Question 1

The understanding and use of display rules to mask genuine feelings in social contexts typically appear:&#10;A) By middle childhood&#10;B) During early childhood&#10;C) Much earlier for girls than boys&#10;D) With the onset of adolescence

Accepted Answer

By middle childhood, children typically develop the understanding and use of display rules to mask genuine feelings in social contexts.

Question 2

Individual differences by which young infants first exert a unique influence on others around them form what developmental scientists refer to as:&#10;A) Temperament&#10;B) Emotional regulation&#10;C) The self&#10;D) Emotion

Accepted Answer

Temperament refers to the innate traits that influence how one thinks, behaves, and reacts with the environment and others. It is considered the foundation of personality and can be observed in young infants, showing how they uniquely influence those around them through their individual differences in behavior and emotional responses.

Question 3

Current research supports which of the following conclusion(s) about temperament?&#10;A) It is biologically-based, relatively stable, and interacts with the environment to influence development&#10;B) It predicts adult personality, varies across situations, and is best measured through parent report&#10;C) It is an out-dated concept that has little genetic or physiological basis&#10;D) It is influenced by some environmental factors (parenting) not others (cultural norms)

Accepted Answer

Temperament is understood to be biologically based and relatively stable across the lifespan, but it also interacts with environmental factors, including parenting and cultural influences, to shape individual development. This view is supported by a wealth of research indicating that temperament has a genetic component but is also modifiable by experiences.

Question 4

The &#34;differential susceptibility&#34; hypothesis argues that the association of difficult temperament with later behavioral problems results from:&#10;A) Negative environmental influences around them (such as frustrated parenting)&#10;B) Continuing intrinsic vulnerability of such children with difficult temperaments&#10;C) Cultural norms concerning gender differences (i.e., boys are more physically aggressive than girls)&#10;D) Children with difficult temperaments tend to have poor-quality interactions with peers

Accepted Answer

The "differential susceptibility" hypothesis suggests that children with difficult temperaments are more affected by their environments, meaning negative influences like frustrated parenting can lead to behavioral problems.

Question 5

Recent conceptualizations of temperament by Rothbart and her colleagues in terms of _____ mirrors the interaction between excitatory and inhibitory nervous system processes:&#10;A) Reactivity and self-regulation&#10;B) Difficult- and easy-to-soothe&#10;C) Conscience and sociability&#10;D) Externalizing and internalizing behaviors

Accepted Answer

Rothbart's model of temperament focuses on two main components: reactivity, which refers to the physiological responses to stimuli (mirroring excitatory processes), and self-regulation, which involves modulating reactivity (mirroring inhibitory processes). This conceptualization directly reflects the interaction between excitatory and inhibitory processes in the nervous system.

Question 6

By preschool age, children typically develop _____ emotions such as pride and embarrassment:&#10;A) Self-conscious&#10;B) Mixed&#10;C) Socially-sanctioned&#10;D) Moral

Accepted Answer

Self-conscious emotions, including pride and embarrassment, typically develop by preschool age as children become more aware of social norms and expectations, and begin to see themselves through the eyes of others.

Question 7

In adulthood, emotional development focuses on individuals:&#10;A) Constructing their lives to incorporate emotional experiences that are personally desirable&#10;B) Learning to balance frustration and contentment in the face of declining abilities&#10;C) More accurately interpreting the emotional displays of others&#10;D) Dealing with loss of freedom and increased responsibility

Accepted Answer

In adulthood, emotional development often involves constructing lives that incorporate personally desirable emotional experiences, as individuals seek to maximize positive emotions and minimize negative ones.

Question 8

Which of the following is stressed in the functionalist account of emotion?&#10;A) Goal attainment in everyday experience&#10;B) Biological bases of emotional reactions&#10;C) Conditioning of emotional responses via reinforcement&#10;D) Self-regulation through approach-avoidance behaviors

Accepted Answer

Functionalist accounts of emotion emphasize how emotions help individuals achieve goals and adapt to their environment, focusing on the role emotions play in everyday experiences and interactions.

Question 9

Which of the following neurological developments accompanies an increased ability for emotional regulation during childhood?&#10;A) Maturation of functional connections between subcortical and frontal systems regulating emotion&#10;B) Pruning of neurons in the cortex due to experience and learning&#10;C) Doubling of synaptic connections between language and emotional centers of the brain&#10;D) Completion of axonal myelination of the frontal cortex

Accepted Answer

The maturation of functional connections between subcortical and frontal systems is crucial for emotional regulation, as these connections help integrate emotional responses with higher-order cognitive processes.

Question 10

_____ organizes and integrates our experience of who we are in the context of changing life events and provides an essential foundation to personality development:&#10;A) The sense of self&#10;B) Emotional regulation&#10;C) Temperament&#10;D) Conscience

Accepted Answer

The sense of self organizes and integrates our experiences and perceptions of who we are, especially as we navigate through various life events. This ongoing process is crucial for the development of our personality, as it helps us understand and define our identity over time.

Question 11

Which of the following is NOT a facet of the self of interest to developmental science?&#10;A) Self-interest&#10;B) Self-awareness&#10;C) Self-representation&#10;D) Self-evaluations

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following is NOT a...

Question 12

Social comparison becomes a central feature of self-awareness during:&#10;A) Middle childhood&#10;B) Early childhood&#10;C) Adolescence&#10;D) Adulthood

Accepted Answer

The answer of Social comparison becomes a central feature of...

Deck 5: The Individual Child: Temperament, Emotion, Self, and Personality