Deck 13: Aggression

Question 1

Which country has the highest murder rate?

A) Finland
B) Great Britain
C) Canada
D) the United States

Answer 1

the United States

Question 2

According to materials presented in your text, _____ percent of violent crimes are committed by strangers.

A) 0.6
B) 44
C) 56
D) 90

Answer 2

44

Question 3

In explaining the origins of aggression, Freud focused on the concept of

A) childhood learning
B) pathological behavior
C) instinct
D) self-esteem

Answer 3

instinct

Question 4

The definition of aggression as "any behavior that hurts others"
Would be the preferred definition of

A) cognitive dissonance theorists
B) exchange theorists
C) social impact theorists
D) learning theorists

Question 5

One problem with a behaviorist definition of aggression is that does not take into account

A) displacement
B) learning history
C) intentions
D) sanctioned aggression

Question 6

An unprovoked criminal act that hurts others would be considered __________ aggression.

A) prosocial
B) sanctioned
C) aggressive
D) retaliation

Question 7

You see a television news report featuring a policeman foiling a bank holdup by killing two of the robbers. This is a case of

A) reactance
B) sanctioned aggression
C) prosocial aggression
D) frustration-aggression

Question 8

You see a television news report featuring a shopkeeper who shot and killed a masked gunman who was trying to rob his store. This is a case of

A) covert aggression
B) prosocial aggression
C) social exchange
D) sanctioned aggression

Question 9

One of the most common sources of ________ is an attack or intrusion by another person.

A) frustration
B) anger
C) low self-esteem
D) reactance

Question 10

The interference with or blocking of the attainment of a goal is known as

A) frustration
B) normative blocking
C) reactance
D) anger

Question 11

The fact that more family conflict and domestic violence occurs in working-class families and in families with unemployed breadwinners suggests that ________ is a source of aggression.

A) reactance
B) frustration
C) competition
D) retaliation

Question 12

Hovland and Sears found that in the South between 1882 and 1930 there was a correlation between the lynching of blacks and the

A) changes in educational policies
B) rise of the black church
C) price of cotton
D) repeal of Jim Crow legislation

Question 13

The main mechanism determining human aggressive behavior is

A) reactance
B) displacement
C) desensitization
D) past learning

Question 14

A child who sees an adult on television hitting another person and then hits his little brother is engaging in

A) disinhibition
B) dehumanization
C) imitation
D) aggression anxiety

Question 15

In Bandura's experiments, more imitative aggression occurred when

A) the model was rewarded
B) the model was the same sex as the child
C) the model had a previous nurturant relationship with the child
D) all of the above

Question 16

Children who participated in Bandura's Bobo doll experiment were most aggressive

A) after watching an aggressive model
B) after being frustrated
C) after being exposed to the shock-competition technique
D) after watching many hours of television

Question 17

A child who is punished severely for being aggressive at home tends to be

A) shy and withdrawn
B) better adjusted
C) more aggressive outside the home
D) desensitized to violence

Question 18

The ________ of information about intention or mitigating reasons is important in determining people's responses to a frustrating situation.

A) level
B) amount
C) timing
D) all of the above

Question 19

Chronically aggressive children have a strong attributional bias to

A) make external attributions
B) perceive others as hostile
C) make unstable attributions
D) avoid retaliative behavior

Question 20

People develop organized interconnected beliefs about the appropriateness of aggression known as

A) aggression attributions
B) aggression schemas
C) learned inhibitions
D) retaliation expectations

Question 21

Social norms specify what kind of aggression is

A) antisocial
B) sanctioned
C) prosocial
D) all of the above

Question 22

Which portion of the United States has led the nation in homicide rates?

A) the Northeast
B) the West Coast
C) the Midwest
D) the South

Question 23

Research on violence in the South shows that

A) Southern violence is indiscriminate
B) gun ownership is uncommon in the South
C) Southern men endorse violence unconditionally
D) Southern violence is due to the culture of honor

Question 24

The ________ model argues that factors that increase aggression do so by increasing aggressive affect, thoughts, and arousal.

A) general affective aggression
B) catharsis
C) frustration-aggression
D) displaced aggression

Question 25

Realistic group conflict is an example of _____ aggression.

A) sanctioned
B) prosocial
C) instrumental
D) displaced

Question 26

The notion of "realistic group conflict"Was developed by

A) LeVine and Campbell
B) Prentice-Dunn and Rogers
C) John Dollard and his associates
D) Albert Bandura and his associates

Question 27

The modern concept of deindividuation is most closely related to

A) Tarde's concept of contagious violence
B) Bandura's concept of imitative aggression
C) Dollard's concept of sanctioned aggression
D) Feshbach's concept of cathartic violence

Question 28

Tarde introduced the concept of _____ violence.

A) deindividualized
B) interactive
C) reactive
D) contagious

Question 29

According to research with children and teenagers, the least effective way to reduce aggression would be to

A) model nonaggressive behavior
B) physically punish aggression
C) ignore aggressive behavior
D) reward nonaggressive behavior

Question 30

Fear of punishment or retaliation seems to spark

A) disinhibition
B) desensitization
C) counteraggression
D) displacement

Question 31

Which of the following is NOT a factor that can inhibit aggression?

A) aggression anxiety
B) pain cues
C) alcohol
D) desensitization

Question 32

Signs of a victim's suffering seem to inhibit further aggression, except in cases of

A) catharsis
B) extreme anger
C) imitation
D) sexual harassment

Question 33

Tom gets into a fight in a bar and punches a stranger in the nose. When he sees the man double over in pain, Tom is likely to

A) feel aggression anxiety
B) feel behavioral self-blame
C) stop fighting, provided he isn't very angry
D) none of the above

Question 34

Intoxicated offenders commit as much as _____ percent of the murders in the United States.

A) 20
B) 40
C) 60
D) 80

Question 35

Why does alcohol consumption tend to produce more violence?

A) alcohol is disinhibiting
B) because of the anti-catharsis effect
C) people cannot distinguish between prosocial and antisocial aggression when Drunk
D) people who drink alcohol have more aggressive personalities

Question 36

Which of the following drugs has been shown in experimental studies to reduce aggression?

A) PCP
B) marijuana
C) alcohol
D) crack cocaine

Question 37

Studies testing the catharsis hypothesis have shown ________ support for the idea.

A) limited
B) moderate
C) strong
D) complete and consistent

Question 38

The 1972 Surgeon General's Report on media violence found that the causal link between violence and the media

A) was consistent and pervasive
B) held only for adults
C) operated only on some children in some contexts
D) none of the above

Question 39

Which concept is NOT relevant to the idea that children learn violence through the media?

A) imitation
B) catharsis
C) scripts
D) disinhibition

Question 40

Which of the following theories proposes that watching media violence should actually reduce aggression among viewers?

A) frustration-aggression hypothesis
B) catharsis theory
C) social learning theory
D) social exchange theory

Question 41

In judging laboratory experiments on media violence, we should judge them in terms of

A) disinhibition
B) pain cues
C) external validity
D) demand characteristics

Question 42

________ are the best solution to most of the criticisms of research on the relationship between viewing media violence and subsequent aggressive behavior.

A) Field experiments
B) Correlational studies
C) Longitudinal studies
D) Laboratory studies

Question 43

The appropriate conclusion from field experiments on the link between television and violence would be that

A) there is a dramatic effect of TV violence on aggression
B) there is no consistent effect on aggression
C) TV violence induces aggression, but only for children from low-income homes
D) none of the above

Question 44

A researcher measures children's television viewing during a finite time period and then assesses their aggressive behavior five years later. This is an example of

A) a field experiment
B) a survey
C) a laboratory experiment
D) a longitudinal study

Question 45

Cross-cultural studies of the link between media violence and aggression

A) are wildly inconsistent in their findings
B) show a clear link only in individualistic cultures
C) show the strongest link in cultures with warm climates
D) show considerable cross-cultural generalizability

Question 46

People are more likely to advocate censuring _________ media than _________ media.

A) violent; non-violent
B) non-violent; violent
C) sexually violent; non-sexually violent
D) sexually non-violent; sexually violent

Question 47

Exposure to violent erotica may contribute to

A) frustration
B) desensitization
C) realistic group conflict
D) antisocial aggression

Question 48

Check and Malamuth (1981) showed men and women films in which women were victims of either erotic or nonerotic aggression. They found

A) no effects of viewing the films
B) that men became more aggressive, but women became more withdrawn and
Anxious as a result of watching the films
C) that erotic aggression produced more aggression in subjects, whereas nonerotic Aggression did not
D) that aggressive films, regardless of sexual content, increased males', but not
Females', acceptance of violence against women

Question 49

A problem with studies of the effects of violent erotica is that they

A) cannot be conducted using an experimental design
B) are difficult to recruit subjects for
C) may create demand characteristics
D) are not ethical

Question 50

Which type of sexual fantasy is least common among men?

A) fantasies involving the use of force
B) fantasies involving consensual sex
C) voyeuristic fantasies
D) sexual harassment fantasies

Question 51

Exposure to nonviolent erotica may increase violent behavior when

A) viewers are angry to start with
B) the erotic materials are extremely explicit
C) the predominant reaction of the viewer is negative
D) all of the above

Question 52

Approximately ________% of rape victims know their rapist.

A) 20
B) 40
C) 60
D) 80

Question 53

People's beliefs that the use of force in sexual interaction is justified are strongest when

A) the woman initiates the date
B) when the couple goes to the man's apartment
C) when the man pays for the date
D) all of the above

Question 54

At least some cases of date rape may occur because

A) date rape is supported by social norms
B) men and women interpret women's behavior on a date differently
C) men are not aware of the problem of date rape
D) all of the above

Question 55

Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for the tendency to sexually aggress against women?

A) holding conservative beliefs about appropriate roles for men and women
B) hostile childhood experiences
C) being insensitive to others' needs
D) being hostile toward women

Question 56

When a rape victim engages in behavioral self-blame, she believes that

A) she is a bad person
B) the rapist's behavior is to blame
C) the rape was due to her own behavior
D) the rape was not preventable

Question 57

Men who are highly likely to sexually harass a co-worker are

A) individuals who associate sex with power
B) low in self-esteem
C) likely to have a criminal record
D) usually very successful in their careers

Question 58

An uneven distribution of economic resources in a country is associated with higher murder rates.

Question 59

Most scientists agree that aggression is learned; it does not come from inherited tendencies.

Question 60

Aggression tends to be quite stable over the lifespan.

Question 61

There is considerable disagreement in social psychology as to the best definition of aggression.

Question 62

The authors of your text define aggression as "any behavior that hurts others."

Question 63

Antisocial aggression is undertaken in support of prevailing social norms.

Question 64

Sanctioned aggression violates accepted moral standards.

Question 65

Hot temperatures increase hostile emotions and hostile thoughts toward others.

Question 66

The original frustration-aggression theory argued that aggression always stems from frustration, and frustration always produces aggression.

Question 67

The main mechanism determining human aggressive behavior is past learning.

Question 68

A child who is punished severely for being aggressive at home tends to be less aggressive outside the home.

Question 69

Apologizing has been shown to never decrease aggressive behavior.

Question 70

Neighborhood violence may contribute to the development and maintenance of schemas for aggression.

Question 71

The general affective aggression model argues that factors that increase aggression do so by producing framing and priming effects.

Question 72

Instrumental aggression occurs when a person uses aggression to attain some practical goal by hurting others, even when he or she is not angry.

Question 73

Children who are frequently punished for being aggressive turn out themselves to be more aggressive than normal.

Question 74

People who are attacked tend not to retaliate for fear of further attack.

Question 75

Distraction is less likely to feed aggressive behavior than ruminating is.

Question 76

Aggression anxiety is a form of learned inhibition.

Question 77

Statistics on violent crime have proved that alcohol reduces inhibitions against aggression.

Question 78

Most laboratory studies show that consumption of alcohol generally does increase aggression.

Question 79

Displaced aggression is most likely to be directed toward targets who are perceived as weaker and less dangerous.

Question 80

Most experimental research has found cathartic effects to be the result of indirect aggression.