Deck 26: Turbulent Decades, 1918-1935

Question 1

The argument that continuous change is a fundamental condition of human life that should be embraced with enthusiasm is summed up by the term

A) demographic transition.
B) social evolution.
C) realism.
D) modernism.

Answer 1

modernism.

Question 2

The world's population between 1910 and 1920

A) rose 3 percent despite war and flu deaths.
B) declined about 3 percent because of war and flu deaths.
C) rose an amazing 6 percent.
D) would have risen 3 percent if not for war and flu deaths.

Answer 2

rose 3 percent despite war and flu deaths.

Question 3

During the nineteenth century, accelerating population growth was primarily associated with

A) higher fertility rates.
B) declining death rates.
C) migrations.
D) drastically declining infant mortality.

Answer 3

declining death rates.

Question 4

Why were cities, especially in richer countries, becoming safer places to live by the time of World War I?

A) advances in public health
B) a greater focus on policing
C) higher gun ownership rates
D) All these answers are correct.

Question 5

Why did immigration to the United States decline in the 1920s?

A) improving economic conditions around the world
B) fewer potential immigrants after the flu pandemic
C) strict immigration quotas
D) demographic shifts

Question 6

Why did so many new inventions and mass production techniques materialize during the Great War?

A) a confluence of new ideas from the "Greatest Generation of Scientists"
B) a massive rollback of government restrictions on research and industrialization
C) huge investments from industrialist such as Ford, Carnegie, and Rockefeller
D) government support for solutions to military and industrial problems

Question 7

What did Leo Baekeland invent in 1907?

A) a new vegetable molecule
B) the vacuum tube
C) one of the earliest plastic materials
D) the "knock-down kit" of automobile exporting

Question 8

Who was the German physicist who demonstrated mathematically that there is no single spatial and chronological framework within the universe?

A) Ernst Abbe
B) Hans Geiger
C) Albert Einstein
D) Heinrich Hertz

Question 9

Who was the pioneer in quantum mechanics who created the "uncertainty principle"?

A) Ernst Abbe
B) Werner Heisenberg
C) Erwin Schrödinger
D) Paul von Hindenburg

Question 10

Austrian physician Sigmund Freud contended that civilization's standards and laws

A) serve to control base instincts.
B) habitually repressed primal drives.
C) are a response to an immense inner universe.
D) originated as a method to suppress sexual desires.

Question 11

The artistic technique whereby the artist disassembles objects and then puts them back together on canvas in jumbled bits and pieces is known as

A) Constructivism.
B) Dadaism.
C) Surrealism.
D) Cubism.

Question 12

All the governments that replaced those that fell in World War I claimed legitimacy

A) through League of Nations treaties.
B) through tradition and inheritance.
C) as the rightful agents of the "will of the people."
D) through the endorsement and blessings of a monotheist God.

Question 13

All of the following were constitutional monarchies at the end of the World War I, EXCEPT

A) France.
B) Britain.
C) Sweden.
D) the Netherlands.

Question 14

The number of voting citizens in the world swelled after the Great War because

A) states broadened the franchise to include women.
B) men of moderate income but high social status were allowed to vote.
C) of treaty obligations required in the League of Nations charter.
D) None of these answers is correct.

Question 15

Who of the following were part of the political coalition known as the "Whites"?

A) monarchists
B) moderate socialists
C) peasants
D) All these answers are correct.

Question 16

Which of the following was part of Lenin's economic agenda?

A) allowing peasants to behave like rural capitalists
B) transferring wealth to the industrial proletariat
C) infusing communist ideology with Russian nationalism
D) renouncing the NEP

Question 17

Which of the following was NOT a component of Stalin's Five Year Plan?

A) focusing on technological modernization
B) producing consumer goods for the growing proletariat
C) improving education and literacy rates
D) creating huge, mechanized, collective farms

Question 18

What Chinese revolutionary leader organized the Nationalist People's Party?

A) Jiang Jieshi
B) Sun Zhongshan
C) Mao Zedong
D) Chiang Kai-shek

Question 19

Who came to power to lead China in the interwar years?

A) the Communists under Mao Zedong
B) the New Youth movement
C) the Nationalists under Jiang Jieshi
D) the Manchukuo crime syndicate

Question 20

Movements that advocate change in society to improve the lot of ordinary men and women are generally associated with what portion of the political spectrum?

A) the right
B) the middle
C) the left
D) All parts of the political spectrum traditionally focus on improving the lot of ordinary men and women.

Question 21

Rightwing authoritarianism appealed to citizens for all the following reasons EXCEPT

A) postwar fear that the Russian communist revolution might spread beyond Russia.
B) the failure of liberal governments to address chronic unemployment.
C) horrendous monetary inflation.
D) the rapid industrial recovery at the expense of liberty.

Question 22

Mussolini's corporatism served primarily to do what?

A) undermine labor unions
B) improve the lot of ordinary men and women
C) create a harmonious social whole
D) weaken industrial capitalists

Question 23

Who emerged as the chief architect of the new republic that arose from the ruins of the Ottoman empire?

A) Cevdet Sunay
B) Halidé Edib
C) Ahmet Sezer
D) Mustafa Atatürk

Question 24

In 1926 Turkey replaced ________ law with a civil code based on the Swiss and other European systems.

A) Islamic
B) Ottoman imperial
C) Turkish common
D) tort

Question 25

The national parliament of Japan is known as the

A) Duma.
B) Jatia.
C) Diet.
D) Yuan.

Question 26

Significantly, the rising middle class of Latin America resented the

A) urban bourgeoisie's control of the government bureaucracy.
B) lock on power held by the old land-owning elite.
C) "better than you" attitude displayed by lawyers, teachers, and intellectuals.
D) high taxes they were forced to pay.

Question 27

Victor Raúl Haya de la Torre was the leader of the populist Aprista Party in what Latin American nation?

A) Brazil
B) Argentina
C) Chile
D) Peru

Question 28

Who among the following did NOT gain control of former German colonies in Africa?

A) the United States
B) Britain
C) France
D) the Union of South Africa

Question 29

What was the primary reason colonizers built roads and railways in their African and Asian possessions?

A) for military movement and control
B) to increase the capacity of the local economy
C) for the transportation of export commodities
D) as a jobs programs to help lower the unemployment rate of locals

Question 30

The workers of the densely populated northern part of French-ruled Vietnam were attracted to the south to

A) clear jungle for rice plantations.
B) start their own farms.
C) work in rubber processing plants.
D) work in the coal mines.

Question 31

The proselytizing energies of which Islamic sect help grow the religion in Subsaharan Africa as they served both the social welfare and spiritual needs of new converts?

A) Shi'a
B) Sufi
C) Sunni
D) Wahhabi

Question 32

Which of the following favored indirect rule as a method of political control for its colonies?

A) France
B) the Netherlands
C) Belgium
D) Japan

Question 33

Why did indirect rule work well for the British in a region like northern Nigeria?

A) Northern Nigeria had a well organized civil service from a previous empire.
B) The area was sparsely populated and thus more easily managed.
C) For the most part, regional leaders of Nigeria had been educated in England.
D) The territory had a large class of évolués, or "evolved persons."

Question 34

By 1920, the European population of the Union of South Africa

A) lived in small townships.
B) enjoyed almost universal suffrage.
C) was nearly 15 percent of the country.
D) worked mostly in the gold and diamond mines.

Question 35

The majority of South Asian immigrants to move to South Africa between 1860 and 1911 did so

A) as mercenaries in Britain's seizure of East African territories.
B) with the intention of working for several years before returning home.
C) to build a rail line deep into the interior of the continent.
D) to work on sugar plantations.

Question 36

A small number of Jewish immigrants founded farm communities in Palestine, a region within the Ottoman province of ________ before the war.

A) Syria
B) Jordan
C) Lebanon
D) Iraq

Question 37

When the League of Nations assigned Palestine to Britain as a postwar mandate, it also endorsed the

A) right to Palestinian self-determination.
B) Balfour Declaration.
C) concept of shared dominion.
D) Zionist movement in London as the exile government of a Jewish homeland.

Question 38

In the mountains of northern Morocco, a Muslim reformer led a rebellion against the ________ colonial protectorate.

A) French
B) Spanish
C) British
D) Italian

Question 39

What future political leader tried to present a petition to President Wilson in Paris to plead for self-rule for his home country, which was then under harsh colonial rule by the French?

A) Menachem Begin
B) Gamal Nasser
C) Isidro Ayora
D) Ho Chi Minh

Question 40

What action taken by the British in India in April 1919 led to the radicalization of many Indian nationalists?

A) the disbanding of the Indian National Congress
B) the establishment of the Raj
C) the jailing of Mohandas Gandhi
D) the Amritsar Massacre

Question 41

Gandhi urged Indians to spin and weave their own cloth, a symbolic affirmation of swadeshi, or

A) Indian economic self-sufficiency.
B) passive resistance.
C) noncooperation.
D) a moral precept stating that conflicts should be resolved through constructivism.

Question 42

What 1924 program encouraged U.S. banks to loan the Weimar Republic hundreds of millions of dollars, in part to help stabilize the German economy?

A) the Great War Recovery Act
B) the Dawes Plan
C) the European Stabilization Act
D) the Wilson Plan

Question 43

In the mid- to late-1920s, as the rest of the United States enjoyed continuing prosperity, the farmers of the era were suffering from

A) the beginning of the Dustbowl.
B) a loss of income caused by falling food and fiber prices.
C) a lack of investment capital.
D) economic losses caused by stock market speculation.

Question 44

What event that occurred in North America in 1932-1934 served to aggravate the economic depression and forced tens of thousands of farmers off their land and into chronic unemployment?

A) the crash of the commodity markets
B) the ending of price supports for farmers
C) the elimination of tariffs on imported farm products
D) a severe drought

Question 45

Which of the following was a typical action taken by major industrialized states to try to halt an economic downturn?

A) raising wages
B) lowering tariffs
C) balancing the budget
D) government investment in the economy

Question 46

Which of the following countries was first to try to restart the economy by introducing public works projects financed by government borrowing?

A) Sweden
B) France
C) the United States
D) Canada

Question 47

Why did the Great Depression skip Russia?

A) the fact that the country was so poor to begin with
B) the lack of capitalist markets
C) superior bank and business regulation
D) its policy of autarky

Question 48

In the view of rightwing political groups in both Europe and Latin America in the 1930s, "democracy" was

A) multiparty elections.
B) perpetual public theater.
C) single-party elections with candidates approved by the leadership.
D) guarding the nation's political purity.

Question 49

Jiang Jieshi, president of China, protested the Japanese invasion of Manchuria to the League of Nations, but the League did not take any military action. Why?

A) The League was founded on pacifist principles.
B) The member council voted against military intervention.
C) The League did not have a mechanism for military action.
D) The League believed Japan had the right to annex Manchuria.

Question 50

Who appointed Adolph Hitler chancellor of the Weimar Republic?

A) Ernst Abbe
B) Werner Heisenberg
C) Erwin Schrödinger
D) Paul von Hindenburg

Question 51

Define the term modernism in the context of the 1920s.

Question 52

What effect did Lenin's New Economic Policy (NEP) have on farm production? What program replaced it?

Question 53

In addition to the preservation of an established national culture, political groups of the right generally champion what ideas?

Question 54

How did colonial powers whose home governments were democratic justify their autocratic rule of their colonial subjects?

Question 55

Both Zionists and Arab nationalists wanted the British to leave Palestine, but to completely contradictory ends. What were they?

Question 56

Briefly explain economist John Keynes's theory regarding energizing a deflated economy.

Question 57

What actions did Adolph Hitler take as chancellor that effectively made him dictator?