Deck 5: Social and Personalitydevelopment in Infancy

Question 1

Which of the following theoretical viewpoints argues that infants are genetically predisposed to form emotional bonds with caregivers?

A) Psychosexual theory
B) Psychosocial theory
C) Symbiosis theory
D) Attachment theory

Answer 1

Attachment theory

Question 2

According to the ethological perspective, which period of life constitutes a sensitive period for the formation of a close relationship between an infant and a caregiver?

A) The first month of life
B) The first 6 months of life
C) The first 2 years of life
D) The first 5 years of life

Answer 2

The first 2 years of life

Question 3

Laurel is a 5-year-old with no language skills. She spends most of her day sitting on the floor in the corner of the kitchen, flapping her hands repeatedly and rocking back and forth. At what level of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) would Laurel be diagnosed?

A) Level 1 ASD
B) Level 2 ASD
C) Level 3 ASD
D) Level 4 ASD

Answer 3

Level 1 ASD

Question 4

Children who are rated as securely attached to their mothers in infancy are later

A) hampered in their ability to develop friendships.
B) more aggressive toward peers and disruptive in school.
C) likely to develop depression and anxiety disorders.
D) more sociable, positive, and empathetic.

Question 5

Compared to younger infants, by 5 to 7 months, infants can

A) distinguish among happy, surprised, angry, or sad faces.
B) discern emotions in a familiar face than in an unfamiliar face.
C) produce complex emotional "blends" with their facial expressions.
D) express sadness more easily.

Question 6

Facial expressions of fear appear by about __________ of age.

A) 1 or 2 months
B) 6 or 7 months
C) 9 or 10 months
D) 1 or 2 years

Question 7

Which of these emotions is a self-conscious emotion?

A) Fear
B) Surprise
C) Happiness
D) Pride

Question 8

Among infants in the United States under 2 years of age, about how many are cared for by someone other than a parent at least part time?

A) 25 percent
B) 50 percent
C) 75 percent
D) 90 percent

Question 9

The primary goal for parents who choose nonparental care for toddlers and preschoolers is

A) decreased interaction with their child.
B) school readiness.
C) economic savings.
D) the ability to obtain professional child-rearing.

Question 10

When infants are cared for in high-quality day care centers, the amount of time they spend in such care

A) is unrelated to their social behavior.
B) predicts increased negative and antisocial behaviors.
C) produces greater instances of empathetic and prosocial behaviors.
D) directly contributes to the closeness of their sibling attachments.

Question 11

What does research on gender differences and day care reveal as an important moderator of day care's effects on social behavior?

A) Girls in nonparental care are more likely than boys in similar care settings to be ambivalently attached to their caregivers.
B) Boys in nonparental care are more likely than girls in similar care settings to be insecurely attached to their caregivers.
C) Boys in nonparental care are more likely than girls in similar care settings to be ambivalently attached to their caregivers.
D) Girls in nonparental care are more likely than boys in similar care settings to be insecurely attached to their caregivers.

Question 12

Both positive and negative differences between the behavior of children in nonparental care versus home care tend to be

A) moderate
B) nonexistent
C) small
D) large

Question 13

Day-care effects on children's social and cognitive behavior are likely to be

A) symbolic rather than real, as societal values determine what is "right" and "good" in any given social setting.
B) substantial, given the wealth of research evidence showing that day care is inferior to home care on most dimensions studied.
C) peer effects in reality, as infants spend more time with, and learn more from, their agemates than from adult day care professionals.
D) parenting effects in disguise, as parents tend to choose day care that emphasizes their own parenting styles and values.

Question 14

Interlocking patterns of attachment behaviors between a child and a caregiver are called ________.

Question 15

Infants who enter day care before their first birthday have a heighted risk for __________ attachment.