Deck 3: When and How Does Stuttering Begin How Does It Develop

Question 1

The onset of stuttering occurs most frequently in which of the following age ranges:

A) 18 to 24 months
B) 25 to 48 months
C) 48 to 60 months
D) above 65 months of age

Answer 1

25 to 48 months

Question 2

The statement that there is some overlap between stutterers and nonstutterers in the frequency of disfluencies in their speech means that:

A) frequency of disfluencies is not a very good indicator of the presence of stuttering
B) some people who stutter have fewer disfluencies than some normally fluent people
C) all normally fluent people have fewer disfluencies than some people who stutter
D) most people cannot readily be classified as stuttering or normally fluent

Answer 2

some people who stutter have fewer disfluencies than some normally fluent people

Question 3

Which of the following provides an example of double-unit word repetition?

A) but-but
B) but-but-but
C) but I, but we
D) but I, but we-we

Answer 3

but-but-but

Question 4

Within speech samples of the same length, which of the following is most likely to be identified as the speech of a person who stutterers? A sample containing

A) six instances of single-syllable word repetition
B) four instances of multisyllabic word repetition
C) six instances of phrase repetition
D) four instances of revision

Question 5

Research by Yairi and Ambrose (2005) found that the percentage of stuttering onsets occurring after age 4 years (48 months) is:

A) 30-41%
B) 20-30%
C) 5-15%
D) 1-2%

Question 6

Which of the following characteristics should be taken as an indicator of the first stage of
Of stuttering according to the Bloodstein system:

A) stuttering occurs in response to specific environmental cues
B) stuttering occurs throughout the sentence, not in certain particular locations
C) the dominant symptom is short, easy repetitions of syllables and short words
D) there is a marked tendency for the stuttering to occur on content words (e.g.
Adjectives and verbs)

Question 7

According to Van Riper's developmental scheme of stuttering:

A) the disorder develops in four distinct consecutive phases
B) the disorder develops in one of four possible patterns (tracks)
C) all four major dimensions of the disorder develop simultaneously but each in its own track
D) only one of the four different dimensions of stuttering becomes pronounced during the developmental process

Question 8

According to recent research on the development of childhood stuttering, which is true in regard to differences between children who persist and who recover? Children who persist tend to:

A) have earlier stuttering onsets
B) initially exhibit greater number of disfluencies and more severe stuttering
C) exhibit poorer motor skills
D) have more relatives who also exhibited persistent stuttering

Question 9

Currently, the best predictor of natural recovery from stuttering in young children is:

A) age at onset
B) the type of family history of recovery
C) good language and phonologic skills
D) the initial stuttering is moderate in severity

Question 10

Ideas about how the onset of stuttering occurs have changed in that:

A) we now think that it is all genetically controlled
B) we used to think it began in a uniform fashion but now we have evidence that there is much variability in several aspects of onset
C) we now know that, most typically, stuttering begins as a mild disorder
D) our ideas about the onset of stuttering have not substantially changed.

Question 11

Which is NOT true regarding the onset of stuttering? It occurs

A) before a child speaks in sentences
B) when anatomical structures for speech are growing quickly
C) when speech and language skills are expanding sharply
D) after normally fluent speech has been present

Question 12

In most cases, stuttering onset is characterized by, or associated with

A) mild stuttering
B) strong emotional reaction
C) moderate or severe stuttering
D) moderate phonological deficiency

Question 13

Which of the following disfluencies is above the mean for preschool children who stutter:

A) bu-but
B) bu-bu-but
C) I-I would la-like
D) Mo-momy se-see th-this

Question 14

The overall trend in the development of stuttering is:

A) downward
B) upward
C) downward then upward
D) flat

Question 15

Natural recovery from stuttering occurs subsequent to:

A) mild stuttering
B) episodic, slow easy repetitions
C) clinical intervention
D) no clinical intervention

Question 16

Shorter intervals between repetition units in speech of children who stutter, make their repetitions faster than those of normally fluent children.

Question 17

Onset of stuttering is rare after age 9 years.

Question 18

Interjections are the most frequent feature of early stuttered speech.

Question 19

Van Riper's Track II children who stutter with poor articulation represented the majority of cases.

Question 20

Some secondary behaviors appear to be integral features of stuttering, and not necessarily "secondary."

Question 21

Scientific studies of stuttering onset are difficult because of the confusion between language difficulties and stuttering.

Question 22

Symptoms such as blocks and facial contortions are never present at or near stuttering onset.

Question 23

Stuttering before 18 months of age is not really stuttering

Question 24

A preschool child presenting only 7 SLD per 100 syllables is still within the limit of normal disfluency.

Question 25

The difference between the incidence of stuttering and its prevalence supports a substantial factor of natural recovery.

Question 26

Present and discuss (only) two arguments regarding the importance of scientific information about the onset of stuttering.

Question 27

List three methods have been used, to study the onset of stuttering? What problems are involved in each?

Question 28

What are the implications of the fact that most cases of stuttering begin between 24 and 42 months of age? Explain.

Question 29

Discuss the male-to-female ratio. What differences are seen with age? How is the gender ratio affected by male and female differences in stuttering onset and natural recovery?

Question 30

What changes have taken place in relation to the traditional concepts regarding the development of stuttering?

Question 31

What kinds of evidence have been used to document natural recovery? Why does the age of the children at the beginning of a study make a difference?

Question 32

What explanations can be used to account for the recovery that is labeled "natural recovery"?