Deck 6: Proteins

Question 1

Protein is different to carbohydrates and fats because proteins contain

A) nitrogen.
B) more oxygen.
C) phosphorous.
D) more carbon.

Answer 1

nitrogen.

Question 2

Proteins are made of chains of

A) acids.
B) peptins.
C) amino acids.
D) nitrogen bonds.

Answer 2

amino acids.

Question 3

The large molecules which are made up of chains of amino acids and found in all living cells are called

A) acids.
B) aminos.
C) peptide bonds.
D) proteins.

Answer 3

proteins.

Question 4

____________amino acids contain a central carbon surrounded by a side chain carboxylic acid (COOH), a hydrogen, and an amine group (NH2).

A) Most
B) All
C) Some
D) Few

Question 5

The specific sequence of amino acids determines the specific ____________of the protein.

A) function
B) difference
C) peptide bond
D) timing

Question 6

Amino acids are linked into unique chains by____________ bonds.

A) amino acid
B) peptide
C) oxygen
D) hydrogen

Question 7

Nine of the ____________ amino acids that the body uses to make protein are classified as essential amino acids.

A) 10
B) 23
C) 11
D) 20

Question 8

A peptide bond forms by condensation when the acid group (COOH) and amine group of two different amino acids join and ____________a molecule of water.

A) absorb
B) gain
C) use
D) release

Question 9

Between amino acids, the____________bonding causes the straight chain to fold, twist, and coil.

A) oxygen
B) nitrogen
C) hydrogen
D) carbon

Question 10

Heat, acids, bases, salts, or mechanical agitation can unfold, change the shape or____________proteins but none of these factors changes the primary structure of the protein.

A) neutralize
B) alkalinize
C) denature
D) acidify

Question 11

Beating egg whites to make meringue is an example of

A) a physical change.
B) folding a protein.
C) denaturing a protein.
D) hydrolysis.

Question 12

Although carbohydrates, lipids and proteins all contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, only proteins contain

A) a nitrogen- containing amine group.
B) nitro.
C) an oxygen- containing group.
D) amines.

Question 13

Chemical digestion of protein begins in the

A) epiglottis.
B) mouth.
C) stomach.
D) esophagus.

Question 14

Gastrin stimulates the release of ____________from the parietal cells and the inactive enzyme pepsinogen from the chief cells.

A) hydrocholoric acid
B) acid
C) acetic acid
D) positive chloride ions

Question 15

Which substance denatures the protein and converts pepsinogen to pepsin, which breaks polypeptides into shorter chains?

A) positive chloride ions
B) hydrochloric base
C) hydrochloric acid
D) acetic acid

Question 16

During protein digestion, cholecystokinin from the duodenum stimulates release of trypsinogen, carboxypeptidase, and chymotrypsinogen from the

A) pancreas.
B) liver.
C) stomach.
D) gallbladder.

Question 17

Dipeptidases and tripeptidases hydrolyze the tripeptides and dipeptides into single amino acids that are readily absorbed through the enterocytes via the portal vein to the

A) rectum.
B) gut.
C) liver.
D) stomach.

Question 18

The action of proteases results in the formation of

A) single and double acids.
B) tripeptides and dipeptides.
C) acids.
D) single and double ions.

Question 19

During absorption, amino acids pass through

A) enterocytes.
B) cell walls.
C) cells.
D) enterocells.

Question 20

After they have been absorbed, amino acids are used to synthesize new proteins or are converted to nonessential amino acids, ATP, glucose, or

A) protease.
B) proteose.
C) omega- 3 fat.
D) fat.

Question 21

During the process of digestion, polypeptides are broken down into tripeptides and

A) proteoses.
B) peptide bonds.
C) proteases.
D) dipeptides.

Question 22

During digestion, proteins are broken down into amino acids with the help of gastric juices, ________ in the stomach, small intestine, pancreas and small intestinal lining.

A) enzymes
B) proteoses
C) the right Hp
D) peptides

Question 23

Amino acid pools act as a reservoir for

A) peptide bonds.
B) peptides.
C) proteases.
D) protein synthesis.

Question 24

How is nitrogen in the amine group processed?

A) It is used to make nonessential amino acids.
B) It is recycled to form new amine groups.
C) It is converted to urea and excreted in urine.
D) It is deaminated.

Question 25

During absorption, excess amino acids are

A) resynthesized to nonessential amino acids.
B) deaminated.
C) resynthesized to essential amino acids.
D) stored in muscle tissue.

Question 26

Protein consumption is linked to

A) promoting muscle cramps.
B) slowing down reactions.
C) maintenance of fluid balance.
D) causing edema.

Question 27

How many grams of protein should adults consume for each kilogram of body weight?

A) 0.80
B) 0.08
C) 1.0
D) 8.0

Question 28

Juan weighs 220 pounds or 100 kilograms. How many grams of protein should he consume every day?

A) 167 grams
B) 8- 80 grams
C) 176 grams
D) 80 grams

Question 29

What percent of daily energy intake should be consumed as protein?

A) 10
B) 35
C) 10- 35
D) 22.5

Question 30

When is a healthy body in nitrogen balance?

A) When protein intake exceeds the amount of nitrogen excreted.
B) When the urine is yellow.
C) When protein intake equals the amount of nitrogen excreted.
D) When protein intake is less than the amount of nitrogen excreted.

Question 31

On a daily basis, American men and women need to consume

A) more animal protein.
B) less protein.
C) more protein.
D) more high- nitrogen protein.

Question 32

American men consume

A) more nitrogen balance than women.
B) more amino acid pools than women.
C) less protein than women.
D) more protein than women.

Question 33

Which of the following foods are complete proteins?

A) bread and butter
B) potato and sour cream
C) animal foods, quinoa, or soy
D) almonds, peanuts, or cashews

Question 34

Which of the following foods are more digestible?

A) soy milk
B) tofu
C) peanuts
D) egg

Question 35

In a restaurant, vegans would not order

A) macaroni and cheese.
B) a carrot and beet smoothie.
C) a green salad with peanut Thai sauce.
D) hummus and pita bread.

Question 36

Vegetarians would benefit from eating complete proteins such as

A) egg white, egg substitutes.
B) oatmeal, rice.
C) fruits, vegetables.
D) dried beans, nuts, soy.

Question 37

The best way to improve the protein quality of incomplete plant proteins is to

A) add unsaturated fat.
B) add low- fat vegetables.
C) add the right plant proteins.
D) add omega- 3 fats.

Question 38

Who among the following has higher protein needs?

A) athletes
B) non- athletes
C) older adults
D) couch potatoes (sedentary persons)

Question 39

High animal protein diets are linked to

A) gum disease.
B) iron deficiency anemia.
C) heart disease, and kidney problems.
D) tooth decay, and fungal infections.

Question 40

Individuals who are on the Zen macrobiotic diet-grains and cooked vegetables-are likely to be underconsuming

A) complete proteins.
B) fiber.
C) carbohydrates.
D) incomplete proteins.

Question 41

If a chain consists of two joined amino acids it is called a dipeptide; three joined amino acids form a tripeptide; more than 10 amino acids joined together is called a polypeptide; and a polypeptide chain that contains 50 or more amino acids is called a protein.

Question 42

Eleven non- essential amino acids can be synthesized in the body.

Question 43

A high- protein diet may increase the risk of heart disease, kidney problems, and calcium loss from bone.

Question 44

A severe deficiency of protein results in kwashiorkor; a severe deficiency of kilocalories causes marasmus.

Question 45

Consuming too much protein from animal sources can increase the amount of saturated fat in the diet, and ultimately heart disease.

Question 46

Vegetarians are less likely to have heart disease, high blood pressure, diabetes, cancer, stroke, and obesity than meat eaters.

Question 47

Protein, iron, zinc, calcium, vitamin B₁₂, and omega- 3 fatty acids are likely to be underconsumed by vegetarians.

Question 48

Protein, iron, zinc, calcium, vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin B₁₂, and omega- 3 fatty acids are likely to be underconsumed by athletes.

Question 49

The food which has the highest amino acid score is egg white.

Question 50

Plant foods have a lower amino acid score than animal foods.

Question 51

Soy protein and protein from animal sources are complete proteins.

Question 52

Most Americans need to take amino acid supplements.

Question 53

The higher the amino acid score of a food, the higher the protein quality

Question 54

All animal proteins are nutritionally superior to plant proteins for Americans.

Question 55

Individuals who have marasmus are starving and need to be fed.

Question 56

As long as a protein which has all the essential amino acids, it should be consumed liberally.

Question 57

Animal foods have higher protein quality than plant foods.

Question 58

Kwashiorkor is caused by vegetarian diets.

Question 59

Different types of vegetarians have similar nutrition deficiencies.

Question 60

For persons who have heart disease, the more they animal protein they eat, the better.

Question 61

Underconsumption of protein leads to heart disease and kidney problems.

Question 62

Most Americans have met their protein needs by the time that they have finished breakfast.

Question 63

The more protein Americans consume, the better.

Question 64

Excess animal protein is converted to essential amino acids.

Question 65

Persons who overconsume animal proteins are likely to underconsume whole grains, fruits, and

Question 66

The more amino acid pools in the body, the better.

Question 67

Supplies of amino acids that accumulate in the blood and cells are called amino acid pools.

Question 68

Protein synthesis is regulated by genes.

Question 69

Excess plant protein (not animal protein) is converted to muscle.

Question 70

Before amino acids can be used for energy production or converted to other compounds, the amine group must be removed and converted to ammonia (NH₃) in a process called deamination.

Question 71

Vegetarians are more likely to have heart disease than meat eaters.

Question 72

Women need to eat more protein than men to build more muscle tissue.

Question 73

The daily recommendation for protein varies according to body type.

Question 74

Most Americans overconsume protein and have undiagnosed kwashiorkor.

Question 75

Explain how proteins are structured.

Question 76

How are essential and nonessential amino acids different?

Question 77

Describe the main difference between proteins and amino acids.

Question 78

Name three nutrients that are typically underconsumed by vegetarians.

Question 79

What is denaturation?

Question 80

Name the nutrient is likely to be underconsumed in women, but not in men.