnia.

Question 25

Abnormal sleep disturbances such as nightmares and night terrors are known as ______.

A) sleep disorders
B) dyssomnias
C) parasomnias
D) somatizations

Question 26

Addiction refers to ________________.

A) the use of a substance that causes emotional or physical harm to self or to others
B) a condition in which a person feels compelled to take a specific drug
C) developmrnt of tolerance to a substance that is being abused
D) both a and b

Question 27

A drug that blocks the reuptake of dopamine, serotonin, and norephinephrine is ______.

A) heroine
B) marijuana
C) cocaine
D) tobacco

Question 28

What type of antipsychotic drugs block the receptor sites to which the neurotransmitter dopamine is attached?

A) precursor
B) agonist
C) synergist
D) antagonist

Question 29

MDMA belongs to which category of drugs?

A) opiate
B) hallucinogen
C) stimulant
D) depressant

Question 30

After having Valium prescribed to help you cope with job-related anxiety, you find a less stressful job and are anxiety-free, but you keep taking Valium because you like its effects. If you haven't increased the dosage and haven't experienced withdrawal symptoms when you have forgotten to take the Valium, then it is most likely that you are ________________.

A) a drug addict
B) psychologically dependent on Valium
C) developing a cross-tolerance for other drugs
D) physically dependent on Valium

Question 31

If someone ingests a drug for the purpose of being livelier and more outgoing at a party, but finds the drug actually slowing their system down, and perhaps impairing their thinking and behavior, then ____________ is probably the drug that was ingested.

A) nicotine
B) caffeine
C) alcohol
D) heroin

Question 32

Which of the following best describes the behavior of a person who has a .10 blood alcohol content?

A) relaxed state; increased sociability
B) everyday stress lessened
C) loud and difficult to understand, emotions unstable
D) movements and speech becoming clumsy

Question 33

After taking Seconal (a barbiturate, a central nervous system depressant) prescribed by her doctor, your friend tells you that she is planning to drink a glass of wine to help her mellow out. Based on what you know about drugs, what would your BEST response to her be?

A) Good idea; the two drugs will work better together.
B) Bad idea; the two drugs will counteract each other and she will become overstimulated.
C) It's okay; alcohol only has a bad effect if you have more than 2 to 3 drinks.
D) Bad idea; taken together they can relax the diaphragm and cause suffocation.

Question 34

What area of the brain does nicotine activate, making it a dangerously addictive drug?

A) hypothalamus
B) nucleus accumbens
C) amygdala
D) thalamus

Question 35

Opiates are used to achieve _____.

A) analgesia and pain relief
B) the same effect as endorphins
C) neuropeptides
D) a and b

Question 36

If you can taste the color of the sky and see the sound of the birds chirping, then it is likely that you have ingested _____.

A) alcohol
B) a hallucinogen
C) a stimulant
D) any of the above

Question 37

Which of the following hallucinogens is derived chemically in a laboratory?

A) mescaline
B) psilocybin
C) LSD
D) phencyclidine

Question 38

LSD _____.

A) is used "regularly" and abused
B) causes dangerous flashbacks that may unpredictably recur long after initial ingestion
C) can lead to accidents, death, or suicide
D) b and c

Question 39

Which of the following is true about marijuana?

A) Marijuana dissolves in the body's fat very quickly.
B) Marijuana increases sperm production.
C) Marijuana can enhance immune functioning by promoting relaxation.
D) Marijuana dissolves in the body's fat very slowly.

Question 40

Marijuana has properties of _____.

A) depressants
B) stimulants
C) hallucinogens
D) a and c

Question 41

This drug is odorless, colorless, and tasteless, and has a sedative effect.

A) marijuana
B) GABA
C) Rohypnol
D) cocaine

Question 42

Which of the following is not true of club drugs?

A) They increase the likelihood of contracting AIDS.
B) They increase reaction time.
C) They affect sensory perceptions.
D) They can cause serious health problems.

Question 43

Which of the following club drugs increases levels of dopamine?

A) LSD
B) Ecstasy
C) GHB
D) alcohol

Question 44

Which of the following club drugs increases levels of serotonin?

A) LSD
B) Ecstasy
C) alcohol
D) Rohypnol

Question 45

Which of the following physiological processes can be changed during meditation?

A) socioemotional activity
B) heart rate and blood pressure
C) brain waves
D) b and c

Question 46

The way in which the _______ works is profoundly changed during mediation.

A) prefrontal cortex
B) amygdala
C) cerebellum
D) occipital lobe

Question 47

Meditation has been somewhat successful in reducing stress because of its effects on what part of the brain?

A) hypothalamus
B) amygdala
C) cerebellum
D) occipital lobe

Question 48

If you did not want to be made to quack like a duck when hypnotized, then when you were hypnotized __________.

A) the hypnotist could "make you" do anything he wanted
B) the hypnotist could "make you" quack like a duck
C) the hypnotist could not "make you" quack like a duck
D) you didn't remember what happened

Question 49

Regarding self-control during a hypnotic trance, the MOST accurate statement is:

A) A person retains all self-control.
B) A person surrenders self-control.
C) A person is unaware of what's happening.
D) A person voluntarily suspends control but remains aware of what suggestions are being made.

Question 50

Which of the following statements would be most ACCURATE about hypnosis?

A) People can be hypnotized against their will with a good hypnotist.
B) When under hypnosis, a person will comply with any suggestion from the hypnotist, including one that goes against their deeply held moral beliefs.
C) Some parts of a person's recall memory may be improved, but the number of errors made under hypnosis increases.
D) People under hypnosis can do things that require superhuman strength, while people who are not hypnotized cannot.

Question 51

Describe each of the levels of awareness and the types of mental processing that occur in each level, providing an original example of each.

Question 52

Define circadian rhythms and compare what happens when your rhythms are disrupted and when you are deprived of sleep.

Question 53

State the sequence of sleep stages you would pass through during an average night of sleep, describing the physiological changes and other experiences in each stage.

Question 54

Describe the four theories regarding why we sleep, and provide an example of each.

Question 55

Interpret the following dream using TWO of the three major dream theories. Be sure to use and define the terms associated with each theory, and explain the dream in those terms.
"The night before my final exam I dreamt I was on a desert island. All of a sudden, a boat appeared on the horizon with my teacher and parents in it. I became quite anxious as the boat came closer. Just before it landed, I awoke."

Question 56

Describe the symptoms, consequences, and possible treatments for each of the following sleep disorders: narcolepsy, insomnia, sleep apnea, nightmares, and night terrors.

Question 57

Define psychoactive drugs and list several examples of these kinds of drugs. Differentiate drug abuse and addiction, psychological and physical dependence, withdrawal, and tolerance.

Question 58

Describe how psychoactive drugs can affect each of the four steps in neurotransmission, providing an example of a specific drug and its effects for each step. Include a description of agonists and antagonists.

Question 59

Describe the effects of each of the following types of drugs on the nervous system and behavior, and provide an example of a specific drug for each category: depressants, stimulants, opiates, hallucinogens, and club drugs.

Question 60

Describe the characteristics associated with meditation, and discuss the major physiological processes that can be affected by this alternate state of consciousness. Write a brief description of one method of entering a meditative state.

Question 61

State three common myths regarding hypnosis, and why each one is a myth. Briefly describe three therapeutic uses of hypnosis.