Deck 1: Introducing Personality

Question 1

Personality is defined as

A) a stable set of behavioral and experiential characteristics of an individual.
B) a set of distinguishable displays or patterns of behavior and experience.
C) enduring patterns of behavior and inner experience that deviate markedly from the expectations of the individual's culture.
D) a consistent set of beliefs about the world.

Answer 1

a stable set of behavioral and experiential characteristics of an individual.

Question 2

A stable set of behavioral and experiential characteristics of an individual is called

A) traits.
B) personality.
C) organization.
D) determinism.

Answer 2

personality.

Question 3

What are distinct and stable patterns of behavior and experience?

A) types
B) self-enhancement
C) traits
D) values

Answer 3

traits

Question 4

Which of the following is a reason that personality is important for psychological practice?

A) it helps make predictions regarding a person's behavior
B) it exits in all living things
C) it helps identify peripheral traits in all individuals
D) it connects a person's behaviors to each other

Question 5

What is meant in stating that personality is a concept that indicates that an individual's thoughts, feelings, and behavior originate from within a person?

A) Personality is organized by its central traits.
B) Personality tend to be wide ranging.
C) There is consistency in one's personality.
D) Personality is a cause of one's behavior.

Question 6

The more central traits are

A) predictions about the person's behavior will be more difficult to do.
B) the better the traits describe the essence of the individual's personality.
C) the less number of peripheral traits there are.
D) the more behavior is a product of the situational norm.

Question 7

The concept of central and peripheral traits suggest that personality

A) is more stable than types.
B) is the cause to behavior.
C) is organized.
D) has few secondary features.

Question 8

What are peripheral traits?

A) they are the core or more salient characteristics in a person
B) they are the behaviors, thoughts, and feelings that originate from within a person
C) they are characteristics that are in most people most of the time
D) they are other, secondary, less essential characteristics in a person

Question 9

What are central traits?

A) they are other, secondary, less essential characteristics in a person
B) they are the core or more salient characteristics in a person
C) they are characteristics that are in most people most of the time
D) they are the behaviors, thoughts, and feelings that originate from within a person

Question 10

Peter likes initiating a conversation in a group on some occasions but not all the time. This behavior suggest that Peter's trait of friendliness is a ______ trait.

A) central
B) peripheral
C) consistent
D) causal

Question 11

______ refers to a kind or category of elements or features sharing similar characteristics or qualities.

A) Central traits
B) Peripheral traits
C) Pessimism
D) Type

Question 12

Which of the following shows "pessimism" as a peripheral trait?

A) The person displays persistent sadness.
B) The person is resistant to new experiences
C) The person is distrustful of others.
D) The person is self-disciplined.

Question 13

______ refers to a persistent, broad-spectrum belief in and anticipation of undesirable, negative, or damaging outcomes.

A) Self-enhancement
B) Optimism
C) Pessimism
D) Organization

Question 14

The character Ebenezer Scrooge in "A Christmas Carol" shows that personality is

A) persistent.
B) organized.
C) stable and evolving.
D) typical.

Question 15

Judgments about normal and abnormal traits of a person vary across

A) circumstances and time.
B) circumstances, generations, and cultures.
C) stability and consistency.
D) situational norms.

Question 16

What is the tendency to deem our self as superior to peers?

A) self-enhancement
B) openness to experiences
C) cynicism
D) sensitivity to honor

Question 17

Personality traits that tend to be more specific are ______.

A) central
B) peripheral
C) stable
D) persistent

Question 18

Mark who is from North America describes himself as ambitious, intelligent, and industrious. The traits Mark used to describe himself are traits relevant to

A) collectivism.
B) individualism.
C) Consistency.
D) stability.

Question 19

Ana has a natural curiosity about the world. Personality psychologists would describe this characteristic of hers to be

A) cutting edge.
B) a type.
C) peripheral.
D) central.

Question 20

The general discussion about biological and social factors that affect human development, behavior, and experience is known as the ______.

A) mind-body interaction.
B) scarcity mindset.
C) nature-nurture.
D) self-enhancement.

Question 21

______ who believe that they will get healthier tend to achieve more positive results than ______.

A) Optimists, pessimists
B) Self-enhancers, narcissists
C) Pessimists, narcissists
D) High self-esteemers, optimists

Question 22

______ is a reaction to a shortage of resources.

A) Determinism
B) Optimism
C) Scarcity mindset
D) Knowledge

Question 23

According to the scarcity mindset, children from wealthier families tend to see coins as ______ than they actually are.

A) larger in value
B) smaller in value
C) accurately
D) nonvaluable

Question 24

The view that psychological phenomena are causally determined by preceding event or by some identifiable factor is called ______.

A) fatalism
B) scarcity mindset
C) values
D) determinism

Question 25

According to the scarcity mindset, people who are chronically lonely tend to

A) be better interpreters of other people's emotions.
B) be worse in judging other people.
C) be concerned about how others perceive them.
D) be very logical.

Question 26

The scarcity mindset demonstrates that

A) personality is fixed and set.
B) personality is adaptable to changing circumstances.
C) personality is situation-specific.
D) personality is a product of nature.

Question 27

The view that humans are not in control of their lives because something or somebody else predetermines or programs them is called ______.

A) determinism
B) narcissism
C) pessimism
D) fatalism

Question 28

______ encourages personality psychologists to study factors that influence personality and its various features.

A) Fatalism
B) Scarcity mindset
C) Determinism
D) Values

Question 29

One challenge about determinism is

A) there are too many unknown factors affecting people's behaviors.
B) it will be nearly impossible to predict how personality develops in the future.
C) humans are not in control of their lives.
D) many factors that control personality are not related to each other.

Question 30

The view that individuals generally are in control of our plans, actions, responses, minds, and personality features is called

A) fatalism.
B) determinism.
C) character.
D) self-determination.

Question 31

Psychologists tend to avoid ______ and instead state that people are generally in control of their actions and plans.

A) self-determinism
B) determinism
C) fatalism
D) optimism

Question 32

Which of the following is not a characteristic of a narcissistic individual?

A) has the excessive belief in one's own superiority
B) persistently craves for attention
C) is emotionally connected with other people
D) is more prevalent today than it has ever been in human history

Question 33

Tom relishes having the perks of being in a country club and makes a point of mentioning it to his new acquaintances. Tom embodies ______.

A) fatalism
B) self-determinism
C) self-esteem
D) narcissism

Question 34

What is knowledge?

A) It is information that has a purpose or use.
B) It is information that is accurate.
C) It is based on one's sets of values.
D) It is a consistent set of values.

Question 35

Knowledge about shyness was based on earlier studies that indicated it was a complex reflex to the present studies that show that it is a dynamic combination of psychological and hereditary factors. Thus, the study of shyness demonstrates that knowledge is ______.

A) fixed
B) evolving
C) inconsistent
D) variable

Question 36

Information that has a purpose or use is called ______.

A) values
B) theory
C) knowledge
D) beliefs

Question 37

Knowledge accumulated through research and systematic empirical observations is called ______.

A) popular
B) scientific
C) essential
D) tested

Question 38

What is based on science or systematic, empirical observations, measurement, and evaluation of facts?

A) values
B) popular beliefs
C) determinism
D) scientific knowledge

Question 39

Scientific knowledge is rooted in ______.

A) measurement
B) values
C) scientific method
D) emotions

Question 40

An aspect of scientific knowledge is that the relevance of the information

A) is continually changing with time.
B) is fixed and invariable.
C) is not representative of views of the world.
D) is always true.

Question 41

Descartes' theory about emotion was replaced by the James-Lange theory and was then later replaced by the Cannon-Bard theory and then was changed to the theory of emotions as learned reflexes. This change about theories of emotions demonstrates

A) the establishment of rules.
B) assumptions held about a phenomenon.
C) organizing principles or ideas.
D) changes in scientific knowledge.

Question 42

The theory of emotions as stated in the Cannon-Bard theory was replaced by the behavioral view that ______.

A) emotions are fixed
B) emotions are learned reflexes
C) emotions are unconditional responses
D) emotions are variable

Question 43

The most accessible type of knowledge is ______.

A) scientific knowledge
B) values
C) popular beliefs
D) legal knowledge

Question 44

Janice thinks that short people compensate for their short height by being ambitious. Janice expressed

A) a popular belief.
B) a stereotype.
C) a value.
D) an opinion.

Question 45

Observations and assumptions that represent a form of "everyday psychology" created by the people and for the people are referred to as ______.

A) scientific knowledge
B) value
C) legal knowledge
D) popular belief

Question 46

Many popular beliefs are accurate. What does this mean?

A) Popular beliefs may be based on already existing facts or scientific research.
B) Popular beliefs are opinions strongly held in belief by perceivers.
C) Popular beliefs are contained in most theories of personality.
D) Popular beliefs are never contradictory.

Question 47

Popular beliefs are shared by several people. However, they

A) cannot be tested in an empirical study.
B) can be validated with other opinions.
C) are specific to the culture.
D) can be ignored, accepted, or rejected.

Question 48

A popular belief about why some people are rich and others are poor is that

A) majority of people believe the cause is beyond people's control.
B) majority of people believe the cause is due to an individual's lack of effort.
C) it is equally due to both circumstances beyond one's control and also due to one's lack of effort.
D) it is due to the lack of opportunities to advance in society.

Question 49

What is a type of knowledge related to personality and designed for mass consumption, and it reaches peoples primarily through the media?

A) scientific knowledge
B) values
C) pop psychology
D) legal knowledge

Question 50

What are values?

A) information that is simple and often times sensational
B) stable perceptions about the individual's place and his or her role in the world
C) knowledge encapsulated in the law and detailed in rules and principles
D) information gathered through the scientific methods

Question 51

Topics of good versus evil, purpose of life, and right and wrong are some examples of ______.

A) pop psychology
B) religion
C) attitude
D) values

Question 52

______ is one of the most powerful sources of values.

A) Determinism
B) Philosophy
C) Religion
D) Frugality

Question 53

Which nation has the highest number of atheists?

A) Great Britain
B) China
C) Japan
D) South Korea

Question 54

What emerges in official, legal prescriptions by authorities?

A) law
B) values
C) legal knowledge
D) scientific knowledge

Question 55

The term "Lunatic" is a label that places individuals in categories. What produces these labels?

A) scientific knowledge
B) legal knowledge
C) self-enhancement
D) determinism

Question 56

Legal knowledge provides guidelines about an individual's

A) social status.
B) self-perception.
C) psychological health.
D) religion.

Question 57

The book called "The Mirror Effect" illustrates that

A) all four types of knowledge are deeply interconnected in personality.
B) mental illness as described in the book includes personality disorders.
C) narcissism is expressed in one's behaviors.
D) even tabloid stories can provide clues to personality.

Question 58

What occurs with the breaking of something complex into smaller parts to understand their essential features and relations?

A) determinism
B) scientific inquiry
C) analysis
D) values

Question 59

What is a comprehensive, scientific explanation about what personality is, how it develops, and how it functions?

A) values
B) legal knowledge
C) analysis
D) theory

Question 60

Which of the following is not an aspect of theories?

A) Theories are based on scientific knowledge.
B) Theories are a powerful tool in the study of personality.
C) Theories provide an explanation for a particular observation.
D) Theories cannot explain new facts.

Question 61

What can explains facts and provide new hypotheses?

A) knowledge
B) theory
C) values
D) beliefs

Question 62

What brings together scholars that share similar views on a particular scientific approach, subjects, or method?

A) theories
B) personality perspectives
C) academic traditions
D) organizational functions

Question 63

What is the first function of academic traditions?

A) organizational function
B) consolidation of knowledge
C) protection
D) control of information

Question 64

Several scholars working on the same problem or using the same theoretical approach can work more efficiently than can individual scholars working separately. This is the ______ function of academic traditions.

A) organizational function
B) consolidation of knowledge
C) protection
D) control of information

Question 65

Scientists exchange their ideas and discuss their research with one another. This is the ______ function of academic traditions.

A) consolidation of knowledge
B) protection
C) control of information
D) organizational function

Question 66

What is the deliberate practice of selecting and disseminating what is deemed "appropriate" knowledge and restricting knowledge that is deemed inappropriate?

A) application
B) consolidation
C) censorship
D) evaluation

Question 67

What is an applied setting in which clinical professionals use an individual's unique personality characteristics to choose the most effective treatments?

A) conflict analysis
B) personalized medicine
C) reeducation
D) interpersonal perspective

Question 68

Personality psychology aids forensic and security fields by

A) assist in identifying suspects.
B) assess performance evaluation.
C) improve intervention techniques.
D) provide valuable knowledge of treatment.

Question 69

Identifying personality traits of hackers could be the area of

A) clinical psychology.
B) business.
C) forensic field.
D) cybersecurity.

Question 70

Personality psychology helps to create new procedures and methods to help people recover from abuse and to discontinue harmful behavioral patterns in which application field?

A) organization development
B) personalized medicine
C) clinical and counseling psychology
D) forensic field

Question 71

What context of personality psychology is discussed when the focus is on one's goals in life can be self-oriented?

A) the individual context
B) the interpersonal context
C) the global context
D) the minority context

Question 72

What context of personality psychology is discussed when the focus is on relating with others.

A) the individual context.
B) the interpersonal context.
C) the global context.
D) the minority context.

Question 73

What context of personality psychology is discussed when the focus is to improve the lives of people?

A) the individual context
B) the interpersonal context
C) the global context
D) the minority context

Question 74

Applying scientific knowledge directly to social issues is focusing on

A) the individual context.
B) the interpersonal context.
C) the global context.
D) the minority context.

Question 75

Learning one's strengths and weaknesses through the lens of personality psychology refers to

A) the individual context.
B) the interpersonal context.
C) the global context.
D) the minority context.

Question 76

Which of the following is not an area of application of personality psychology?

A) the global context
B) the individual context
C) the interpersonal context
D) the minority context

Question 77

Knowledge about specific factors of individual decision-making in health-related issues falls under which area of application in personality psychology?

A) the global context
B) the individual context
C) the interpersonal context
D) the minority context

Question 78

"I want to make a difference in this world as a person" would be a statement reflecting which area of application of knowledge in personality psychology?

A) the global context
B) the individual context
C) the minority context
D) the interpersonal context

Question 79

Applying scientific knowledge directly to social issues is called

A) intervention.
B) progressivism.
C) policy making.
D) social orientation.

Question 80

Judgments about normal and abnormal traits of a person vary across circumstances, generations, and cultures.