Deck 6: Perception

Question 1

The act of perceiving

A) actually involves two steps, sensing and perceiving.
B) is rapid, automatic, and unconscious.
C) occurs primarily in mammals.
D) involves considerable planning and forethought.
E) involves sensing, evaluating and perceiving.

Answer 1

is rapid, automatic, and unconscious.

Question 2

We become aware of the process of visual perception

A) before the process is initiated.
B) during the process.
C) only after the process is complete.
D) only if we stop and think about what we are perceiving while the process is ongoing.
E) when we recall it from long-term memory.

Answer 2

only after the process is complete.

Question 3

A perception is to __________ as a sensation is to __________.

A) the elements; the scene
B) the scene; the elements
C) feeling; knowledge
D) the part; the whole
E) details; finished product

Answer 3

the scene; the elements

Question 4

Visual perception occurs in the

A) retina.
B) optic nerve.
C) thalamus.
D) brain.
E) hypothalamus.

Question 5

According to Hubel and Wiesel's research, the

A) map of the retina that appears on the primary visual cortex is like a mosaic of tiny modules.
B) regions of the retina correspond to inverted regions of the primary visual cortex.
C) visual cortex is a point-by-point representation of the retina.
D) retina is modeled by the visual cortex.
E) levels of the visual association cortex are spread between the occipital, temporal and parietal lobes.

Question 6

In the primary visual cortex, __________ is a block of cortical tissue that receives information from the same group of receptor cells.

A) a module
B) a lobe
C) FFA
D) EBA
E) PPA

Question 7

Hubel and Wiesel determined that the geographic map of the retina on the brain

A) represented all parts of the visual field equally.
B) overrepresented the centre of the visual field.
C) underrepresented the centre of the visual field.
D) involved one cortical cell per rod or cone.
E) involved one module for each small portion of the visual field.

Question 8

Hubel and Wiesel discovered that different circuits in the primary visual cortex responded

A) similarly to all stimuli.
B) to the movement, direction, orientation, and thickness of lines.
C) to different shapes, sizes, and colours of block-like stimuli.
D) to different colours of block-like stimuli.
E) none of the above

Question 9

Information contained in the mosaic of the primary visual cortex is rendered interpretable

A) in the prefrontal association cortex.
B) in the motor association area of the cortex.
C) at the edge of the primary visual cortex.
D) in the visual association cortex.
E) in the optic nerve.

Question 10

Information about shape, orientation, and colour is combined into three-dimensional form perception in the visual association cortex located in the lower part of the __________ lobe.

A) frontal
B) parietal
C) temporal
D) occipital
E) visual

Question 11

The perception of the location of objects takes place in the visual association cortex located in the __________ lobe.

A) frontal
B) parietal
C) temporal
D) occipital
E) visual

Question 12

If you are shown a model of a house, which part of the visual association cortex is involved in your perception of this form?

A) The ventral stream ending in the lower temporal cortex.
B) The dorsal stream ending in the lower temporal cortex.
C) The dorsal stream ending in the posterior parietal cortex.
D) The ventral stream ending in the posterior parietal cortex.
E) The ventral stream ending in the superior occipital cortex.

Question 13

Which of the following does NOT occur on the ventral stream of the visual association cortex?

A) perception of form
B) perception of orientation
C) perception of movement
D) perception of colour
E) facial recognition

Question 14

Which of the following does NOT occur on the dorsal stream of the visual association cortex?

A) perception of movement
B) akinetopsia
C) cerebral achromatopsia
D) perception of spatial location
E) control of eye movements

Question 15

The fusiform face area (FFA) is located in a region of the __________ stream at the base of the __________.

A) dorsal; primary visual cortex
B) ventral; hippocampus
C) medial; temporal lobe
D) dorsal; superior temporal sulcus
E) ventral; brain

Question 16

Although most of the data about the anatomy and function of the visual association cortex stems from research with non-human animals,

A) functional imaging and neural damage studies in humans confirm animal studies.
B) there is no evidence to show that the human visual system is similar.
C) the similarity of cellular structures suggests that the human visual system is similar.
D) there are likely to be important phylogenetic differences between their visual systems and ours.
E) we can always be confident that results found with laboratory animals will extend to humans.

Question 17

Which of the following areas is responsible for the perception of location and movement?

A) the ventral stream
B) the medial stream
C) the dorsal stream
D) the inferior stream
E) the superior stream

Question 18

Which of the following areas is responsible for the perception of colour?

A) the ventral stream
B) the medial stream
C) the dorsal stream
D) the inferior stream
E) the superior stream

Question 19

Perception of colour originates in the __________ stream and perception of motion originates in the __________ stream.

A) fusiform; extrastriate
B) extrastriate; fusiform
C) secondary; primary
D) dorsal; ventral
E) ventral; dorsal

Question 20

People with __________ are unable to recognize an object even though they have normal visual acuity and can still perceive colour, movement, and fine details.

A) cerebral achromatopsia
B) akinetopsia
C) visual agnosia
D) prosopagnosia
E) presbyopia

Question 21

Because of damage to a visual association cortex, Henry has a problem recognizing all kind of objects. However, his visual acuity is normal and he can still perceive colour, movement, and fine details. Henry has a condition called

A) cerebral achromatopsia.
B) akinetopsia.
C) presbyopia.
D) prosopagnosia.
E) visual agnosia.

Question 22

People with __________ have much difficulty in recognizing other people's faces, including the faces of friends and relatives.

A) cerebrao achromatopsia
B) akinetopsia
C) visual agnosia
D) prosopagnosia
E) presbyopia

Question 23

Mrs. R. was unable to recognize her husband by sight even though she could identify him by his voice as soon as he spoke. She was suffering from

A) akinetopsia achromatopsia.
B) prosopagnosia.
C) deuteranopia
D) akinetopsia.
E) presbyopia.

Question 24

__________ is a form of __________.

A) Akinetopsia syndrome; cerebral achromatopsia
B) Cerebral achromatopsia; akinetopsia
C) Prosopagnosia; visual agnosia
D) Visual agnosia; cerebral achromatopsia
E) Cerebral achromatopsia; prosopagnosia

Question 25

The FFA is a region of the ventral stream specialized in perceiving

A) changes in spatial location.
B) facial stimuli.
C) visual scenes.
D) forms resembling the human body.
E) forms in motion.

Question 26

Suppose that I had sustained damage to my visual association cortex. Suppose further that I own three dogs and, after my accident, can no longer tell my dogs' faces apart. You correctly surmise that the brain damage is causing me to suffer from

A) cerebral achromatopsia.
B) akinetopsia.
C) interpersonal agnosia.
D) prosopagnosia.
E) presbyopia.

Question 27

The inability to tell the difference among different hues is called

A) aphasia.
B) apraxia.
C) visual agnosia.
D) cerebral achromatopsia.
E) prosopagnosia.

Question 28

The area of the visual association cortex activated by visual scenes is located in a region of the __________ stream below the __________.

A) dorsal; primary visual cortex
B) ventral; hippocampus
C) medial; temporfal lobe
D) dorsal; superior temporal sulcus
E) ventral; brain

Question 29

The EBA (extrastriate body area) is activated by

A) changes in spatial location.
B) facial stimuli.
C) visual scenes.
D) forms resembling the human body.
E) forms in motion.

Question 30

Which of the following regions of the ventral stream of the visual association cortex is activated by images of body parts?

A) FFA
B) EBA
C) PPA
D) CIA
E) NMDA

Question 31

The PPA (parahippocampal place area) is activated by

A) changes in spatial location.
B) facial stimuli.
C) visual scenes.
D) forms resembling the human body.
E) forms in motion.

Question 32

Total achromatopsia occurs when there is damage to __________ of the brain.

A) the contralateral side
B) the left side
C) the right side
D) both sides
E) the front portion

Question 33

The optic nerves send visual information to the __________, which, in turn, sends it to the __________.

A) limbic system; occipital lobe
B) thalamus; primary visual cortex
C) hypothalamus; primary visual cortex
D) cingulate gyrus; occipital cortex
E) cerebellum; occipital lobe

Question 34

Lee's vision is completely in shades of black and white with no perception of other hues. He has a condition termed __________ resulting from damage to __________.

A) cerebral achromatopsia; first level of the visual association cortex
B) akinetopsia; second level of the visual association cortex
C) cerebral achromatopsia; the second level of the visual association cortex
D) prosopagnosia; the first level of the visual association cortex.
E) presbyopia; the primary visual cortex

Question 35

Prosopagnosia is to __________ as cerebral achromatopsia is to __________.

A) colour; location
B) faces; colour
C) faces; objects
D) location; faces
E) location; colour

Question 36

Akinetopsia is to __________ as cerebral achromatopsia is to __________.

A) colour; location
B) faces; colour
C) faces; objects
D) movement; faces
E) movement; colour

Question 37

__________ is an inability to see motion.

A) Akinetopsia
B) Agnosia
C) Achromatopsia
D) Prosopagnosia
E) Presbyopia

Question 38

Akinetopsia is an inability to see

A) faces.
B) objects.
C) colour.
D) motion.
E) location.

Question 39

Studies by Johansson in which subjects could only see the small lights attached to several points on a person's limbs but could not see the person's shape, provided evidence of a phenomenon know as

A) spatial location.
B) extrastriate body perception.
C) form from motion.
D) figure-ground contrast.
E) illusory contours.

Question 40

If a person with visual agnosia cannot recognize friends' faces or bodies but can recognize them from their movements. This is an example of

A) spatial location.
B) extrastriate body perception.
C) form from motion.
D) figure-ground contrast.
E) illusory contours.

Question 41

Perception of movement can help in perception of the shape of humans or animals. This is termed

A) spatial location.
B) extrastriate body perception.
C) illusory contours.
D) figure-ground contrast.
E) form from motion.

Question 42

Any visual stimulus that we perceive to be a self-contained object would be called a(n)

A) stimulus object.
B) entity.
C) figure.
D) ground.
E) complete object.

Question 43

Suppose that you are lying on your back in the middle of a big grassy field watching a flock of geese fly overhead against a backdrop of big fluffy clouds. In this scene, psychologists would consider the __________ to be the "ground."

A) grass
B) field
C) geese
D) clouds
E) geese and clouds

Question 44

The classification of an object as figure or ground depends on

A) whether the observer is fixating on the object or not.
B) the shape and dimensions of the object.
C) the motivation of the observer in terms of looking at the object.
D) where the image of the object falls on the retina.
E) the size of the objects.

Question 45

Space enclosed by a continuous boundary will most likely be perceived as

A) a figure-ground reversal.
B) having no background.
C) background.
D) a figure.
E) a ground.

Question 46

The fact that the presence of boundaries is not necessary to perceive form is demonstrated by the phenomenon of

A) illusory contours.
B) figure-ground contrast.
C) good continuation.
D) prototypes.
E) templates.

Question 47

Gestalt psychologists would argue that our visual system analyses

A) the nature of the stimulus elements that we perceive.
B) relationships among elements of the stimulus.
C) the nature of the background behind the object we are viewing.
D) figure and ground elements in the visual array.
E) individual differences in the modules of the primary visual cortex.

Question 48

The tendency to perceive stimuli that are positioned closely together as a group is the basis for the Gestalt law of

A) proximity.
B) closure.
C) similarity.
D) continuity.
E) grouping.

Question 49

The Gestalt law of similarity predicts that

A) similar elements appear to be a part of the same form.
B) similar objects may differ with respect to contour.
C) similar objects are closer to each other than different objects.
D) near objects are perceived as being smaller than distant objects.
E) similar objects are more easily perceived than different objects.

Question 50

The Gestalt law of good continuation states that

A) people tend to fill in figures that have gaps in their outline.
B) our eyes tend to follow the most similar elements in a figure.
C) some incomplete figures will seem complete.
D) the outline of a figure will continue in the simplest or most predictable direction.
E) elements located closest to each other are perceived as belonging to the same figure.

Question 51

When our visual system fills in missing elements from the outline of a figure, this demonstrates the Gestalt law of

A) proximity.
B) closure.
C) similarity.
D) continuity.
E) grouping.

Question 52

From a distance a "C"may appear to be an "O."This is an example of which Gestalt law?

A) proximity
B) closure
C) good continuation
D) similarity
E) illusory contours

Question 53

According to the Gestalt law of common fate,

A) the most frequently encountered elements of a stimulus will be perceived as having a common fate.
B) the elements of a stimulus that are moving in the same direction will be perceived to be part of the background.
C) elements of the same boundary of a figure will be perceived to be moving in the same direction.
D) elements moving in the same direction will be perceived as belonging together.
E) elements that look similar to each other will be perceived as belonging together.

Question 54

Wild animals often "freeze"their positions when they are startled. That is, they do not move. Freezing often makes these animals very difficult to see, a strategy that has confounded many a hunter. This behaviour seems to work against the Gestalt law of

A) good continuation.
B) common fate.
C) similarity.
D) proximity.
E) closure.

Question 55

When the contrast between several lines and their background was changed in the same temporal sequence, subjects saw the lines as __________. An effect the researchers termed a __________ effect, after the Gestalt law of organization.

A) belonging together; proximity
B) moving away from each other; contrast
C) moving together; similarity
D) merging with each other; common fate
E) belonging together; common tempo

Question 56

The template model of pattern recognition holds that

A) incoming patterns are compared to an idealized pattern stored in memory.
B) new patterns are compared to what we recall from similar patterns until we remember the new patterns.
C) perceived patterns are recognized as familiar if an exact template is found in memory that matches the incoming pattern.
D) patterns are unique and recognized through repeated exposures.
E) perceived patterns are reorganized by our memory systems into their basic components, after which point they can be recognized.

Question 57

The major advantage of the template model of pattern recognition is its

A) simplicity.
B) comprehensiveness.
C) accuracy in predicting recognition latencies.
D) requirement for the storage of thousands of templates.
E) none of the above

Question 58

Most psychologists view the template model as

A) being an appropriate model of common fate.
B) a reasonable explanation for feature detection.
C) being an unworkable model.
D) a more accurate model of pattern recognition than the prototype model.
E) being a logical explanation for how we are able to recognize many patterns.

Question 59

A __________ is a hypothetical idealized pattern that resides in the nervous system and is used to perceive objects and shapes by a process of, not necessarily exact, comparison.

A) template
B) model
C) exemplar
D) prototype
E) distinctive feature

Question 60

Walking in the woods, Thom recognized the tree in front of him as a maple. In recognizing this particular example, Thom was probably using a(n) __________, a hypothetical idealized pattern of a maple tree.

A) prototype
B) model
C) exemplar
D) template
E) distinctive feature

Question 61

Template is to __________ as prototype is to __________.

A) hypothetical; concrete
B) rigid; flexible
C) realistic; idealized
D) response; stimulus
E) general; specific

Question 62

A prototype is

A) an idealized pattern of a particular shape.
B) a template.
C) a hypothetical test pattern.
D) the result of a match with a template.
E) a rigid form of template.

Question 63

Research on prototypes suggests that

A) memories for prototypes are stored in the hippocampus.
B) prototypes can not account for how we learn to recognize diverse objects.
C) each object we encounter has its own template.
D) familiarity with objects in our environment leads to the development of specific prototypes.
E) the visual system looks for exact matches between the pattern being perceived and the memories of shapes and objects.

Question 64

Physical characteristics of a stimulus that help distinguish it from other stimuli are called

A) defining characteristics.
B) stimulus signatures.
C) distinctive features.
D) identifying codes.
E) prototypes.

Question 65

Neisser's research involving subjects searching for particular letters in long strings of similar or dissimilar letters suggested that

A) novel stimuli are easily identifiable.
B) stimuli with common features are recognized as being similar.
C) a stimulus with uncommon features is more readily identified in a group of stimuli.
D) stimuli that are grouped together are seen as a unit.
E) it is easier to detect a stimulus that is grouped with other similar stimuli.

Question 66

The dependent variable in Neisser's (1964) study on distinctive features was

A) the similarity of the target letter to the letters with which it was grouped.
B) how many distinctive letters the subjects could recognize.
C) how many letters the subjects could recognize in a short time interval.
D) how fast subjects could locate particular letters in a string of letters.
E) how many of the letters in each list were similar to the target letter.

Question 67

The independent variable in Neisser's (1964) study on distinctive features was

A) the similarity of the target letter to the letters with which it was grouped.
B) how many distinctive letters the subjects could recognize.
C) how many letters the subjects could recognize in a short time interval.
D) how fast subjects could locate particular letters in a string of letters.
E) whether the letter was a consonant or a vowel.

Question 68

One shortcoming of the distinctive features model is that it cannot account for the

A) fact that people can sometimes recognize complex stimuli faster than they can simpler stimuli.
B) excessively large amount of time that people take to recognize large stimuli.
C) finding that people easily recognize stimuli that are different from other stimuli.
D) finding that humans are the only organism that appears to use prototypes in pattern recognition.
E) finding that people are more interested in complex stimuli than simple stimuli.

Question 69

Which of the following statements would NOT be in agreement with the distinctive features model of pattern perception?

A) Placing an object among others with which it shares common features essentially camouflages it.
B) Object recognition takes place by analysis and synthesis.
C) Features are identified and added in pattern recognition.
D) More complex objects take less time to recognize.
E) It is easy to detect simple variations of figures because of their basic features.

Question 70

A perception based on information that is provided by the context in which a given stimulus is encountered is called __________ processing.

A) bottom-up
B) top-down
C) contextual
D) convergent
E) divergent

Question 71

Recognition of objects can be aided by

A) increasing the number of items being viewed.
B) adding contextual cues.
C) increasing the speed of scanning the scene in which the object has been placed.
D) using regular laboratory instruments as target stimuli.
E) using novel stimuli, unknown to the subject.

Question 72

Bottom-up processing is to __________ as top-down processing is to __________.

A) visual perception; pattern recognition
B) data-driven; knowledge-driven
C) parallel processing; serial processing
D) knowledge-driven; data-driven
E) pattern recognition; visual perception

Question 73

Most of the time we use __________ processing.

A) top-down
B) bottom-up
C) data-driven
D) either bottom-up or data-driven
E) a combination of top-down and bottom-up

Question 74

When Wolfe and colleagues minimized the influence of top-down information in stimuli

A) subjects could not identify the correct stimulus.
B) subjects' reaction-times were slowest.
C) bottom-up information also became irrelevant.
D) prototypical processing took its place.
E) subjects' reaction-times were fastest.

Question 75

In the visual association cortex, the ventral stream involves the __________ of perception as the dorsal stream involves the __________ of perception.

A) "what"; "when"
B) "when"; "how"
C) "where" ; "which"
D) "what" ; "where"
E) "where" ; "when"

Question 76

Goodale and Milner's work with Dee showed there was a clear separation between "vision for perception"and "vision for action."These two categories of vision are parallel to

A) top-down and bottom-up processing respectively.
B) bottom-up and top-down processing respectively.
C) the dorsal stream and the ventral stream respectively.
D) the ventral stream and the dorsal stream respectively.
E) the "how" and the "when" systems respectively.

Question 77

Observation of 'Dee' have led Goodale and Milner (2004) to argue that our use of vision involves an interplay between two systems involving pathways to

A) parietal and frontal lobes.
B) temporal and occipital lobes.
C) occipital and parietal lobes.
D) frontal and occipital lobes.
E) temporal and parietal lobes.

Question 78

Research by Goodale and Milner in the area of neuroscience suggests that our perceptual processes involve two types of visual system which can be described as "vision for __________ "and "vision for __________."

A) perception; action
B) data; context
C) form; features
D) templates; prototypes
E) the frontal lobe; the occipital lobe

Question 79

The notion that a culture's language reflects the thoughts and perceptions of its members is called the principle of __________.

A) linguistic relativity
B) universal language
C) speech-thought
D) language structure
E) ecological linguistic

Question 80

The major advocate of the principle of linguistic relativity has been

A) Gladstone.
B) Heider.
C) Whorf.
D) Rosch.
E) Katz.