Deck 6: Prejudice

Question 1

Prejudice refers to negative ________ by members of an ingroup toward members of an outgroup.

A) beliefs
B) feelings
C) behaviors
D) all of the above

Answer 1

feelings

Question 2

Bill believes that all fraternity members are snobs. Bill is engaging in

A) discrimination
B) scapegoating
C) ego-defensive behavior
D) stereotyping

Answer 2

stereotyping

Question 3

Most research on the effects of stereotypes has emphasized how they

A) affect the targets of the stereotypes
B) result in greater intergroup harmony
C) bias and distort the stereotype holder's judgment
D) result from a particular set of personality traits

Answer 3

bias and distort the stereotype holder's judgment

Question 4

Stereotypes about members of an outgroup can sometimes produce stereotype-confirming behavior on the part of the outgroup members. This is known as

A) ethnocentrism
B) a self-fulfilling prophecy
C) the assumed similarity effect
D) the typicality effect

Question 5

The anxiety that comes from an awareness that one's behavior may confirm other people's stereotypes is referred to as

A) ethnocentrism
B) relative deprivation
C) stereotype threat
D) group-based fear

Question 6

When the victim of stereotype threat disengages his or her self-esteem from the domain of performance in question, this is called

A) the outgroup homogeneity effect
B) optimal distinctiveness
C) reverse discrimination
D) disidentification

Question 7

The belief that the ingroup is the center of everything and is superior to all outgroups is known as

A) discrimination
B) prejudice
C) ethnocentrism
D) the typicality effect

Question 8

Sheri believes that her sorority is superior to all of the others and is the most prominent sorority on campus. A social psychologist would say that Sheri is exhibiting

A) ethnocentrism
B) discrimination
C) rationalization
D) prejudice

Question 9

In a study of the effects of prejudice, Munro and Ditto (1997) asked participants to read two different articles, one concluding that homosexuality was associated with psychopathology and the other concluding that it was not. Participants who were more prejudiced against homosexuals

A) were less certain about their views after reading the articles
B) were more convinced by the less derogatory report
C) were less influenced by the articles than those who were less prejudiced
D) responded more favorably to the more derogatory report

Question 10

Discrimination that favors the minority group at the expense of the majority is known as

A) old-fashioned racism
B) aversive racism
C) relative deprivation
D) reverse discrimination

Question 11

Sometimes a person does not know whether they are being discriminated against because of their group membership or because of something negative about their performance. This is known as

A) group-serving bias
B) attributional ambiguity
C) illusory correlation
D) outgroup homogeneity effect

Question 12

Research on socialization of prejudice suggests that racial prejudice is usually well established and resistant to change by

A) ages 2-4
B) early adolescence
C) young adulthood
D) middle age

Question 13

The idea that prejudice is learned through social norms and through the media is consistent with

A) psychodynamic theories
B) realistic group conflict theory
C) categorization theories
D) social learning theory

Question 14

How does the media play a role in reinforcing stereotypes about African Americans?

A) by depicting disproportionate numbers of poor people as black
B) by linking blacks to violent crime
C) by depicting blacks in stereotypical roles
D) all of the above

Question 15

Which of the following is NOT an example of a motivational approach to prejudice?

A) realistic group conflict
B) authoritarian personality
C) displaced aggression
D) all of the above are psychodynamic approaches

Question 16

A white man is given an expensive traffic ticket by a black police officer. As a result, the man fires all of his black employees. The man's behavior can best be explained by which type of theory?

A) social learning theory
B) psychodynamic
C) realistic group conflict
D) cognitive

Question 17

Right wing authoritarianism is associated with hostility toward which of the following groups?

A) drug users
B) environmentalists
C) AIDS victims
D) all of the above

Question 18

Pat has an exaggerated need to submit to authority and feels that members of minority groups and social deviants should be punished. Pat would be characterized as

A) high in aversive racism
B) high in old-fashioned racism
C) an authoritarian personality
D) a victim of relative deprivation

Question 19

The view that prejudice is an inevitable consequence of competition among groups for resources or power is known as

A) social dominance theory
B) category-based processing
C) aversive racism
D) realistic group conflict theory

Question 20

Realistic group conflict theory argues that racism is due to

A) personality characteristics that encourage prejudice, such as authoritarianism
B) competition between groups for scarce resources
C) clashes between the motives of the ingroup and the outgroup
D) cognitive biases that promote categorization and subtyping

Question 21

According to intergroup competition theories, which of the following is a way that groups maintain their privileged position?

A) optimal distinctiveness
B) cooperative interdependence
C) by emphasizing cross-cutting categories
D) by creating legitimizing myths

Question 22

If we tend to think of older people in terms of categories such as "senior citizens,""grandparents,"And "elder statesmen,"Then we are

A) stereotyping
B) subtyping
C) discriminating
D) using group-serving biases

Question 23

David meets Sondra, a black mother on welfare who is working very hard to finish a college program to get a good job. Sondra tells David that she is also working 30 hours per week to support her children while in school. David holds a very negative stereotype of black mothers on welfare, but meeting Sondra contradicts it. David may create a __________ of "hardworking black mothers on welfare who are trying to get off welfare" because of this meeting.

A) false memory
B) subtype
C) group-serving bias
D) aversive racist belief

Question 24

Which statement about automatic priming is TRUE?

A) Priming is more cognitive than affective.
B) Once primed, stereotypes become more believable.
C) Even though priming happens quickly, most people are aware of it.
D) Only the actual presence of a group member can prime a stereotype.

Question 25

The label attached to a category is critical to category-based processing because

A) categories without labels tend to be processed more quickly
B) the absence of a label results in attribute-based processing
C) different labels can evoke very different evaluations
D) all of the above

Question 26

Stereotypes are particularly likely to override any information about a person when the person closely resembles the stereotype. This is known as

A) the outgroup homogeneity effect
B) the assumed similarity effect
C) illusory correlation
D) the typicality effect

Question 27

Lord and colleagues (1984) asked subjects whether they would host a gay prospective student. The researchers found that subjects were most willing to help when

A) the student was similar to them
B) the student fit the stereotype of a "typical" gay man
C) they were high in authoritarianism
D) they were given very little time to make the decision

Question 28

When are stereotypes most likely to be used?

A) when an individual's behavior is ambiguous
B) when a stereotype has been primed
C) when an individual is seen as "typical" of the stereotyped group
D) all of the above

Question 29

Which of the following is NOT a basis for categorization of people into groups?

A) salience
B) self-esteem
C) social norms
D) subtyping

Question 30

If we believe that football players are not very intelligent, what will we do with the Information that Joe got an A- on his midterm?

A) We will maintain the stereotype.
B) We will see Joe as an exception to the stereotype.
C) We will change the stereotype.
D) none of the above

Question 31

Which of the following is an advantage of category-based processing?

A) It allows for more thorough cognitive processing.
B) It elicits more positive evaluations.
C) It allows us to go beyond the information we are given.
D) It inhibits the formation of prejudices.

Question 32

Macrae, Stangor and Milne (1994) asked students to list their thoughts about a "child abuser," And then to locate various personality trait words in a puzzle. The researchers found that

A) the emotion associated with thinking about a child abuser slowed reaction times
B) students were unable to find words associated with child abusers
C) students found more words that were consistent with the category than were inconsistent
D) students had difficulty accessing a stereotype of a child abuser

Question 33

Once people feel they belong to a group, they tend to favor fellow group members at the expense of members of other groups. This is known as

A) the typicality effect
B) the assumed similarity effect
C) relative deprivation
D) the ingroup favoritism effect

Question 34

Group-serving biases are based on the

A) beliefs we have about what group members are typically like
B) attributions we make for a group's successes and failures
C) feelings of animosity and hostility we have toward a group
D) use of the availability heuristic when judging members of an outgroup

Question 35

Research shows that men attribute women's success in math or science to luck or the ease of the task, whereas they attribute men's success to skill. This is evidence of

A) old-fashioned racism
B) the outgroup homogeneity effect
C) realistic group conflict
D) group-serving biases

Question 36

The assumed similarity effect refers to the tendency of ingroup members to perceive

A) outgroup members as similar to each other
B) outgroup members as similar to ingroup members
C) ingroup members as more similar to themselves than to outgroup members
D) ingroup members as more similar to each other than to themselves

Question 37

"They are all alike, whereas we are quite diverse,"Is a statement reflecting the

A) typicality effect
B) outgroup homogeneity effect
C) assumed similarity effect
D) ingroup favoritism effect

Question 38

Which statement regarding the outgroup homogeneity effect is TRUE?

A) We are more likely to see subcategories within the outgroup than in our own group.
B) It occurs when individuals have approximately equal amounts of experience with members of both groups.
C) The effect only occurs for groups based on visible characteristics, such as race.
D) all of the above are true

Question 39

Which is NOT an assumption of social identity theory?

A) People are motivated to achieve through feelings of competition with outgroup members.
B) People derive a sense of self-esteem from their social identity as members of an
Ingroup.
C) People's self-concepts are partly dependent on how they evaluate the ingroup
Relative to other groups.
D) People categorize the world into ingroups and outgroups.

Question 40

According to optimal distinctiveness theory, which social identity will best satisfy a person's needs?

A) thinking of one's self as a human being
B) thinking of one's self as a member of one's immediate family
C) thinking of one's self as an artist
D) thinking of one's self as a member of a particular fraternity or sorority

Question 41

The collective self refers to

A) the construction of the self in collectivist cultures
B) the aspect of the self that is dependent upon ingroup membership
C) the sum total of all an individual's social roles
D) the aspect of the self that focuses on nurturance and cooperation

Question 42

A comparison of different approaches to the study of prejudice indicates that

A) social learning theory is the best supported by research
B) motivational approaches appear to apply only in a limited set of social contexts
C) cognitive approaches have demonstrated the lack of cultural differences in how prejudice is defined and expressed
D) all of the theories explain some aspects of prejudice

Question 43

Clyde is a white supremacist who advocates complete racial segregation and discrimination against blacks in employment and education. This demonstrates

A) old-fashioned racism
B) ambivalent racism
C) symbolic racism
D) realistic group conflict

Question 44

Surveys have shown that

A) the majority of whites still endorse old-fashioned racism
B) the main supporters of old-fashioned racism are older whites
C) old-fashioned racism is expressed equally among educated and uneducated
Groups
D) the majority of whites are actively in favor of affirmative action and busing

Question 45

Evidence for continuing resistance to full racial equality is found in the fact that

A) a small percentage of whites still want separation of the races
B) African Americans are less convinced than whites that prejudice is diminishing
C) whites give only weak support to government action to promote racial equality
D) all of the above

Question 46

Research on symbolic racism has shown that

A) symbolic racism is correlated with old-fashioned racism
B) symbolic racism is a better predictor of white opposition to affirmative action
Than is old-fashioned racism
C) the symbolic racism approach is useful for understanding prejudice against
Women and homosexuals as well as blacks
D) all of the above

Question 47

People who believe in racial equality and who simultaneously hold negative feelings toward blacks can be described as

A) aversive racists
B) symbolic racists
C) old-fashioned racists
D) racial liberals

Question 48

Researchers have asked subjects to complete a lexical decision task in which subjects are presented with pairs of words and are asked to indicate whether both are real words. Results showing that white subjects respond more quickly to pairs like "white-smart" than pairs like "black-smart" are evidence of

A) stereotype threat
B) illusory correlation
C) relative deprivation
D) implicit stereotypes

Question 49

According to research, implicit stereotypes are most strongly associated with behaviors such as

A) avoidance of eye contact with a black interviewer
B) ratings of a black defendant's guilt
C) relative evaluations of white and black interviewers
D) all of the above

Question 50

Which is NOT a component of the contact theory of prejudice reduction?

A) sustained close contact
B) unconditional positive regard for others
C) equal status
D) cooperative interdependence

Question 51

Mrs. Jones structures her 2nd grade classroom so that students are responsible for teaching material to others and cooperation and interdependence are fostered. This is known as

A) the jigsaw technique
B) recategorizing
C) the minimal intergroup situation
D) relative deprivation

Question 52

Prejudice refers to negative beliefs about the typical characteristics of a member of an outgroup.

Question 53

A shopkeeper who refuses to hire Koreans is guilty of discrimination.

Question 54

Stereotypes can be harmful because they can result in self-fulfilling prophecies.

Question 55

Victims of stereotype threat may come to devalue performance in the domain in question.

Question 56

Ethnocentrism is the belief that all ingroup members are different, whereas all outgroup members are alike.

Question 57

People have a tendency to evaluate the attributes of outgroups more favorably than those of members of their own group.

Question 58

Discrimination is emotionally difficult for victims because it often involves attributional ambiguity.

Question 59

If someone is prejudiced, they will always discriminate.

Question 60

Cognitive approaches to prejudice emphasize the role of social norms and the media.

Question 61

The authoritarian personality is a psychodynamic approach to prejudice.

Question 62

Relative deprivation can cause antagonism even when a group's actual situation is improving.

Question 63

Salient stimuli are more likely to promote categorization than non-salient stimuli.

Question 64

A category label usually does not have an evaluation associated with it.

Question 65

Category-based processing is more an affective process than a cognitive one.

Question 66

People react in a more stereotyped way to people who are considered "atypical"of their group.

Question 67

Category-based processing can generate false memories.

Question 68

Ingroup favoritism refers to the tendency to reward ingroup members at the expense of outgroup members.

Question 69

People make internal attributions for an ingroup's successes and external attributions for its failures.

Question 70

Social identity theory argues that prejudice arises when groups must compete for scarce resources.

Question 71

Old-fashioned racism has declined substantially in recent decades.

Question 72

The symbolic racism approach has been found to be helpful for explaining prejudice against blacks, but not against other minority groups.

Question 73

Symbolic racism is a stronger predictor than old-fashioned racism of white opposition to black political leaders and affirmative action.

Question 74

Realistic group conflict theory refers to the mixture of belief in equality with negative feelings toward blacks.

Question 75

Decreases in prejudice are due in part to the fact that the targets of some prejudices have changed and no longer fit older stereotypes about them.

Question 76

According to contact theory, contact between groups must be sustained, close, and of equal status to promote the reduction of prejudice.

Question 77

Contact theory argues that any kind of contact, no matter how brief, between individuals of different groups will most likely result in the reduction of prejudice.

Question 78

Stereotypes are beliefs, whereas discrimination involves ________.

Question 79

________ refers to the belief that the ingroup is the center of everything and is superior to all outgroups.

Question 80

Children acquire prejudice by learning the social norms of their surroundings, a process called ________.