Deck 9: Global Stratification

Question 1

Rich,industrialized nations that primarily had capitalist economic systems and democratic political systems are referred to as:

A) fourth world nations
B) second world nations
C) third world nations
D) first world nations

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Countries with at least a moderate level of economic development and a moderate standard of living are referred to as:

A) first world nations
B) second world nations
C) third world nations
D) fourth world nations

Answer 2

B

Question 3

The unequal distribution of wealth,power,and prestige on a worldwide basis,resulting in people having vastly different lifestyles and life chances both within and among the nations of the world,is referred to as:

A) global stratification
B) universal
C) planetary
D) cosmic

Answer 3

A

Question 4

The idea of __________ has become the primary means used in attempts to reduce social and economic inequalities and alleviate the worst effects of poverty in the less industrialized nations of the world.

A) development
B) foreign aid
C) socialism
D) international intervention

Question 5

The idea of __________ has become the primary means used in attempts
To reduce social and economic inequalities and alleviate the worst effects
Of poverty in the less industrialized nations of the world.

A) evolution
B) development
C) evaluation
D) degeneration

Question 6

In 1960,the wealthiest 20 percent of the world's population had more
Than __________ times the income of the poorest 20 percent.

A) 10
B) 20
C) 30
D) 40

Question 7

The statement "The problem of inequality lies not in poverty,but in excess" is best summarized by which of the following?

A) The solution to inequality is a change in the value system of the rich and not the poor.
B) The solution to inequality is a change in the value system of the poor.
C) The problem lies in the cycle of poverty.
D) The primary problem lies in the inequality of the richest nations.

Question 8

__________ are nations characterized by highly industrialized
Economies; technologically advanced industrial,administrative,and
Service occupations; and relatively high levels of national and per
Capita (per person) income.

A) High-income countries
B) Middle-income countries
C) Low-income countries
D) Relative-income countries

Question 9

The 2008 U.S.financial crisis led to a(n) _________ that spread from high-income economies to lower-income economies.The economic slowdown particularly harmed countries located in the sub-Saharan Africa.

A) global economic recession
B) depression
C) economic downturn
D) sift in the economy

Question 10

People living in the __________,which comprise the poorest countries,have little or no industrialization and the lowest standards of living,shortest life expectancies,and highest rates of mortality.

A) first world
B) second world
C) third world
D) fourth world

Question 11

__________ nations included China,North Korea,Vietnam,Cuba,and portions of the former Soviet Union.

A) Second world
B) Fourth world
C) First world
D) Third world

Question 12

By 2005,the wealthiest 20 percent of the world population had almost __________ times the income of the poorest 20 percent.

A) 50
B) 60
C) 70
D) 85

Question 13

The income gap between the richest and the poorest 20 percent of the world population:

A) is greater in urban than in rural areas
B) has significantly decreased
C) is beginning to decline
D) continues to widen

Question 14

After __________,the terms "First World," "Second World," and "Third
World" were introduced by social scientists.

A) the Civil War
B) the Korean War
C) World War II
D) the Vietnam War

Question 15

Low-income countries are primarily __________ with little industrialization and low levels of national and personal income.

A) service-oriented nations
B) pastoral nations
C) urbanized nations
D) agrarian nations

Question 16

Nations with industrializing economies,particularly in urban areas,and with moderate levels of national and personal income,are referred to as:

A) relative-income countries
B) farming countries
C) middle-income countries
D) negligent countries

Question 17

The most frequently noted __________ nations were the United States,Canada,Japan,Great Britain,Australia,and New Zealand.

A) third world
B) second world
C) first world
D) fourth world

Question 18

The ___________ was introduced by social analysts to distinguish among nations on the basis of their levels of economic development and the standard of living of their citizens.

A) levels of development approach
B) three worlds approach
C) classification of economies approach
D) global distinction approach

Question 19

One of the primary problems encountered by social scientists studying
__________ and social and economic inequality is with determining what terminologyshould be used to refer to the distribution of resources in various nations.

A) cosmic stratification
B) universal stratification
C) in-group stratification
D) global stratification

Question 20

The __________,named after a U.S.Secretary of State,provided massive sums of money in direct aid and loans to rebuild the European economic base destroyed during World War II.

A) Albright Plan
B) Baker Plan
C) Southern Plan
D) Marshall Plan

Question 21

When an individual is able to purchase more quantities of food,higher quality food,higher quality housing,or a vehicle,the individual's __________ is increased.

A) standard of the economy
B) standard of living
C) standard of development
D) standard of life

Question 22

President Truman believed that an increase in the __________ meant that a nation was moving toward economic development,which typically included the improved exploitation of natural resources by industrial development.

A) standard of the economy
B) standard of living
C) standard of development
D) standard of life

Question 23

The World Bank divides middle-income economies into lower-middle and upper-middle.Argentina,Chile,Mexico,Peru,Russian Federation,and South Africa are considered nations with __________ economies.

A) upper-middle-income
B) high-income
C) lower-middle-income
D) low-income

Question 24

The term __________ refers to material well-being,which is measured by the quality of goods and services that may be purchased by the per capita national income.

A) standard of living
B) standard of development
C) standard of the economy
D) standard of life

Question 25

Ideas regarding underdevelopment were popularized by __________ in his 1949 inaugural address.He stated that nations in the Southern Hemisphere were "underdeveloped areas" because of their low gross national product.

A) President Roosevelt
B) President Eisenhower
C) President Truman
D) President Kennedy

Question 26

The World Bank divides middle-income economies into lower-middle income and upper-middle income.Bolivia,Cameron,China,Ecuador,Egypt,India,Indonesia,Iraq,Pakistan,Thailand,and Vietnam are classified as:

A) high-income countries
B) upper-middle-income countries
C) lower-middle-income countries
D) low-income countries

Question 27

The term ________ refers to all of the goods and services produced in a country within a given year,plus the net income earned outside the country by individuals and corporations.

A) gross deductible income (GDI)
B) gross exemption income (GEI)
C) gross national income (GNI)
D) gross economic income (GEI)

Question 28

As compared with lower-middle-income economies,nations having upper-middle-income economies typically:

A) have a somewhat higher standard of living
B) have high levels of indebtedness
C) export manufactured goods, raw materials and fuels
D) have low levels of indebtedness

Question 29

Although some people have grown wealthy in lower-middle-income nations,many others continue to live in poverty,defined as _________ per day in purchasing power.

A) $10.00
B) $5.00
C) $.50
D) $1.25

Question 30

__________ economies are found in 69 nations,including Portugal,Ireland,Israel,Italy,Norway,and Germany.

A) Low-income
B) Lower-middle-income
C) Upper-middle-income
D) High-income

Question 31

Nations with __________ continue to dominate the world economy,
Despite the fact that shifts in the global marketplace have affected some
Workers who have found themselves without work due to capital flight.

A) lower-middle-income economies
B) low-income economies
C) high-income economies
D) upper-middle-income economies

Question 32

Low-income economies are primarily found in countries in __________,where half of the world's population resides.

A) Eastern Europe and Africa
B) Asia and Africa
C) Asia and South America
D) South America and Africa

Question 33

As a result of the 1992 U.N.Conference on Environment and Development in Rio de Janeiro,terms such as "underdevelopment" have largely been dropped in favor of measurements such as sustainable development,and economies are now classified by their:

A) material well-being
B) levels of economic development
C) levels of income or their ranking on the Human Development Index
D) standard of living

Question 34

Lower-middle-income economies include the nations of:

A) United States, Canada, and Japan
B) Tanzania and South Africa
C) Bangladesh, Mexico, and Nigeria
D) Angola, Bolivia, China, Egypt, and Vietnam

Question 35

About __________ of the world's population lives in the thirty-nine low-income economies,where most people engage in agricultural pursuits,reside in nonurban areas,and are impoverished.

A) 25 percent
B) 33 percent
C) 50 percent
D) 75 percent

Question 36

The World Bank classifies nations into four economic categories:

A) upper, middle, working, and lower
B) developed, developing, transitioning, underdeveloped
C) postindustrial, industrial, agrarian, horticultural
D) high-income, upper-middle, lower-middle, and low economies

Question 37

Among those most affected by poverty in low-income economies are:

A) women and children
B) adult men and women
C) aged men and women
D) aged women

Question 38

___________ is an important example of a lower-middle income economy because that nation's rural-urban divide has brought increasing income and wealth to urban areas through world trade and the presence of multinational corporations as contrasted with rural areas that remain dependent on agriculture,particularly rice,for economic survival.

A) Egypt
B) Mexico
C) China
D) Vietnam

Question 39

Despite the fact that women have made some gains in terms of well-being,the income gap between men and women __________ in low-income,developing nations.

A) has diminished
B) is decreasing
C) remains wide
D) is beginning to narrow

Question 40

About _________ of the world's population resides in the 92 nations with middle-income economies.

A) one-half
B) one-third
C) one-fourth
D) one-fifth

Question 41

There are three dimensions included in the Human Development Index.Which of the following is NOT one of these?

A) life expectancy at birth
B) social inclusion
C) mean years of schooling and expected years of schooling
D) gross national income per capita

Question 42

Defining levels of poverty involves all of the following dimensions EXCEPT for:

A) how many people are poor
B) how far above the poverty line people's incomes fall
C) how long they have been poor
D) how far below the poverty line people's incomes fall

Question 43

A condition in which people do not have the means to secure the most basic necessities of life is defined as:

A) standard poverty
B) absolute poverty
C) relative poverty
D) subjective poverty

Question 44

According to the __________,human development is the process of
"expanding choices that people have in life,to lead a life to its full
Potential and indignity,through expanding capabilities and through
People taking action themselves to improve their lives."

A) Peace Corps
B) American Red Cross
C) United Nations
D) North American Trade Organization

Question 45

__________ poverty is measured by comparing personal or household income or expenses with the cost of buying a given quantity of goods and services.

A) Relative
B) Subjective
C) Standard
D) Absolute

Question 46

_________ exists when people may be able to afford basic necessities but are still unable to maintain an average standard of living.

A) Relative poverty
B) Absolute poverty
C) Subjective poverty
D) Standard poverty

Question 47

The World Bank has defined ___________ as living on less than $1.25 a day.

A) standard poverty
B) absolute poverty
C) relative poverty
D) subjective poverty

Question 48

According to the Human Development Report,people who live in nations with ___________ can expect to be better educated,to live longer,and to earn more.

A) Very High Human Development
B) Low Human Development
C) Medium Human Development
D) High Human Development

Question 49

The top countries identified as having "Very High Human Development" are:

A) Tanzania and South Africa
B) Niger, Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Zimbabwe
C) Norway, Australia, New Zealand, and the United States
D) Mexico, China, and Paraguay

Question 50

In 1990,the United Nations introduced the __________,establishing three new criteria,in addition to the gross domestic product,for measuring the level of advancement in a country: life expectancy,education,and living standards.

A) national resource product (NRP)
B) personal socialization index (PSI)
C) Gini coefficient
D) human development index (HDI)

Question 51

According to the United Nations,__________ is the process of "expanding choices that people have in life,to lead a life to its full potential and in dignity,through expanding capabilities and through people taking action themselves to improve their lives."

A) life expectancy
B) life span
C) human development
D) global development

Question 52

Capital flight often occurs because transnational corporations become aware of pools of cheap labor in ___________ nations where workers do not have legal protection or unions to help boost their wages and improve their work conditions.

A) upper
B) higher-middle
C) lower-middle
D) lower-income

Question 53

Beginning in 2010,the Human Development Report included a new top category of nations called:

A) Extreme Development
B) Postmodern Development
C) Postindustrialized Development
D) Very High Human Development

Question 54

_________ poverty would be measured by comparing the actual income against the income earner's expectations and perceptions.

A) Absolute
B) Relative
C) Standard
D) Subjective

Question 55

__________ poverty is measured by comparing one person's income with the incomes of others.

A) Absolute
B) Subjective
C) Relative
D) Standard

Question 56

The United States is ranked 43ʳᵈ in the world with a Gini coefficient of __________.On this measure,the United States fares better than a number of countries in the Middle East.

A) 45
B) 25
C) 78
D) 91

Question 57

___________ is the movement of jobs and economic resources from one nation to another.

A) Deindustrialization
B) Economic mobility
C) Capital flight
D) Capital movement

Question 58

__________ is ranked 91ˢᵗ based on its Gini coefficient and is the location of many protestors and rioters that are demanding economic equality and political change in the 2010s.

A) Cuba
B) Puerto Rico
C) Egypt
D) Panama

Question 59

The bottom three countries in the "Low Human Development" category are:

A) Tanzania and South Africa
B) Niger, Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Zimbabwe
C) Norway, Australia, New Zealand, and the United States
D) Mexico, China, and Paraguay

Question 60

The World Bank uses as its measure of income inequality what is known as the __________,which ranges from zero (meaning that everyone has the same income) to 100 (meaning that one person receives all the income).

A) Helmicki coefficient
B) Georgia equation
C) Gyro formula
D) Gini coefficient

Question 61

There has been progress in youth literacy rates with _________ percent literacy in 63 of the 104 countries with available data.

A) 50
B) 95
C) 80
D) 65

Question 62

The average life expectancy at birth of people in middle-income countries remains about __________ years less than that of people in high-income countries.

A) 5
B) 12
C) 18
D) 25

Question 63

Many people in low-income nations are far from having good health.In
Fact,about __________ million people die each year from AIDS,diarrhea,
Malaria,tuberculosis,and other infections and parasitic illnesses.

A) 5
B) 25
C) 33
D) 75

Question 64

As of 2009,about __________ million adults and children were living with HIV/AIDS.

A) 10
B) 33
C) 21
D) 30

Question 65

In order to better understand how the HDI translates into real life,we should consider that a child that is born in 2010 in Norway has a life expectancy of _________ years compared with a life expectancy of _________ for a child born in Zimbabwe.

A) 81; 47
B) 80; 70
C) 75; 65
D) 55; 50

Question 66

Low-income countries typically have higher rates of illness and disease,and they do not have adequate health care facilities.__________ is a common problem among children,many of whom are underweight,stunted,and have anemia.

A) Alcohol abuse
B) Drug abuse
C) Obesity
D) Malnutrition

Question 67

Despite gains in the 2010 HDI in many low-income nations,the life expectancy fell below 1970 levels in two areas:

A) sub-Sahara Africa and the former Soviet Union
B) China and Paraguay
C) Egypt and Pakistan
D) United States and Canada

Question 68

The average life expectancy at birth of people in low-income countries is about __________ years less than that of people in high-income nations.

A) 15
B) 23
C) 30
D) 35

Question 69

A child born in a low-HDI country has a life expectancy of about 56 years,which is __________ years less than in medium-HDI countries and ___________ years less than in very-high-HDI countries.

A) 5; 15
B) 20; 30
C) 13; 24
D) 1; 2

Question 70

The __________ (deaths per thousand live births) is more than eight
Times higher in low-income countries than in high-income countries.

A) infant mortality rate
B) crude-birth rate
C) fertility rate
D) crude-death rate

Question 71

Although some gains have been made in reducing the rate of malnourishment in some lower-income nations,about __________ people around the world are malnourished.

A) one billion
B) twenty million
C) one hundred million
D) two billion

Question 72

According to the Human Development Report,_________ is an important component in improving life chances because individuals become "more aware of how to avoid health risks and to live longer and more comfortable lives."

A) wealth
B) education
C) power
D) prestige

Question 73

The 2010 life expectancy rate for the United States was _________ and the GNI was $47,094.

A) 81
B) 79.6
C) 47
D) 65

Question 74

Women in the poorest nations have a literacy rate of _________ percent,as compared to 64.5 percent for men.Literacy is crucial for women because it has been closely linked to decreases in fertility,improved child health,and increased earnings potential.

A) 55.8
B) 67
C) 45.9
D) 90

Question 75

Health is defined in the Constitution of the World Health Organization as:

A) a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being
B) merely the absence of disease or infirmity
C) a state of optimum health
D) a state of complete happiness

Question 76

The decrease in life expectancy in the former Soviet Union is concentrated among men,perhaps linked to excessive alcohol consumption and stress brought about by:

A) high rates of unemployment, inflation, and financial insecurity
B) HIV epidemic
C) hunger
D) subjective poverty

Question 77

One major cause of shorter life expectancy in low-income nations is the high __________ rate.

A) crude-birth
B) fertility
C) infant mortality
D) crude-death

Question 78

Gains in higher education are most evident in countries with higher scores on the Human Development Index,and women's enrollment in higher education has risen in many parts of the world.In Arab states,for example an average of __________ women are now enrolled for every 100 men.

A) 77
B) 80
C) 132
D) 100

Question 79

The decrease in the life expectance in sub-Sahara Africa can be linked to:

A) infant mortality
B) hunger
C) the HIV epidemic
D) malaria

Question 80

Although some gains have been made in reducing the rate of malnourishment in some lower-income nations,about one billion people around the world are malnourished,and __________ percent of these are in Asia and the Pacific.

A) 53
B) 95
C) 75
D) 63