Deck 5: The Developing Human

Question 1

The study of human development involves examining __________.

A) prenatal development
B) changes across the life span
C) continuity across the life span
D) all of these

Answer 1

all of these

Question 2

The first major organ to form is the __________.

A) heart
B) brain
C) liver
D) stomach

Answer 2

brain

Question 3

By about day seven of pregnancy, which of the following occurs?

A) The entire fetus is covered by hair, which will dissipate at about 12 weeks.
B) The heart, ears, lungs, and kidneys begin to develop.
C) The neural tube, arms, legs, and undifferentiated sex organs form.
D) The blastocyst travels down the fallopian tube and attaches to the uterine wall.

Answer 3

The blastocyst travels down the fallopian tube and attaches to the uterine wall.

Question 4

Another name for the blastocyst is __________.

A) germ
B) fetus
C) embryo
D) zygote

Question 5

The formation of the brain, spinal cord, heart, ears, eyes, and palate all takes place in the ___________ stage of development.

A) cephalocaudal
B) proximodistal
C) embryonic
D) germinal

Question 6

The _____________ begin developing in the third week of pregnancy and this process continues for almost the entire gestation.

A) genitals
B) kidneys
C) ears
D) brain and spinal cord

Question 7

Deb and Mike's developing baby has entered the fetal stage. The key factor in determining that their baby has entered this stage is the formation of __________.

A) the brain
B) bone cells
C) limbs
D) external genitalia

Question 8

Although she's checked every day for many weeks with her stethoscope, Karen first detected her fetus's heart beating today. Karen must be at least how many months pregnant?

A) two
B) five
C) six
D) eight

Question 9

A newborn baby's brain weighs _________ of what an adult's brain weighs.

A) 25 percent
B) 50 percent
C) 75 percent
D) 100 percent

Question 10

Research shows that fetuses prefer the sound of their _____________ voice to other voices.

A) mother's
B) father's
C) doctor's
D) twin's

Question 11

Becky, who is pregnant, will most likely feel the fetus moving for the first time at about

A) one to two weeks
B) one to two months
C) four to six 6 months
D) seven to eight months

Question 12

Newborn Gregory's least developed sense is __________.

A) taste
B) vision
C) hearing
D) touch

Question 13

A teratogen is __________,

A) a weak brain synapse that disappears at around age six
B) any foreign agent that can disrupt prenatal development
C) the brain region responsible for learning to speak
D) a negative peer event that can damage a child's self-esteem

Question 14

Epigenetic effects are those in which __________.

A) a genetic disorder is passed to sons but not daughters
B) an individual is affected by a recessive disorder
C) a dominant gene is resistant to change
D) the environment affects gene expression

Question 15

Which of the following can be a teratogen?

A) antidepressant medications
B) influenza
C) nicotine
D) all of these

Question 16

Research shows that if a mother contracts an infection at four to six weeks of pregnancy, this can increase the chance that the child will develop __________ later in life.

A) schizophrenia
B) a major depressive disorder
C) anorexia nervosa
D) a specific phobia

Question 17

The leading cause of mental retardation in the United States is __________.

A) malnutrition
B) diarrhea
C) fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD)
D) attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

Question 18

The pediatrician is assessing three-year-old Chiara's motor development, which involves her __________.

A) physical movement and body control
B) relationships with parents and siblings
C) peer relationships and status
D) self-esteem and self-concept

Question 19

By about _________ babies can sit by themselves, unassisted.

A) one month
B) three months
C) six months
D) nine months

Question 20

Gibson and Walk (1960) created the visual cliff to assess infants' __________.

A) maternal relationships
B) ability to see faces
C) eye colors
D) depth perception

Question 21

Which of the following people has the most neurons they will ever have?

A) two-year-old Anna
B) thirteen-year-old Celeste
C) twenty-one-year-old Andres
D) forty-year-old Franco

Question 22

Neurons that do not receive stimulation are __________.

A) redirected
B) rewired
C) pruned
D) none of these

Question 23

Vince, who is 27 years old, has been playing guitar since he was 5. Which of the following is likely true about his brain?

A) He has a smaller cerebellum than nonmusicians.
B) He has a larger corpus callosum than nonmusicians.
C) He has a smaller somatosensory cortex and occipital lobe than nonmusicians.
D) The side of his brain that controls fret-board fingering is smaller than the side that strums guitar strings.

Question 24

Which of the following can be correctly concluded from research regarding musical training and the development of intelligence?

A) Musical training will make a child more intelligent.
B) Intelligent children will flourish with musical training.
C) Musical training and intelligence increase together.
D) none of these.

Question 25

Myelination proceeds from the __________.

A) bottom of the brain to the top
B) top of the brain to the bottom
C) front of the brain to the back
D) back of the brain to the front

Question 26

In Piaget's ____________ stage of development, children learn about the world by coordinating sensory experiences with physical movement.

A) preoperational
B) concrete operational
C) formal operational
D) none of these

Question 27

Jamaica's mother has left the room, but she is aware that her mother continues to exist independently of her ability to see her or hear her. According to Piaget, Jamaica has developed __________.

A) seriation
B) transduction
C) object permanence
D) hypothetico-deductive reasoning

Question 28

Rene Baillargeon and colleagues (1991) showed which of the following with respect to object permanence?

A) Infants establish it later than Piaget claimed.
B) Infants establish it earlier than Piaget claimed.
C) Piaget was correct in his estimation of when infants establish it.
D) Object permanence is never reached by males.

Question 29

Entrance into the preoperational stage of thought is marked by __________.

A) symbolic thinking
B) abstract reasoning
C) understanding conservation
D) all of these

Question 30

Four-year-old Sandy thinks it is raining because the clouds are sad and crying. According to Jean Piaget's theory, Sandy is demonstrating __________.

A) matter conservation
B) animistic thinking
C) means-end analysis
D) social referencing

Question 31

Preoperational children are _______________ thinkers, which means they cannot see the world from others' points of view.

A) postconventional
B) conservative
C) animistic
D) egocentric

Question 32

Svetlana understands that volume remains the same, even if it changes shape. Svetlana must be in which of Piaget's stages of cognitive development?

A) sensorimotor
B) preoperational
C) formal operational
D) concrete operational

Question 33

Howie watches his mom break his cookie into two pieces. He excitedly tells his mom, "Look, now I have two cookies!" Piagetian theory suggests that Howie does not yet understand __________.

A) preconventional thought
B) egocentrism
C) conservation
D) transitivity

Question 34

In the _____________ stage of development, logic is limited to what a child can directly observe.

A) sensorimotor
B) formal operational
C) concrete operational
D) cephalocaudal

Question 35

Kohlberg (1981) developed the "Heinz dilemma" and several others to assess __________.

A) moral development
B) physical development
C) cognitive development
D) all of these

Question 36

How would a child whose thought is at the conventional level of moral reasoning respond to the Heinz dilemma?

A) "Heinz should steal the drug! Who cares?"
B) "Heinz should not steal the drug, because everyone can't go around just taking things!"
C) "Heinz should steal the drug and not care about jail, because it's the right thing to do."
D) "Heinz should not steal the drug, because he will go to jail."

Question 37

A strong, emotional bond between an infant and a caregiver is known as __________.

A) cognition
B) imprinting
C) attachment
D) sublimation

Question 38

John Bowlby's attachment theory argued that to promote optimal development which of the following must occur?

A) Caregivers must serve as a secure base from which infants can explore the world.
B) Caregivers must serve as a competent model of a bonded relationship.
C) The relationship between infants and caregivers must be bidirectional.
D) all of these.

Question 39

According to Mary Ainsworth, the healthiest form of attachment is called __________.

A) secure
B) anxious
C) avoidant
D) ambivalent

Question 40

In Mary Ainsworth's studies, _______________ infants are calm when their mothers leave, accept the stranger in the room, and ignore and avoid their mothers when the mothers return.

A) anxious-ambivalent
B) anxious-avoidant
C) preconventional
D) postconventional

Question 41

Thirteen-month-old David sees that his older brother is afraid of something on television, and David begins to cry because he, too, is now scared. David has engaged in __________.

A) imprinting
B) conventional thinking
C) pruning
D) social referencing

Question 42

Crockenberg and others (2007) showed that six-month-old babies who have witnessed aggressive interactions between their parents tend to do which of the following?

A) Display aggression against either or both parents
B) Withdraw when a novel toy is introduced
C) Perform better on pattern recognition tasks than controls do
D) Walk at an earlier age than other babies do

Question 43

_______________, or the ability to control one's emotions and gauge proper emotional responses, probably emerges around preschool age.

A) Emotional competence
B) Egocentrism
C) Social referencing
D) Neural migration

Question 44

Children begin to play with each other at about age __________.

A) two
B) three
C) four
D) five

Question 45

François and Stefan, who are both boys, would most likely prefer to engage in which type of play?

A) parallel
B) cooperative
C) rough-and-tumble
D) none of these

Question 46

Harry Harlow's studies with baby rhesus monkeys demonstrated the importance of ____________ in promoting optimal development.

A) food
B) contact comfort
C) peer relations
D) emotional regulation

Question 47

Tiffany Field and colleagues (1986) reported that premature babies who received ______________ therapy gained more weight than those who did not receive the therapy.

A) hormone
B) visual
C) cognitive
D) touch

Question 48

The transition period between childhood and adulthood is called _________.

A) adolescence
B) menarche
C) menstruation
D) generativity

Question 49

Derek, who is twelve, is experiencing new growth of facial and pubic hair, a deepening of his voice, and a widening of his shoulders in a process mediated primarily by which of the following hormones?

A) leptin
B) estrogen
C) testosterone
D) oxytocin

Question 50

Beth is experiencing menarche, which is __________.

A) an increased self-awareness
B) her first menstrual period
C) a resistance to governmental rules
D) transitioning from high school to college

Question 51

Piaget argued that teens who can think abstractly and logically have entered what he called the _____________ stage of cognitive development.

A) scientific
B) concrete operational
C) pubertal
D) formal operational

Question 52

As myelination occurs in the frontal lobes of the late adolescent brain, which of the following occurs?

A) Impulse control increases.
B) Logical thinking decreases.
C) Memory decreases.
D) all of these.

Question 53

After the frontal lobes have developed more fully, which of the following occurs?

A) Animism increases.
B) Conservation is solidified.
C) Scientific thinking is possible.
D) Logic is limited to the here and now.

Question 54

Philip Shaw and colleagues (2006) demonstrated that the brains of highly intelligent children, as compared to the brains of children of average intelligence, showed which of the following?

A) a thicker cortex at age seven
B) a thinner cortex at age nine
C) a thicker cortex at age eleven
D) all of these

Question 55

Having close friends at adolescence is associated with __________.

A) better grades
B) closer relationships with parents
C) more self-confidence
D) all of these

Question 56

The average age for first sexual intercourse for men and women is about __________.

A) 13
B) 15
C) 17
D) 21

Question 57

About ____________ of adolescents report bring predominantly heterosexual.

A) 66 percent
B) 77 percent
C) 88 percent
D) 99 percent

Question 58

Gay, lesbian, and bisexual youth are ________.

A) much less likely than heterosexual youth to commit suicide
B) much more likely than heterosexual youth to commit suicide
C) equally as likely as heterosexual youth to commit suicide
D) none of these

Question 59

Most people need reading glasses when they reach their __________.

A) 30s
B) 40s
C) 50s
D) 60s

Question 60

Candace has largely lost her sense of smell as she has aged. Because of its relatedness to the sense of smell, Candace is also likely to have experienced a decreased ability to __________.

A) see
B) hear
C) taste
D) feel

Question 61

In aging adults, "use it or lose it" refers to and advises which of the following?

A) Exercise will help maintain physical health.
B) Engaging in meaningful tasks will help maintain cognitive functioning.
C) Engaging in challenging work will help maintain cognitive functioning.
D) all of these.

Question 62

Marnie, who is 84, has a degenerative disease characterized by progressive cognitive decline. At first she experienced mood swings and a loss of short-term memory, but now she cannot remember her children's names. Marnie likely has __________.

A) Alzheimer's disease
B) trisomy 21
C) had a stroke
D) schizophrenia

Question 63

Alzheimer's disease has been likened to low levels of which of the following neurotransmitters?

A) acetylcholine
B) dopamine
C) serotonin
D) norepinephrine

Question 64

Death is __________.

A) the end of life
B) very complex
C) viewed differently across cultures
D) all of these

Question 65

Elisabeth Kü bler-Ross (1969) described patients' reactions when they knew death was imminent and found the first stage to be __________.

A) bargaining
B) depression
C) anger
D) denial

Question 66

A patient who knows he is going to die tries to make a deal with the forces of nature for more time. He promises to be kinder to his family if he can live for another year. This patient is engaging in the stage of coping with death known as __________.

A) anger
B) bargaining
C) acceptance
D) depression

Question 67

People who come to terms with their imminent death have reached Kü bler-Ross's stage of __________.

A) anger
B) bargaining
C) acceptance
D) denial

Question 68

_______________ focus on palliative, end-of-life care rather than curative care.

A) Hospitals
B) Intensive care units
C) Hospices
D) none of these

Question 69

Making Connections in Development: Personality Across the Life Span Thomas and Chess (1977) reported that 40 percent of the children they studied had routine patterns, were happy, and were adaptable to new situations. They labeled these children __________.

A) slow to warm up
B) easy
C) difficult
D) secure

Question 70

Alejandra is unhappy most of the time, has unpredictable sleep and elimination patterns, and does not adapt well to new situations. Thomas and Chess's research would classify Alejandra as __________.

A) difficult
B) slow to warm-up
C) anxious-ambivalent
D) anxious-avoidant

Question 71

Ricardo is sixteen years old. According to Erik Erikson's theory, the chief task of development Ricardo now faces is to establish __________.

A) a sense of productivity
B) his identity
C) meaningful relationships
D) contributions to his community

Question 72

Erikson theorized that the primary psychosocial task faced by individuals in their 20s is to establish __________.

A) trust
B) accomplishment
C) intimacy
D) generativity

Question 73

Mary, who is 92 years old, looks back on her life and knows that she has no regrets. Her life was well lived and she is well loved. According to Erikson's theory, Mary has mastered the psychosocial crisis of __________.

A) basic trust versus mistrust
B) generativity versus stagnation
C) intimacy versus isolation
D) integrity versus despair