Deck 7: The Trait Tradition

Question 1

What approach in psychology focuses on measuring distinguishable and stable patterns of behavior and experience?

A) psychoanalytic
B) trait
C) developmental
D) behavioral

Answer 1

trait

Question 2

Why are traits different from states?

A) Traits are stable, or relatively unchanging over time.
B) Traits are constantly changing.
C) Traits never change.
D) Traits are not measurable.

Answer 2

Traits are stable, or relatively unchanging over time.

Question 3

Why are traits measured on a continuum?

A) because a single trait is not on a spectrum
B) because there are many traits
C) because most individuals either have a trait or don't
D) because most individuals will express some level of the trait

Answer 3

because most individuals will express some level of the trait

Question 4

What makes a good taxonomy when it comes to structuring personality?

A) A strong foundation in the understanding of biological processes
B) The structure should follow a pyramid
C) Different definitions for the same trait
D) Reliability, so other researchers are able to commonly describe certain traits

Question 5

Which parts of the body did Greek philosophers believe were related to personality ?

A) head, shoulders, knees and toes
B) heart, liver, brain
C) eyes, nose, ears
D) genitals

Question 6

According to Hinduism which combination of traits encompass "the dreamer"?

A) faith and affection
B) depression and anxiety
C) knowledge and obedience
D) love and hate

Question 7

______ believed that the moon could negatively influence a person's behavior.

A) Astronomist
B) Physicist
C) Astrologists
D) Astronauts

Question 8

Why did Hartly's early theories of personality resonate with modern theories of personality?

A) he used factor analysis to break down traits
B) he described traits as relatively stable and unique characters
C) he believed language had lots to do with personality
D) his research into introversion and extroversion were empirically relevant

Question 9

Why did Wilhelm Wundt believe that people who spoke German were likely to be more organized, orderly, and responsible compare to those who didn't?

A) German is relatively loose in terms of positioning words.
B) German requires discipline, precision and order.
C) German is uptight.
D) There are more syllables in words when it comes to German words.

Question 10

Why were psychologist moving from observational methods to more empirical methods in describing personality traits?

A) Observational methods are easier to quantify.
B) Observational methods offer more objective measurements.
C) Empirical methods offer more consistent measurements.
D) Empirical methods offer more inconsistent measurements.

Question 11

What were Cattell's early assessments of performance designed to do?

A) potential of students
B) job employment
C) graduation rates
D) astrological signs

Question 12

According to Allport why are "character" and "personality" different entities?

A) Character and personality fall into different categories when factor analysis is used.
B) Character and personality are not different entities.
C) Character is not related to moral and societal prescriptions, but instead is about the objective self.
D) Personality is not related to moral and societal prescriptions, but instead is about the objective self.

Question 13

What is a genotype in terms of trait personality?

A) genetic make up of personality
B) genetic makeup of a cell
C) individual forces that influence personality
D) environmental forces that influence personality

Question 14

Why did Allport use several research assistants in identifying and classifying personality trait?

A) Observational data are better for trait psychology.
B) In order to decrease subjectivity and increase consistency.
C) In order to increase subjectivity and decrease consistency.
D) One objective view is better than many conflicting views.

Question 15

According to Allport, what kind of trait dominate an individual's personality?

A) cardinal
B) central
C) secondary
D) tertiary

Question 16

You would say Mr. Hyde's propensity for cruelty is his (blank) and his indecent acts and impulsivity is his (blank) trait.

A) cardinal, central
B) central, cardinal
C) cardinal, secondary
D) secondary, cardinal

Question 17

What method did Cattell embrace that deals with large numbers of variables that are thought to reflect smaller number of underlying variables?

A) Bayesian statistics
B) Thurstone
C) factor analysis
D) Microsoft Excel

Question 18

What is T-data according to Cattell?

A) life data
B) experimental data
C) questionnaire data
D) time data

Question 19

How many groups of psychological traits did Cattell reduce into what he believed were the core individual's personality

A) 1 group
B) 5 groups
C) 6 groups
D) 20 groups

Question 20

______ is characterized by talkativeness, positive emotions, and the need to seek external sources of stimulation

A) Extraversion
B) Openness
C) Introversion
D) Neuroticism

Question 21

What two major personality dimensions did Eysenck emphasize?

A) happiness and sadness
B) light and darkness
C) extraversion and neuroticism
D) conscientiousness and openness

Question 22

Jan is usually very paranoid, he sees danger in everything and is easily upset. According to Eysenck what major personality dimension does Jan fall into

A) extraversion
B) neuroticism
C) openness
D) sadness

Question 23

Later on in Eysenck's career he added another personality dimension pattern that manifests in persistent aggressiveness, and hostility to others. What is this personality dimension?

A) Gamma radiation
B) Sociopathy
C) Psychoticism
D) Neuroticism

Question 24

Why is the Big Five considered continuous?

A) because of factor analysis
B) because they are categorical
C) they fall on to separately defined thresholds
D) they measure a certain degree of each trait

Question 25

People who score higher on this measure tend to be curious, inventive, and exploratory.

A) openness
B) conscientiousness
C) extraversion
D) agreeableness

Question 26

People who score higher on this measure tend to be appear friendly, cooperative, and compassionate

A) openness
B) conscientiousness
C) extraversion
D) agreeableness

Question 27

Why are there only 5 dimensions and not 10 dimensions for the Big Five?

A) Because there are only 5
B) Because theory has suggested it
C) Because it is data driven
D) gamma radiation

Question 28

What studies have suggested both heritability and environmental factors influence all five factors?

A) twin studies
B) cultural studies
C) cognitive studies
D) historical studies

Question 29

Cross-cultural studies have suggested personality trait structure is likely ______.

A) bacterially based
B) individually based
C) environmentally based
D) universally based

Question 30

What is a common criticism of the Big Five model?

A) It doesn't account for deeper structures and inner experiences.
B) It is a very stable representation of personality.
C) there are too many personality traits.
D) it is too empirical.

Question 31

According to studies in humanities and religious knowledge, what are beings who are divine referred to as?

A) The Perfect
B) The Cursed
C) The Light
D) The Dark

Question 32

What is one common attribute that The Cursed possess?

A) purity
B) righteousness
C) holiness
D) greed

Question 33

In medieval society in Europe what practice was associated with supernatural powers, sorcery, enchantments, and sexual contacts with evil entities?

A) woodcraft
B) witchcraft
C) craft beer
D) voodoo

Question 34

According to Carl Jung, what were the personality differences between a European culture and Chinese Culture?

A) Europeans were more extroverts, while the Chinese were more introverts.
B) Europeans were more docile, while the Chinese were more violent.
C) Europeans were more introverts, while the Chinese were more extroverts.
D) There were no differences.

Question 35

Why were Chinese personality types associated with pragmatism and down to earth considerations?

A) They were nice people.
B) Their love of numbers.
C) Their peasant roots.
D) They were not.

Question 36

Why were many of these early assumptions in cultural differences in personality not justified?

A) They were not supported by empirical research.
B) They were not supported by observation.
C) They were not supported by the media.
D) They were not supported by those in the field.

Question 37

Studies have shown that with consistency, variation of characteristics within national samples is typically ______ the differences between any two national samples.

A) lesser than
B) greater than
C) equal to
D) not enough to justify

Question 38

What is a major goal of measuring individual differences?

A) making decisions
B) stopping crime
C) separating groups
D) survival

Question 39

If two employees who have the same credentials and are up for promotion, what personality trait are employers likely to look for?

A) openness
B) extraversion
C) conscientiousness
D) neuroticism

Question 40

Besides personality traits, what is a more likely reason for the success of a relationship?

A) communication
B) finances
C) love
D) arranged marriage

Question 41

How many percent of Americans use online dating?

A) 5
B) 10
C) 15
D) 30

Question 42

According to your book what is the least likely aspect that comes from online dating?

A) unrealistic expectations
B) frustration
C) impatience
D) homicide

Question 43

How many percent of employers use a personality test when hiring?

A) 2
B) 15
C) 20
D) 35

Question 44

Why is using personality assessments a positive for employers?

A) It identifies traits that are suitable for a particular job.
B) It offers qualitative data to test makers.
C) It is better than face to face interviews.
D) It is a US$500 million a year industry.

Question 45

What two personality traits were linked to success in the workplace?

A) extraversion and conscientiousness
B) extraversion and agreeableness
C) agreeableness and openness
D) conscientiousness and agreeableness

Question 46

When is political preference developed?

A) infancy
B) adolescents
C) later in life
D) never

Question 47

What personality trait is associated conservatism in politics?

A) extraversion
B) conscientiousness
C) agreeableness
D) neuroticism

Question 48

What personality trait is associated with liberalism in politics?

A) extraversion
B) conscientiousness
C) agreeableness
D) neuroticism

Question 49

Independent of political affiliation, what type of people share similar personality traits?

A) radicals
B) women
C) Europeans
D) Asians

Question 50

Study shows, (blank) strengthens political beliefs?

A) socialization
B) genetics
C) environment
D) parents

Question 51

What is an example of confident arrogance?

A) a student who studies for an exam
B) a student who does not study for an exam
C) a student who does now take the exam
D) a student who does not know about the exam

Question 52

What is the worst type of stupidity?

A) confident arrogance
B) lack of control
C) absentmindedness
D) stupid

Question 53

When someone gets distracted by an unimportant activity instead of doing something important, they are what type of stupid?

A) confident arrogance
B) lack of control
C) absentmindedness
D) dim witted

Question 54

Which is not a behavior of lack of control?

A) obsessive
B) compulsive
C) addictive
D) low awareness

Question 55

What characteristic is associated with absentmindedness?

A) lack of common sense
B) lack of openness
C) lack of affection
D) lack of empathy

Question 56

Intense feelings of love and jealousy and contribute to which stupidity?

A) confident arrogance
B) lack of control
C) absentmindedness
D) psychoticism

Question 57

A habit of multitasking can contribute to which stupidity?

A) confident arrogance
B) lack of control
C) absentmindedness
D) psychoticism

Question 58

Who attempted to explain the individual factors that affect criminal behavior?

A) Gordon Allport
B) Raymond Cantell
C) Hams Eysenck
D) Casare Lomroso

Question 59

What is the biological predisposition of criminal trait known as?

A) atavism
B) psychoticism
C) sociopathy
D) empathy

Question 60

Lombroso believed heredity interacts with environment in order to produce (blank) in individuals?

A) conscientiousness
B) openness
C) criminality
D) happiness

Question 61

The Female Offender, was based on Lomborso's observations of

A) professors.
B) seamstress.
C) prostitutes.
D) bar tenders.

Question 62

What is criminal behavior linked to?

A) high novelty seeking
B) low novelty seeking
C) high multitasking
D) low multitasking

Question 63

What is it called when an individual breaks the law without resorting to violence?

A) blue-collar crime
B) white-collar crime
C) victimless crime
D) all crimes are violent

Question 64

Brain imaging has shown what part of the brain is associated with impulsivity?

A) frontal lobe
B) temporal lope
C) hippocampus
D) amygdala

Question 65

Hyperactivity and a poor ability to perceive potential consequences of actions may result in what type of behavior?

A) absentminded
B) conscientious
C) empathic
D) antisocial

Question 66

According to your book, what type of social situation does not contribute to violent behavior?

A) poverty
B) unemployment
C) education
D) discrimination

Question 67

Factor analysis is considered what kind of measure?

A) qualitative
B) quantitative
C) observable
D) self

Question 68

For as long as his friends have known James, he has been a pretty positive person, in personality what would you call this?

A) trait
B) state
C) affect
D) type

Question 69

Jessie was asked to organize a number of personality types based on similarities? What is a good system to use?

A) taxonomy
B) alphabetical
C) numerical
D) categorical

Question 70

Jeremy believes that personality is very much influenced by language, whose work would he likely identify with?

A) Wilhelm Wundt
B) Lev Vygotsky
C) Dan Fogelberg
D) Noam Chomsky

Question 71

Jennifer has shown a propensity to be aggressive and unfriendly, according to Eysenck she is?

A) antisocial
B) sociopathic
C) psychotic
D) agreeable

Question 72

Openness to experience is related to which characteristic?

A) intellectually curious
B) high achievement
C) social interaction
D) compassionate

Question 73

The Big Five Model Includes which personality trait?

A) honesty
B) masculinity
C) agreeableness
D) selfishness

Question 74

Jack believes that Chinese people are more introverted than Europeans? Are his assumptions correct?

A) He is a bigot.
B) No, there is no empirical support.
C) Yes, there is empirical support.
D) No, there is no observational support.

Question 75

Janette is tired of her husband, she feels like they are too similar. Instead she has taken a liking to her male coworker, she believe this attraction is due his opposite opinions and beliefs. According to the literature is this assumption supported?

A) Yes, opposite personalities attracts.
B) No, similar personalities attract.
C) No, communication is key.
D) There is no evidence to support any type of assumptions.

Question 76

A large company is hiring for a new position. Two very qualified candidates have reached the final interview. The interviewer notices that candidate "A" is very organized, while candidate "B" is socially impressionable. According to your book, which candidate would make a better hire?

A) Candidate "A"
B) Candidate "B'
C) both
D) neither

Question 77

Jerry has always considered himself a conservative, but as he decided to move out of state for college, he has had new experiences that has made him questioned his ideologies. According to your book what personality trait could be influencing his change in beliefs?

A) conscientiousness
B) openness
C) agreeableness
D) neuroticism

Question 78

Jacob has always needed to feel something, he never cared about getting hurt, and did not care about doing well in school. According to research, Jacob could have a propensity for what type of behavior?

A) athletic
B) religious
C) criminal
D) economics

Question 79

According to your book, what is not a contextual factor attributed to an individuals likelihood to become a criminal?

A) situation
B) circumstance
C) opportunity
D) personality

Question 80

How are researchers able to objectively compare their findings in personality?

A) a common language
B) a secret language
C) a mathematical formula
D) a decoder that every personality psychologist has