Deck 2: Scientific Foundations

Question 1

What were the marshmallow experiments?

A) a series of studies about how soft objects are perceived
B) a series of studies examining delay of gratification among children
C) a series of studies investigating perception of fairness
D) a series of studies about conditioning principles

Answer 1

a series of studies examining delay of gratification among children

Question 2

Studies showed that those who can delay gratification as children turn to adults who

A) had better grades, made more money, and showed greater psychological well-being.
B) had lower grades, made less money, and showed poor psychological well-being.
C) had mediocre grades, made adequate money, and showed deficient psychological well-being.
D) had average grades, made adequate money, and showed poor psychological well-being.

Answer 2

had better grades, made more money, and showed greater psychological well-being.

Question 3

Which of the following is a part of the brain that has been found to be associated with impulse control?

A) parietal lobe
B) ventral striatum
C) temporal lobe
D) hippocampus

Answer 3

ventral striatum

Question 4

Emma experienced economic hardships more than Lourdes. According to the research about impulse gratification, who of the two would more likely be more impulsive?

A) Emma
B) Lourdes
C) both Emma and Lourdes
D) there is no relationship between impulse gratification and economic hardships

Question 5

Which of the following uses careful research procedures designed to provide reliable and verifiable evidence?

A) natural science
B) basic science
C) socials science
D) scientific method

Question 6

What uses careful research procedures designed to provide reliable and verifiable evidence?

A) social science
B) natural science
C) scientific method
D) basic science

Question 7

The source of knowledge that is concerned with the description, prediction, and understanding of natural phenomenon is called

A) basic science.
B) social science.
C) natural science.
D) humanities.

Question 8

Natural science has two key branches. One is biological science which is often called ______.

A) humanities
B) life science
C) geological science
D) evolutionary science

Question 9

Which of the following is one of the two branches of naturals science?

A) evolutionary science
B) humanities
C) social science
D) physical science

Question 10

What is the scientific study of the nervous system?

A) physical science
B) neuroscience
C) evolutionary science
D) social science

Question 11

Neuroscience is the scientific study of what part of the body?

A) nervous system
B) visual system
C) hippocampus
D) ventral stratum

Question 12

Sean's research involves investigating genetic transmissions in animals. Sean is in the field of

A) evolutionary science.
B) social science.
C) sociology.
D) genetics.

Question 13

What field of science examines the brain mechanisms that support the individual's mental functions and subsequent behaviors?

A) social science
B) evolutionary science
C) cognitive neuroscience
D) genetics

Question 14

What is the transformation of heritable traits of species and humans over successive generations?

A) neuroscience
B) basic science
C) social science
D) evolution

Question 15

Eddie examines gender biases in religious rituals. Eddie is more likely a(n)

A) philosopher.
B) sociologist.
C) anthropologist.
D) humanities.

Question 16

What is sometimes called the "love of wisdom"?

A) philosophy
B) art
C) humanism
D) behavioral economics

Question 17

Beliefs, practices, and prescriptions relevant to the supernatural and the relationships between the individual and the supernatural are called ______.

A) philosophy
B) knowledge
C) religion
D) art

Question 18

Personality psychology is also rooted in what tradition in science that emphasizes the subjective side of the individual?

A) religion
B) genetics
C) clinical
D) humanism

Question 19

Shakespeare in England wrote literary characters that millions of people continue to study today. His works cover the ______ tradition in which the subjective side of the individual is emphasized.

A) humanistic
B) behavioral
C) philosophical
D) sociological

Question 20

What refers to how certain traits in living organisms are handed down from parents to offsprings?

A) genetics
B) inheritance
C) gene
D) temperament

Question 21

What is the study of heredity through genetic transmission and genetic variations.

A) genetics
B) behavioral learning
C) neuroscience
D) evolutionary psychology

Question 22

In the 20th century, science turned to ______ to explain hereditary processes and patterns.

A) genetics
B) classical learning
C) molecular biology
D) temperament

Question 23

What is a segment or a portion of the DNA that contains the codes as biological information about how to build new protein structures?

A) neuron
B) traits
C) molecules
D) gene

Question 24

What can help explain many variations in personality traits and behaviors, including similarities and differences among individuals?

A) genetic factors
B) environment
C) neuroscience
D) evolutionary psychology

Question 25

A child's activity, emotionality, and sociability are components of ______.

A) emotions
B) cognitions and beliefs
C) neuroscience
D) temperament

Question 26

What are the three foundations of personality?

A) genes, environment, behaviors
B) activity, emotionality, and sociability
C) genetic factors, activity, slumber
D) traits, emotions, behaviors

Question 27

What determines which genes are activated?

A) traits
B) emotionality
C) environment
D) cognitions

Question 28

What is one of the three areas in neuroscience that contribute to the understanding of personality?

A) clinical pathology
B) genetics
C) inheritance
D) behavioral learning

Question 29

Using which method, clinical observations of a patient's abnormal symptoms are compared with reliable data of brain pathology?

A) neurotransmission
B) electrophysiological measures
C) computerized tomography
D) clinical-pathological method

Question 30

Which method allows scientists to study the dynamic aspects of brain activity under changing functional conditions?

A) the EEG
B) the computerized tomography
C) magnetic resonance imaging
D) functional neuroimaging

Question 31

Which is an almond shaped part of the brain and is also for processing emotions?

A) frontal lobes
B) hypothalamus
C) parietal lobe
D) amygdala

Question 32

Which part of brain is associated with decision-making behaviors?

A) amygdala
B) frontal lobes
C) hypothalamus
D) hippocampus

Question 33

What are endogenous chemicals that enable neurotransmission between two cells and are associated with psychological functions such as depression and anxiety?

A) genes
B) neurotransmitters
C) brain imaging
D) cortisol

Question 34

Which of the following has the most cortical neurons of any species on Earth?

A) chimpanzees
B) dolphins
C) parrots and crows
D) humans

Question 35

What is the transformation in the heritable traits of species over successive generations?

A) neuroscience
B) literature
C) evolutionary psychology
D) collectiveness

Question 36

The biggest lion in the den was aggressing to the other relatively smaller in size lions. That big lion must be the ______ male.

A) alpha
B) beta
C) smart
D) hungry

Question 37

Infants show an early tendency to be wary of plants and certain animals. This makes good sense from which perspective?

A) sociological
B) humanistic
C) cultural
D) evolutionary

Question 38

Men's evolutionary strategies involve

A) seeking and selecting partners who have reliable resources
B) have a variety of partners and try to multiply the number of offsprings
C) seek one committed partner
D) date a girlfriend who cheated them with another man

Question 39

Evolutionary theories also attempt to explain stable patterns of social behavior. What is one of these patterns?

A) need for assimilation
B) need for cognition
C) social anxiety
D) self-confidence

Question 40

The need for differentiation from others is opposite of what need?

A) need for cognition
B) need for esteem
C) need for immersion
D) need for stability

Question 41

Which need could lead to prejudice and intolerance?

A) need for cognition
B) need for inclusion
C) need for stability
D) need for efficacy

Question 42

Evolutionary theories suggest that altruism should be biologically useful for what purpose?

A) to act on behalf of one's family or community
B) to decrease greediness
C) to make it easier to rob others of their resources
D) to promote collective goodwill

Question 43

Which science suggest that individuals transform themselves into dynamic beings who interact with their environment?

A) neuroscience
B) evolutionary science
C) social sciences
D) philosophy

Question 44

People who live in places with harsh climates tend to

A) develop immune systems that protect them from disease.
B) face greater risks and so develop traits that help them tackle these challenges.
C) tend to be protective.
D) are attracted to the physical unattractive.

Question 45

Social scientists suggest that particular personality features develop in historic conditions. For example, farmers who grew rice before mechanization of agriculture tend to

A) engage in cooperative instead of competitive behavior.
B) Adjust to the mechanization of agriculture faster.
C) grow rice faster if the social situation had ideal conditions.
D) displayed competitive behavior.

Question 46

What is referred to as a set of core beliefs and perceptions about individuals' life and the world around them based on their social position in society?

A) philosophy
B) super rich
C) social status
D) class consciousness

Question 47

What is the generalization of others' behaviors and traits based on their social status or membership in a particular gender, age, ethnic, or professional group?

A) extension
B) social status
C) stereotyping
D) collectivism

Question 48

What is the position in society called that can be a measure of an individual's access to resources and power?

A) stereotyping
B) class consciousness
C) virtuous
D) social status

Question 49

Who said that an individual should develop the capacity for virtues?

A) Plato
B) Shakespeare
C) Aristotle
D) Freud

Question 50

What is enlightenment?

A) it is the view of validating knowledge and education based on science and reason rather than on religious dogmas.
B) it refers to the spiritual, nonphysical side of the human experience
C) it is the universal law to follow each other
D) it refers to philosophical creativity and imagination

Question 51

David Hume described four personality types. The Epicurean type

A) regards philosophical devotion.
B) is the critical thinker.
C) is a person of action and virtue.
D) displays elegance and seeks pleasure.

Question 52

David Hume described four personality types. The Stoic type

A) regards philosophical devotion.
B) is a person of action and virtue.
C) displays elegance and seeks pleasure.
D) is the critical thinker.

Question 53

In philosophies, the vertical hierarchical typologies

A) contain loose clusters of types of personality assembled by the philosopher's creative imagination.
B) types are placed in rank order to indicate strength, purity, skills, or other features of the individual.
C) emphasize that the it is important to be educated to be an efficient member of society.
D) contain a rich source of knowledge about the individual's inner world, behavior, and personality.

Question 54

What is transcendental?

A) a view of validating knowledge and education
B) loose clusters of personality types
C) the spiritual, nonphysical side of human experience
D) the propensity to learn and reason

Question 55

How is religious knowledge and values descriptive about personality?

A) Religious knowledge and values describe various individual's features and explains the individual's inner world.
B) Religious knowledge and values suggest that individuals are not in control.
C) Religious knowledge and values prescribe behavior.
D) Religious knowledge and values inform how individuals are going to be punished for transgressions.

Question 56

When Sonia is confused about what to do in a specific situation, she looks at her set of religious values as guidance. Here, religious knowledge and values are

A) strict and demanding.
B) enforced.
C) descriptive.
D) prescriptive.

Question 57

How are religious teachings also related to personality?

A) they dictate rules of appropriate behavior that can be applied to every situation
B) they suggest the norms of the situation
C) they urge the development of certain desirable personality traits
D) they teach how to be enlightened

Question 58

What is one of the two interconnected types of action that religious teachings introduce?

A) individual engagement
B) wealth and greed
C) asceticism
D) mediation

Question 59

Religious prescriptions of engagement and disengagement can lead to

A) disappointment and hopelessness.
B) apathy.
C) altruism.
D) moral behavior and happiness.

Question 60

What is the belief in the existence of realities beyond rational reflection or scientific scrutiny but accessible by feelings?

A) action
B) mysticism
C) harmony
D) engagement

Question 61

If a religious prescription for behaving is to pursue a simple life, that would be an example of what?

A) action and engagement
B) mysticism
C) inaction and disengagement
D) happiness

Question 62

Two interconnected types of action are associated with religious teachings. Which of the following below is NOT one of them?

A) harmony
B) action
C) engagement
D) inaction

Question 63

How does art help us in our study of personality?

A) Art portrays what should be desirable personality traits.
B) Art shows the characteristics contained in every single trait that exists.
C) Art falsely shows how we are like the fictitious characters of fiction stories.
D) Art is often a window into the artist's mind and personality.

Question 64

Which of the following is an example of literary works impacting on scientists who have contributed to personality psychology?

A) books about religious facts
B) self-help books
C) tragedies by Sophocles and Shakespeare
D) scientific books

Question 65

A way to improve oneself is through

A) punishing oneself for not trying hard
B) improve one's decision-making skills
C) practice expressing positive emotions
D) compartmentalize parts of one's life

Question 66

What is a system of beliefs and practices that facilitate the transformation of the body and consciousness?

A) happiness
B) religions
C) exercise
D) Yoga

Question 67

What is a therapeutic procedure that is based on the scientific premise that the human mind is capable of changing itself through behavior?

A) nativism
B) positive psychotherapy
C) behavioral learning
D) social procedure

Question 68

Which of the following individual features refer to daily habits?

A) height, weight, body shape
B) friends and family
C) income, living conditions
D) brush teeth, take shower

Question 69

Which of the following individual features refer to personal relationships?

A) describing friends and relatives
B) describing things one does regularly
C) describing one's social status
D) describing satisfaction with one's state of health

Question 70

According to Veenhoven, happiness is built on which of the three factors?

A) harmony, tasks, closure
B) positive emotion, engagement, and meaning
C) satisfaction, health, hygiene
D) goodness, mentality, religiosity

Question 71

What is one of the three factors Veenhoven stated builds happiness?

A) health
B) engagement
C) spirituality
D) kindness

Question 72

Self-improvement starts with what factor?

A) knowledge
B) health
C) self-knowledge
D) meaning

Question 73

What is a therapeutic practice that is based on the scientific premise that the human mind is capable of changing itself through behavior?

A) philosophy
B) positive psychotherapy
C) behavioral intervention therapy
D) self-knowledge

Question 74

What involves using mental shortcuts or heuristics that reduce complex and time-consuming tasks of describing and analyzing into more simple, manageable, practical, and efficient labeling strategies?

A) positive psychotherapy
B) progressivism
C) categorization
D) positive psychotherapy.

Question 75

What is a strategy of using mental shortcuts called?

A) cognitive shortcut
B) cognitive load
C) progressivism
D) representative heuristic

Question 76

Todd thinks that Andy is gay because Andy behaves like a typical member of that social group called gays. What is Todd engaging in?

A) heuristic thinking
B) progressivism
C) logical decision making steps
D) explanation

Question 77

How is progressivism applied to personality psychology?

A) It is a way to categorize personality traits.
B) It is an opportunity to apply scientific knowledge to social issues.
C) It provides some mental heuristics to use for understanding personality traits.
D) It focuses on emotional aspects of personality.

Question 78

Progressivism emphasizes the importance of applied psychological knowledge to what three areas?

A) health care, education, and social services
B) science, religion, philosophy
C) theory, data, findings
D) economics, business, trade

Question 79

Impulse control is determined by biology alone.

Question 80

The scientific method uses careful research procedures designed to provide reliable and verifiable evidence.