Deck 13: Motivation and Emotion

Question 1

Motivation involves the study of those variables that influence the __________ of behaviour.

A) nature
B) strength
C) persistence
D) all of the above
E) none of the above

Answer 1

all of the above

Question 2

Eating and drinking are examples of __________ behaviours.

A) regulatory
B) maintenance
C) persistent
D) natural
E) drive

Answer 2

regulatory

Question 3

The process by which physiological systems are maintained at their optimum values is called

A) motivation.
B) feedback loop.
C) homeostasis.
D) regulation.
E) calibration.

Answer 3

homeostasis.

Question 4

While she is studying for her psychology test, Santala becomes hungry. She goes into the kitchen, makes a sandwich and eats it. She then goes back to her studying. Santala's behaviour related to eating is an example of

A) anxiety reduction.
B) a motivated reaction to an environmental stressor.
C) a regulatory behaviour.
D) a system variable.
E) a set point.

Question 5

Which of the following is NOT an essential feature of a regulatory system?

A) a detector
B) a system variable
C) a motivator
D) a correctional mechanism
E) none of the above

Question 6

The optimum value of a system variable is called a

A) detector.
B) set point.
C) homeostatic mechanism.
D) correctional mechanism.
E) regulator.

Question 7

In any regulatory system, the __________ is the optimum value of the system variable, the __________ monitors that value of the system variable, and the __________ restores the system variable to its optimum value when it deviates from that value.

A) set point; correctional mechanism; detector
B) detector; set point; correctional mechanism
C) detector; correctional mechanism; set point
D) set point; detector; correctional mechanism
E) set point; correlational mechanism; homeostatic mechanism

Question 8

__________ is an essential feature of all regulatory systems.

A) Negative reinforcement
B) Motivation
C) Negative feedback
D) Positive reinforcement
E) Response cost

Question 9

The idea that a drive produces an unpleasant internal state that causes an organism to engage in behaviours that remove this unpleasant condition is called the

A) principle of negative feedback.
B) theory of reinforcement.
C) drive reduction hypothesis.
D) optimum-level hypothesis.
E) none of the above

Question 10

An unpleasant internal state caused by a homeostatic imbalance that motivates behaviour is called a

A) negative feedback loop.
B) drive.
C) set point.
D) detector variable.
E) system variable.

Question 11

The drive reduction hypothesis presents __________ as the basis of motivation.

A) incentives
B) punishment
C) negative reinforcement
D) understimulation
E) positive reinforcement

Question 12

Which of the following drives is not based on homeostasis?

A) hunger
B) sex
C) thirst
D) warmth
E) none of the above

Question 13

Most psychologists don't agree with the drive reduction hypothesis because

A) drives are difficult to measure objectively.
B) many behaviours actually increase drive rather than decrease it.
C) many of the experiences that we find reinforcing increase our levels of arousal.
D) none of the above
E) all of the above

Question 14

Neurons that are involved in those activities that we find pleasurable, or reinforcing, secrete a transmitter substance called

A) serotonin.
B) substance P.
C) acetylcholine.
D) dopamine.
E) noradrenaline.

Question 15

In attempts to account for behaviours that involve either positive reinforcement or negative reinforcement, some psychologists have proposed the __________ theory of motivation.

A) drive reduction
B) incentive
C) optimum-level
D) perseverance
E) need

Question 16

That you seek an alternative activity when you are bored by a present one and seek rest when you are tired would be best predicted by psychologists who subscribe to __________ theory.

A) drive reduction
B) need
C) incentive
D) optimum-level
E) perseverance

Question 17

If Fran's current level of arousal is less than her optimal level of arousal, then she will take steps to

A) maintain it at that level.
B) decrease it.
C) increase it.
D) increase it to a point just beyond her optimal level.
E) increase it to a point well beyond her optimal level.

Question 18

According to the optimum-level hypothesis, when arousal is too high, motivation derives from __________; when arousal is too low, motivation derives from __________.

A) positive reinforcement; negative reinforcement
B) intermittent reinforcement; conditioned reinforcement
C) understimulation; overstimulation
D) negative reinforcement; positive reinforcement
E) conditioned reinforcement; intermittent reinforcement

Question 19

Diversive exploration is to __________ as specific exploration is to __________.

A) understimulation; overstimulation
B) drive reduction; optimum-level
C) optimum-level; drive reduction
D) overstimulation; understimulation
E) understimulation; optimum-level

Question 20

One problem with the optimum-level theory is that

A) it is not known what constitutes an optimum level of arousal.
B) too little arousal has been shown to decrease performance.
C) optimal performance is related to intermediate levels of arousal.
D) none of the above
E) all of the above

Question 21

The drive reduction hypothesis and the optimum-level theory have in common the problem

A) of accounting for the effects of negative reinforcement.
B) that many behaviours actually increase drive and arousal.
C) that no one knows what a drive is.
D) of measurement.
E) that no one knows what arousal is.

Question 22

__________ is the tendency to continue to perform a behaviour even when it is not being reinforced.

A) Motivation
B) Perseverance
C) Regulatory behaviour
D) A drive
E) Diversive exploration

Question 23

Research supports the contention that the "school of hard knocks"leads to

A) increases in persistence.
B) giving up more often.
C) persistence only if we sometimes succeed.
D) giving up only when we fail.
E) increases in aggressive behaviour.

Question 24

The quiet office worker who pounds on the candy machine that fails to dispense a purchase, is most probably displaying

A) motivation.
B) perseverance.
C) regulatory behaviour.
D) extinction-induced aggression.
E) diversive exploration.

Question 25

The __________ suggests that when extrinsic rewards are provided for intrinsically motivated behaviour, intrinsic motivation is reduced.

A) drive reduction hypothesis
B) optimum-level hypothesis
C) learned helplessness hypothesis
D) perseverance hypothesis
E) overjustification hypothesis

Question 26

The overjustification hypothesis suggests that when __________ are increased __________ will be decreased.

A) extrinsic motivations; behaviour
B) intrinsic rewards; extrinsic motivation
C) behaviours; extrinsic motivation
D) extrinsic rewards; intrinsic motivation
E) intrinsic motivations; laziness

Question 27

Pascale is an eight-year-old who loves reading. One day her mother announces that she will pay Pascale one dollar for every book she finishes. According to the __________ hypothesis, the amount Pascale reads should __________.

A) drive reduction; increase
B) optimum-level; decrease
C) overjustification; decrease
D) drive reduction; decrease
E) overjustification; increase

Question 28

If the motivation behind a behaviour has switched from intrinsic to extrinsic rewards, there will be no visible difference in the level of behaviour as long as

A) the behaviour is not punished.
B) the extrinsic rewards continue to be available.
C) the behaviour is intrinsically pleasant.
D) the extrinsic rewards are provided intermittently.
E) the intrinsic rewards are not reintroduced.

Question 29

In Lepper and colleagues' study, some children were told in advance that they would be given prizes for drawing. At a later time when no prizes were available, these children showed __________ interest in drawing.

A) an increased
B) a decreased
C) the same level of
D) absolutely no
E) a constant

Question 30

The study by Lepper and colleagues, in which children were rewarded for drawing during play periods, showed that giving an extrinsic reward will not reduce behaviour if the reward is

A) understimulating.
B) reinforcing.
C) unexpected.
D) large enough.
E) accompanied by intrinsic motivation.

Question 31

Learning that an aversive event can neither be avoided nor escaped is called learned

A) hopelessness.
B) ambivalence.
C) helplessness.
D) apathy.
E) defeat.

Question 32

Because it tends to persist and generalize to many situations, learned helplessness has

A) no experimental support.
B) the characteristics of a personality trait.
C) its roots in optimum arousal theory.
D) applications for understanding schizophrenic disorders.
E) a foundation in the principles of instrumental conditioning.

Question 33

A deficit in the body's level of nutrients will

A) produce aggression.
B) produce sleepiness.
C) cause a search for food.
D) none of the above
E) all of the above

Question 34

An early theory of hunger proposed by Cannon and Washburn asserted that people are motivated to eat when their

A) hypothalamuses signal the nervous system that blood-sugar levels are low.
B) temporary fat reservoirs are low.
C) set points for food are triggered by signals from the brain.
D) stomachs are empty.
E) blood-sugar levels are high.

Question 35

Cannon's theory of hunger is shown to be weak by evidence that people still become hungry even when their

A) hypothalamuses are damaged.
B) stomachs are removed.
C) blood-sugar levels are high.
D) glucostats are surgically disconnected from the hypothalamus.
E) none of the above

Question 36

Our short-term store of nutrients consists of

A) adipose tissue.
B) glycogen.
C) fatty acids.
D) glucose.
E) glucostats.

Question 37

Our long-term store of nutrients consists of

A) adipose tissue.
B) glycogen.
C) fatty acids.
D) glucose.
E) glucostats.

Question 38

Glycogen is to __________ storage as adipose tissue is to __________ storage.

A) body; brain
B) long-term; short-term
C) glycerol; fatty acid
D) short-term; long-term
E) brain; body

Question 39

Fatty acids are to the __________ as glucose is to the __________.

A) hypothalamus; pancreas
B) body; brain
C) Cannon and Washburn theory; glucostatic hypothesis
D) short-term reservoir; long-term reservoir
E) brain; pancreas

Question 40

The glucostatic hypothesis asserts that hunger occurs when the amount of __________ in the blood is __________.

A) glycogen; high
B) glycogen; low
C) glucose; high
D) glucose; low
E) glucostats; high

Question 41

Glucose and fatty acid detectors appear to be located in the

A) hypothalamus.
B) liver.
C) blood.
D) stomach.
E) pancreas.

Question 42

Lori has just finished eating and is leaving the dorm cafeteria. But then a few friends, who just sat down to eat, persuade her to stay and visit with them. Chances are that Lori will

A) eat more food.
B) feel too full to eat any more food.
C) not eat any more food.
D) get a glass of water to drink while her friends eat.
E) begin to feel slightly nauseated.

Question 43

Social and cultural factors influence our learning of __________ to eat.

A) what
B) when
C) how often
D) all of the above
E) none of the above

Question 44

We tend to stop eating a meal when our

A) stomachs become full.
B) hypothalamuses signal the nervous system that blood-sugar levels are high.
C) temporary fat reservoirs are replenished.
D) set points for food are reset by signals from the brain.
E) none of the above

Question 45

Before supper Ann drank two glasses of milk and Carol drank two glasses of water. Most likely

A) Ann will eat more food for supper than Carol.
B) Carol will eat more food for supper than Ann.
C) both women will eat about the same amount of food for supper.
D) neither woman will be hungry at supper.
E) both women will eat more food than usual for supper.

Question 46

Research in both humans and animals has shown that __________ which is secreted by __________ acts in the body to prevent excessive weight gain.

A) glycogen; the brain
B) glucose; the liver and the pancreas
C) OB; genes
D) leptin; fat cells
E) OB; fat cells

Question 47

Injections of leptin into ob mice cause

A) increases in metabolism.
B) increases in body temperature.
C) an organism to become more active.
D) an animal to eat less.
E) all of the above

Question 48

In Canada in 2003, almost __________ percent of adults between the ages of 20 and 64 were obese.

A) two
B) ten
C) fifteen
D) thirty
E) sixty

Question 49

There is evidence of nutrient detectors in

A) the stomach.
B) the duodenum.
C) the liver.
D) the intestines
E) all of the above

Question 50

The risk of mortality increases by __________ percent in people with moderate or very high BMI scores.

A) 10-20
B) 30-40
C) 60-70
D) 80-90
E) 90-100

Question 51

Which of the following negative outcomes has NOT been associated with obesity?

A) increased risk of a stroke
B) completing fewer years of schooling
C) increased risk of a diabetes
D) having poorer grades at school
E) increased risk of cancer

Question 52

According to the text, which of the following variables is correlated with obesity?

A) poor impulse control
B) maladaptive patterns of eating
C) eating too fast
D) all of the above
E) none of the above

Question 53

Psychological depression seems to

A) be an important cause of obesity.
B) be an effect of becoming obese.
C) be totally unrelated to obesity.
D) be partially caused by the secretion of leptin.
E) be highly correlated with obesity in children.

Question 54

Losing weight and then regaining it

A) exerts little influence on the body's metabolism.
B) makes metabolism less efficient.
C) speeds up metabolism.
D) makes it more difficult to lose weight.
E) makes it less difficult to lose weight.

Question 55

Clark and Kent are brothers. Clark's metabolism is very efficient while Kent's is not. If both brothers eat the same kinds and amounts of food, then it is very likely that

A) Clark will store more fat than Kent.
B) Kent will store the same amount of fat as Clark.
C) Kent will store more fat than Clark.
D) Clark will burn off more fat than Kent, causing him to be healthier than Kent.
E) their genetic similarity will produce similar weight levels.

Question 56

Explanations for obesity in your text include

A) failure to change eating habits.
B) differences in metabolic rate.
C) faulty leptin receptors in the brain.
D) evolved differences in the need for nutrients.
E) all of the above

Question 57

One evolutionary explanation for obesity suggests that

A) we secrete too much leptin.
B) because our ancestors suffered from times of famine, we have evolved a tendency to overeat and to store fat.
C) it results from failure to change learned eating habits.
D) some people have evolved to be under-sensitive to leptin levels.
E) because in the past thinness was associated with failure to reproduce, women have an instinctive desire to put on weight.

Question 58

People with anorexia nervosa

A) have an intense fear of becoming obese.
B) lose their appetites.
C) avoid situations related to food or to eating.
D) tend to binge and then purge what they have eaten.
E) tend to overeat.

Question 59

Bulimia is characterized by

A) loss of appetite.
B) overeating and then purging of the food.
C) bizarre food rituals.
D) a refusal to eat.
E) none of the above

Question 60

Jody is a 21-year-old college student who is obsessed with her body weight. She feels that she is too heavy, even though she weighs only 100 pounds (she is 5'1"tall). She will sometimes go for several days without eating food but will drink large amounts of diet soda. Occasionally she will go on an eating rampage, consuming large quantities of food, only to relieve herself using laxatives. What would you diagnose Jody's eating problem to be?

A) obesity
B) anorexia nervosa
C) bulimia
D) both anorexia and bulimia
E) all of the above

Question 61

Sex hormones

A) cause certain behaviours to occur.
B) affect motivation to engage in reproductive behaviours.
C) exert most of their activational effects prenatally.
D) include testosterone, leptin, and estrogen.
E) have their organizational effects post-natally

Question 62

Organizational effects are to __________ as activational effects are to __________.

A) postnatal development; prenatal development
B) prenatal development; postnatal development
C) the sex organs; the brain
D) the brain; the sex organs
E) prenatal development; the sex hormones

Question 63

The effect of a hormone prenatally can produce permanent changes that alter subsequent development of the organism. This is termed a(n) __________ effect.

A) sensitivity
B) fetal
C) activational
D) developmental
E) organizational

Question 64

The effect of a hormone on a physiological system that has already developed is a(n) __________ effect.

A) sensitivity
B) systemic
C) activational
D) developmental
E) organizational

Question 65

If the release of a hormone has an immediate effect on the brain and this facilitates sexual behaviour, this would be termed a(n) __________ effect.

A) sensitivity
B) fetal
C) activational
D) developmental
E) organizational

Question 66

In non-primates, the sequence of physical and hormonal changes that accompany the ripening and disintegration of ova is called the __________ cycle.

A) period
B) estrogen
C) Kreb's
D) estrous
E) menstrual

Question 67

Which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) Estradiol is related to increases in sexual desire in females.
B) Testosterone is related to increases in sexual desire in males.
C) Testosterone levels in a fetus influence development of male sex organs.
D) Testosterone determines the object of sexual desire.
E) None of the above

Question 68

Rod and Mary Anne are a sexually active couple. When Mary Anne's estradiol levels are high,

A) Mary Anne is more likely to initiate sexual activity than Rod.
B) she will not have a desire for sexual activity.
C) Rod is more likely to initiate sexual activity than Mary Anne.
D) they may have sexual activity, but Mary Anne will not enjoy it.
E) neither of them will desire sexual activity.

Question 69

Around the time of ovulation

A) women are more likely to initiate sexual activity with their partners.
B) a woman's pupil will narrow at the sight of her partner.
C) a woman's partner is more likely to initiate sex than she is.
D) women become extremely irritable and are more likely to reject their sexual partners.
E) there is a decrease of sexual interest on the part of both a woman and her partner.

Question 70

Research suggests that homosexuality is

A) determined before adolescence and prior to sexual activity.
B) the result of child molestation.
C) caused by seduction of a person of the same sex by an older person.
D) accompanied by emotional maladjustments.
E) all of the above

Question 71

The single MOST important predictor of homosexuality is

A) gender nonconformity.
B) having an overprotective mother and an indifferent father.
C) the report of homosexual feelings long before the first homosexual experience.
D) high levels of testosterone.
E) high levels of estrogen.

Question 72

A likely biological cause of male homosexuality is

A) a low level of testosterone.
B) an excessively high level of testosterone.
C) a changing pattern of the secretion of leptin during the prenatal period.
D) the pattern of exposure of the developing brain to sex hormones.
E) a low level of adrenaline.

Question 73

Females who experienced prenatal exposure to high levels of androgens

A) had a reduced desire for sexual activity in adulthood.
B) may have a higher than average likelihood of being homosexual.
C) develop male external genitalia.
D) report engaging in more sexual activity as adults than females who experienced prenatal exposure to normal levels of androgens.
E) may develop a lower than average tendency toward homosexuality.

Question 74

Prenatal exposure to androgens has been related to

A) higher levels of homosexuality in males.
B) higher levels of homosexuality in females.
C) failure to develop normal male external genitalia.
D) transexuality
E) hypermasculinity among males.

Question 75

Research indicates that having older same-sex siblings may be related to the incidence of

A) homosexuality in males.
B) homosexuality in females.
C) the androgen insensitivity syndrome.
D) transexuality.
E) ovulation in females.

Question 76

Research evidence indicates that two biological factors are most likely to influence a person's sexual orientation. These are

A) postnatal hormonal exposure and differences in brain structure.
B) prenatal exposure to androgens and differences in genital development.
C) differences in brain and genital development.
D) prenatal hormonal exposure and heredity.
E) heredity and brain development.

Question 77

The androgen insensitivity syndrome will

A) increase homosexuality in females.
B) prevent the growth of male external genitalia in a person who is genetically male.
C) prevent the growth of female genitalia in a person who is genetically female.
D) decrease homosexuality in females.
E) lead to a transsexual identity.

Question 78

The prevention of normal growth of external male genitalia in a genetic male can be caused by

A) size of the BNST.
B) over-exposure to androgens prenatally.
C) androgen insensitivity syndrome.
D) maternal antibodies.
E) under-exposure to estradiol prenatally.

Question 79

Research indicates that the size of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (the BNST) may be related to

A) homosexuality in males.
B) homosexuality in females.
C) the androgen insensitivity syndrome.
D) transexuality.
E) ovulation in females.

Question 80

An example of intraspecific aggression would be

A) one wolf attacking a deer.
B) one dog attacking one cat.
C) one country dropping bombs on another country.
D) a hawk capturing a field mouse.
E) none of the above