Deck 20: Collective Behavior,Social Movements,and Social Change

Question 1

Collective behavior occurs as a result of some common influence or stimulus that produces a response from a(n) __________,which is a number of people who act together and may mutually transcend,bypass,or subvert established institutional patterns and structures.

A) administrative organization
B) change-based organization
C) social movement
D) collectivity

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Sociologist Herbert Blumer developed a typology in which crowds are divided into four categories.Which of the following is NOT one of these categories?

A) casual
B) expressive
C) acting
D) nontraditional

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Examples of a __________ include the audience in a movie theater or people at a pep rally for a sporting event.

A) category
B) mass
C) crowd
D) tertiary group

Answer 3

C

Question 4

An example of a __________ is the proliferation of "bloggers" on the Internet and social networking sites.

A) category
B) crowd
C) reference group
D) mass

Question 5

In relation to the dynamics of collective behavior,which of the following is FALSE?

A) When people can communicate quickly and easily with one another, spontaneous behavior is more likely.
B) When people are gathered together in several locations, they are more likely to respond to a common stimulus.
C) When people are gathered together in one general location, they are more likely to respond to a common stimulus.
D) People's attitudes are not always reflected in their political and social behavior.

Question 6

__________ crowds are made up of people who come together for a scheduled event and thus share a common focus.

A) Acting
B) Expressive
C) Conventional
D) Casual

Question 7

Unlike the __________ behavior that is found in corporations and voluntary associations (such as labor unions),collective behavior lacks an official division of labor,hierarchy of authority,and established rules and procedures.

A) administrative
B) institutional
C) organizational
D) change-based

Question 8

According to sociologist John Lofland,a(n) __________ refers to the "publicly expressed feeling perceived by participants and observers as the most prominent in an episode of collective behavior."

A) aggregate opinion
B) mass point of view
C) dominant emotion
D) prominent feeling

Question 9

Unlike __________ behavior (for example,in education,religion,or politics),collective behavior lacks established norms to govern behavior.

A) administrative
B) institutional
C) organizational
D) change-based

Question 10

Religious services,graduation ceremonies,concerts,and college lectures are examples of a(n) __________ crowd.

A) casual
B) expressive
C) acting
D) conventional

Question 11

__________ is voluntary,often spontaneous activity that is engaged in by a large number of people and typically violates dominant group norms and values.

A) Social change
B) Organizational behavior
C) Institutional behavior
D) Collective behavior

Question 12

Three major factors contribute to the likelihood that collective behavior will occur.Which of the following is NOT a factor?

A) structural factors that increase the chances of people responding in a particular way
B) timing
C) biological factors that decrease the chances of people responding in a specific manner
D) a breakdown in social control mechanisms and a corresponding feeling of normlessness

Question 13

A __________ is a number of people who share an interest in a specific idea or issue but who are not in one another's immediate vicinity.

A) mass
B) category
C) crowd
D) reference group

Question 14

Mobs,riots,and panics are examples of __________ crowds.

A) acting
B) casual
C) expressive
D) conventional

Question 15

__________ crowds provide opportunities for the display of some strong emotion (such as joy,excitement,or grief).

A) Protest
B) Expressive
C) Acting
D) Conventional

Question 16

A __________ is a relatively large number of people who are in one another's immediate vicinity.

A) mass
B) critical mass
C) category
D) crowd

Question 17

People in a shopping mall or on a city bus are examples of _________ crowds.

A) casual
B) expressive
C) acting
D) conventional

Question 18

Worshipers at religious revival services; mourners lining the streets when a celebrity,public official,or religious leader has died; and revelers assembled at Mardi Gras or at Times Square in New York on New Year's Eve are examples of a(n) __________ crowd.

A) conventional
B) acting
C) expressive
D) casual

Question 19

__________ crowds are relatively large gatherings of people who happen to be in the same place at the same time; if they interact at all,it is only briefly.

A) Conventional
B) Casual
C) Acting
D) Expressive

Question 20

__________ crowds are collectivities so intensely focused on a specific purpose or object that they may erupt into violent or destructive behavior.

A) Protest
B) Expressive
C) Acting
D) Conventional

Question 21

In the 1960s,African American students and sympathetic whites used sit-ins to call attention to racial injustice and demanded social change.When these types of protests escalate into violent confrontations,these groups become __________ crowds.

A) conventional
B) deviant
C) acting
D) aggressive

Question 22

__________ focuses on the shared emotions,goals,and beliefs that many people may bring to crowd behavior.

A) Circular reaction
B) Mob psychology
C) Emergent norm theory
D) Convergence theory

Question 23

According to the text,__________ was the first U.S.sociologist to investigate crowd behavior.

A) Robert Park
B) Clark McPhail
C) Herbert Blumer
D) Ralph Turner

Question 24

A(n) __________ is a form of crowd behavior that occurs when a large number of people react to a real or perceived threat with strong emotions and self-destructive behavior.

A) panic
B) riot
C) mob
D) aggregate

Question 25

__________ theory emphasizes the importance of social norms in shaping crowd behavior.

A) Convergence
B) Contagion
C) Emergent norm
D) Circular reaction

Question 26

Sociologists Clark McPhail and Ronald Wohlstein added __________ crowds to the four types of crowds identified by Blumer.These types of crowds engage in activities intended to achieve specific political goals.

A) militant
B) protest
C) rebel
D) revolutionary

Question 27

Examples of __________ crowds include sit-ins,marches,boycotts,blockades,and strikes.

A) rebel
B) revolutionary
C) militant
D) protest

Question 28

In his study of a lynch mob,social psychologist Hadley Cantril found that:

A) the participants came from widely divergent backgrounds
B) the characteristics of the participants made them susceptible to joining a lynch mob even if they did not know the target of the lynching
C) the participants came from the middle and upper-middle classes
D) participants knew, and did not like, the target of the lynching

Question 29

__________ focuses on the social-psychological aspects of collective behavior; it attempts to explain how moods,attitudes,and behavior are communicated rapidly and why they are accepted by others.

A) Psychoanalysis
B) Convergence theory
C) Emergent norm theory
D) Contagion theory

Question 30

Because of its __________,a crowd has the ability to transform individuals from rational beings into a single organism with a collective mind.

A) anonymity
B) explosiveness
C) hostile nature
D) disobedient nature

Question 31

__________ is nonviolent action that seeks to change a policy or law by refusing to comply with it.

A) A peaceful riot
B) A quiet mob
C) Civil disobedience
D) A rumor

Question 32

A(n) __________ is violent crowd behavior that is fueled by deep-seated emotions but not directed at one specific target.

A) mob
B) collectivity
C) riot
D) aggregate

Question 33

In the aftermath of the 2010 Haiti earthquake,relief was slow in coming and looting was commonplace.For those who were caught stealing other people's possessions,"mob justice" became an issue.This illustrates which theory?

A) convergence
B) contagion
C) emergent norm
D) circular reaction

Question 34

The most common type of __________ occurs when people seek to escape from a perceived danger,fearing that few (if any) of them will be able to get away from that danger.They also arise in response to events that people believe are beyond their control.

A) mob
B) aggregate
C) panic
D) riot

Question 35

According to sociologist Robert Park,social unrest is transmitted by a process of __________-the interactive communication between persons such that the discontent of one person is communicated to another who,in turn,reflects the discontent back to the first person.

A) convergence
B) mob psychology
C) circular reaction
D) emergent norms

Question 36

Sometimes,acts of civil disobedience become violent,as in a confrontation between protesters and police officers; in this case,a protest crowd becomes a(n) __________ crowd.

A) conventional
B) acting
C) aggressive
D) deviant

Question 37

Scholar __________ focused on crowd psychology and developed the contagion theory.

A) Clark McPhail
B) Gustave Le Bon
C) Robert Park
D) Herbert Blumer

Question 38

A(n) __________ is a highly emotional crowd whose members engage in,or are ready to engage in,violence against a specific target-a person,a category of people,or physical property.

A) riot
B) collectivity
C) mob
D) aggregate

Question 39

Love Canal residents were engaging in __________ behavior when they called attention to their problems with the chemical dump site by staging a protest in which they "burned in effigy" the governor and the health commissioner to emphasize their displeasure with the lack of response from these public officials.

A) aggregate
B) mob
C) riot
D) nuclear

Question 40

Examples of a(n) __________ include celebrations after sports victories,such as those that occurred in Montreal,Canada,following a Stanley Cup win and in Vancouver following a playoff victory.

A) aggregate
B) mob
C) collectivity
D) riot

Question 41

__________ is a form of dispersed collective behavior that occurs when a large number of people react with strong emotions and self-destructive behavior to a real or perceived threat.

A) Gossip
B) Rumor
C) Mass hysteria
D) Panic

Question 42

The most frequent types of __________ behavior are rumors,gossip,mass hysteria,public opinion,fashions,and fads.

A) riot
B) mob
C) panic
D) mass

Question 43

__________ is defined as a currently valued style of behavior,thinking,or appearance.

A) Mass behavior
B) A fad
C) Fashion
D) Public opinion

Question 44

__________ is a temporary but widely copied activity enthusiastically followed by large numbers of people.

A) Fashion
B) A fad
C) Gossip
D) A rumor

Question 45

Sociologist Riley E.Dunlap found that public awareness of the seriousness of environmental problems and support for environmental protection:

A) decreased precipitously during the 1980s
B) increased dramatically between the late 1960s and the early 1990s
C) has remained unchanged for the past three decades
D) is extremely difficult to measure accurately

Question 46

__________ is an organized group that acts consciously to promote or resist change through collective action.

A) A revolution
B) Civil disobedience
C) A social movement
D) An interest collectivity

Question 47

According to the text,social movements:

A) are more likely to develop in industrialized societies than in preindustrial ones
B) make democracy less available to some excluded groups
C) usually relies on paid employees to carry out the work
D) never resists change

Question 48

When sociologist Kai Erikson pointed out that people face a "new species of trouble," he was referring to:

A) new diseases for which there is no known cure
B) inhabitants of other planets that may be discovered by space exploration in the twenty-first century
C) natural disasters, such as hurricanes and earthquakes that have more deadly force than previous ones
D) technological disasters, such as toxic chemical pollution or radiation leakage

Question 49

__________ is/are collective behavior(s) that take(s) place when people (who often are geographically separated from one another) respond to the same event in much the same way.

A) Social movements
B) Social unrest
C) Civil disobedience
D) Mass behavior

Question 50

According to the text,which of the following is true of rumors?

A) While rumors may spread through an assembled collectivity, they also may be transmitted among people who are dispersed geographically.
B) Although they initially may contain a kernel of truth, as they spread, rumors may be modified to serve the interests of those repeating them.
C) Rumors thrive when tensions are high and little authentic information is available on an issue of great concern.
D) All of these choices are characteristics of rumors.

Question 51

The text observes that most sociological research on fashion has focused on:

A) clothing, especially women's apparel
B) men's accessories
C) the t-shirt craze
D) hairstyles

Question 52

__________ refer(s) to rumors about the personal lives of individuals.

A) Mass hysteria
B) Gossip
C) Fads
D) Panic

Question 53

The Internet,cellular phones,and satellite systems all contribute to the:

A) causation of acting behavior
B) impetus of mass behavior
C) stimulus of riot behavior
D) spread of rumors

Question 54

Sociologist __________ asserted that fashion serves mainly to institutionalize conspicuous consumption among the wealthy.

A) Georg Simmel
B) Thorstein Veblen
C) Pierre Bourdieu
D) Herbert Blumer

Question 55

Sociologist __________ suggested a classic "trickle-down" theory to describe the process by which members of the lower classes emulate the fashions of the upper class.

A) Herbert Blumer
B) Pierre Bourdieu
C) Thorstein Veblen
D) Georg Simmel

Question 56

In 1938,actor Orson Welles hosted a radio broadcast dramatizing H.G.Wells' science fiction classic The War of the Worlds.A CBS radio dance music program was interrupted suddenly by a news bulletin informing the audience that Martians had landed in New Jersey and were in the process of conquering the earth.The ensuing reaction is an example of:

A) mass hysteria
B) propaganda
C) public opinion
D) mob behavior

Question 57

__________ refers to unsubstantiated reports on an issue or subject.

A) A rumor
B) Gossip
C) Mass hysteria
D) Panic

Question 58

Sociologist _________ viewed gossip as something that spread among
A small group of individuals who personally knew the person who was the
Object of the rumor.

A) George Herbert Mead
B) Herbert Blumer
C) Charles Horton Cooley
D) Georg Simmel

Question 59

__________ consist(s) of the attitudes and beliefs communicated by ordinary citizens to decision makers.

A) Fads
B) Fashion
C) Rumor
D) Public opinion

Question 60

As the masses attempt to influence elites and vice versa,a two-way process occurs with the dissemination of __________,which is information provided by individuals or groups that have a vested interest in furthering their own cause or damaging an opposing one.

A) propaganda
B) rumor
C) public opinion
D) cultural capital

Question 61

Examples of __________ include labor movements,animal rights movements,antinuclear movements,Mothers Against Drunk Driving (MADD),and the disability rights movement.

A) revolutionary movements
B) alternative movements
C) reform movements
D) resistance (regressive) movements

Question 62

In the __________ stage of a social movement,people begin to organize and to publicize the problem.At this stage,some movements become formally organized at local and regional levels.

A) intermediate
B) institutionalization (bureaucratization)
C) preliminary (incipiency)
D) coalescence

Question 63

"People must become aware of a significant problem and have the opportunity to engage in collective action.Movements are more likely to occur when a person,class,or agency can be singled out as the source of the problem." This illustrates sociologist Neal Smelser's value-added theory condition of:

A) structural conduciveness
B) structural strain
C) precipitating factors
D) social control factors

Question 64

The text identifies __________ as the most widely known resistance (regressive) movement.

A) the National Rifle Association (NRA)
B) the National Organization of Women (NOW)
C) pro-life advocates (such as Operation Rescue)
D) Mothers Against Drunk Driving (MADD)

Question 65

Some religious movements are __________,that is,they forecast that "the end is near" and assert that an immediate change in behavior is imperative.

A) prophetic
B) millenarian
C) priestly
D) revolutionary

Question 66

__________ movements seek to bring about a total change in society.These movements usually do not attempt to work within the existing system; rather,they aim to remake the system by replacing existing institutions with new ones.

A) Reform
B) Religious (expressive)
C) Alternative
D) Revolutionary

Question 67

__________ provide(s) people who otherwise would not have the resources to enter the game of politics a chance to do so.

A) Civil disobedience
B) Fashion
C) Social movements
D) Collective behavior

Question 68

__________ movements seek limited change in some aspect of people's behavior.

A) Alternative
B) Religious (expressive)
C) Revolutionary
D) Reform

Question 69

__________ movements seek to produce radical change in individuals and are typically based on spiritual or supernatural belief systems.

A) Alternative
B) Reform
C) Resistance (regressive)
D) Religious (expressive)

Question 70

In the __________ stage of a social movement,an organizational structure develops and a paid staff begins to lead the group.

A) preliminary (incipiency)
B) coalescence
C) institutionalization (bureaucratization)
D) intermediate

Question 71

Developed by sociologist Neil Smelser,__________ theory is based on the assumption that certain conditions are necessary for the development of a social movement.

A) relative deprivation
B) value-added
C) resource mobilization
D) social constructionist

Question 72

Recently,a variety of "New Age" movements have directed people's behavior by emphasizing spiritual consciousness combined with a belief in reincarnation and astrology.This is an example of __________ movements.

A) resistance (regressive)
B) revolutionary
C) alternative
D) religious (expressive)

Question 73

__________ refer(s) to the discontent that people may feel when they compare their achievements with those of similarly situated persons and find that they have less than they think they deserve.

A) Relative deprivation
B) Unfulfilled rising expectations
C) Anomie
D) Structured alienation

Question 74

According to __________ theory,people who are satisfied with their present condition are less likely to seek social change.Social movements arise as a response to people's perception that they have been deprived of their "fair share."

A) value-added
B) resource mobilization
C) social constructionist
D) relative deprivation

Question 75

The terrorist attacks in New York City and Washington,D.C.,on September 11,2001 are examples of __________ movements.

A) alternative
B) reform
C) revolutionary
D) resistance (regressive)

Question 76

Radical terrorists who use fear tactics to intimidate those with whom they disagree ideologically are examples of __________ movements.

A) revolutionary
B) religious (expressive)
C) alternative
D) reform

Question 77

Examples of __________ movements are groups organized since the 1950s to oppose school integration,civil rights and affirmative action legislation,and domestic partnership initiatives.

A) alternative
B) reform
C) resistance (regressive)
D) revolutionary

Question 78

__________ movements seek to improve society by changing some specific aspect of the social structure.Members usually work within the existing system to attempt to change existing public policy so that it more adequately reflects their own value system.

A) Revolutionary
B) Reform
C) Alternative
D) Resistance (regressive)

Question 79

In the __________ stage of a social movement,widespread unrest is present as people become aware of a problem.At this stage,leaders emerge to agitate others into taking action.

A) preliminary (incipiency)
B) coalescence
C) institutionalization (bureaucratization)
D) intermediate

Question 80

__________ movements seek to prevent change or to undo change that has already occurred.

A) Alternative
B) Revolutionary
C) Reform
D) Resistance (regressive)