Deck 15: Therapies for Psychological Disorders

Question 1

The primary tasks or general goals of the therapeutic process include all of the following EXCEPT that of

A) making a diagnosis about the type of problem involved.
B) comparing the cost effectiveness of various treatment possibilities.
C) proposing a probable etiology for the condition in question.
D) making a prognosis, or an estimate, of the course the problem will take with and without treatment.

Answer 1

comparing the cost effectiveness of various treatment possibilities.

Question 2

By the end of the second therapy session, a woman's therapist is speculating about the causes of her depression. This speculation on the part of the therapist is most related to the therapeutic goal of

A) making a diagnosis.
B) proposing an etiology.
C) making a prognosis.
D) prescribing and carrying out treatment.

Answer 2

proposing an etiology.

Question 3

A psychiatrist who makes use of electric shock and prescription medications in his treatment of patients would be classified as a ________ therapist.

A) humanistic
B) cognitive
C) behavior
D) biomedical

Answer 3

biomedical

Question 4

Which of the following views of mental illness would be of LEAST interest to a psychotherapist?

A) Mental illness is based on unresolved conflicts and psychological trauma.
B) Deficiencies in certain brain chemicals are the primary reason why depression occurs.
C) Antisocial personality disorder develops when a person is reinforced for his or her aggressive tendencies.
D) A person keeps himself in a state of anxiety because of certain self-defeating thoughts.

Question 5

A therapist concentrates on changing the behaviors that people have learned. He also deals with what his clients say are their thoughts and values, and their interpretations of events. Based on this description, this kind of therapy does NOT seem to contain elements that would characterize it as

A) biomedical.
B) humanistic.
C) cognitive.
D) behavioral.

Question 6

Psychological therapies are practiced by

A) just clinical psychologists.
B) just psychiatrists.
C) both clinical psychologists and psychiatrists.
D) neither clinical psychologists nor psychiatrists.

Question 7

The "talking cure," in which people are helped to develop insightful connections between symptoms and unresolved hidden conflicts, is most closely associated with the ________ approach to psychotherapy.

A) cognitive
B) psychodynamic
C) humanistic
D) behavioral

Question 8

When trying to understand a disorder, a behavior therapist would most likely view it as a

A) symptom of a mental disease.
B) problem awaiting insight.
C) symbolic representation.
D) learned pattern of responses.

Question 9

A therapist is helping a client to restructure the way she thinks and to alter her distorted self-statements. It sounds as though this therapist is using ________ therapy.

A) biomedical
B) humanistic
C) psychodynamic
D) cognitive

Question 10

While a woman does not consider herself seriously disturbed, she feels the need to resolve some interpersonal problems in order to live a healthier life. Her therapist encourages her to allow herself to become a better person and to use personal freedom to choose the path of her own life. It sounds as though this therapist believes in

A) the psychodynamic approach.
B) behavior therapy.
C) cognitive therapy.
D) the humanistic tradition.

Question 11

Which type of mental health professional has been trained to consider the social contexts of people's problems and is most likely to become acquainted with clients' homes or work settings?

A) clinical psychologist
B) clinical social worker
C) psychiatrist
D) psychoanalyst

Question 12

A student has some problems that have led her to seek professional help. She has decided that she would like to speak with someone who combines spirituality with practical problem-solving advice. The student is most likely to find that a ________ is what she is looking for.

A) pastoral counselor
B) psychiatrist
C) clinical social worker
D) counseling psychologist

Question 13

To eliminate her hallucinations, a woman's therapist has written her a prescription for antipsychotic medication. Her therapist is most likely to be a

A) clinical psychologist.
B) clinical social worker.
C) pastoral counselor.
D) psychiatrist.

Question 14

When you ask a classmate what type of therapist came to her class as a guest lecturer, she says she doesn't know but remembers that when she wrote her name on the blackboard, the letters "PsyD" were written next to it. You conclude the speaker was most likely a(n)

A) clinical social worker.
B) psychiatrist.
C) clinical or counseling psychologist.
D) informal therapist.

Question 15

Deinstitutionalization refers to the practice of

A) moving people from psychiatric hospitals to other venues for treatment.
B) moving people into psychiatric hospitals from other venues for treatment.
C) moving the mentally ill homeless people into psychiatric hospitals for treatment.
D) providing psychotherapy to the mentally ill people.

Question 16

In the context of mental illness, "revolving door" refers to a consequence of

A) institutionalization, wherein people remain incarcerated in the institutions for long periods of time.
B) homelessness, wherein people do not get help for their ongoing mental problems.
C) deinstitutionalization, wherein people leave institutions only for brief periods of time before needing help again.
D) homelessness, wherein people with severe mental illness are victims of crimes.

Question 17

In a sample of 936 men and women, researchers examined the rate at which people with mental illness are the victims of violent crime such as robbery or assault. Results revealed that

A) just over 25 percent had experienced a violent crime, a rate eleven times higher than for individuals in the general population.
B) 50 percent had experienced a violent crime, a rate fifteen times higher than for individuals in the general population.
C) about 80 percent had experienced a violent crime, a rate twenty times higher than for individuals in the general population.
D) 10 percent had experienced a violent crime, a rate twenty times lower than for individuals in the general population.

Question 18

Developed by Sigmund Freud, this therapeutic technique is used for the exploration of unconscious motivations and conflicts. What is it?

A) implosion therapy
B) behavior therapy
C) psychoanalysis
D) contingency management

Question 19

Because a central goal of the therapist is to help the patient understand the relationships between present symptoms and repressed conflicts, psychodynamic therapy is often called

A) reconstructive therapy.
B) catharsis.
C) transference.
D) insight therapy.

Question 20

A psychoanalyst has noticed that whenever a patient begins talking about his father, he has very little to say or he will quickly change the topic. When his father finally is discussed, the patient claims that his father is irrelevant. The therapist is most likely to interpret the patient's behavior as an instance of

A) catharsis.
B) resistance.
C) transference.
D) countertransference.

Question 21

A patient recounts a dream to her psychoanalyst in which she is pushing her dog around in a baby stroller. The therapist believes the dream may represent the woman's desire to have children. In this dream, the patient's account of the dream is called the ________, and the disguised or symbolic form is called the ________.

A) manifest content; latent content
B) latent content; manifest content
C) transference; countertransference
D) resistance; transference

Question 22

"You look just like my ex-husband used to look before he would pick a fight. I hate that look!" This patient's utterance directed at her therapist during psychoanalysis is referred to as

A) positive transference.
B) negative transference.
C) neutral transference.
D) countertransference.

Question 23

Transference is to countertransference as

A) psychoanalysis is to behavior therapy.
B) bad is to good.
C) manifest is to latent.
D) patient is to therapist.

Question 24

In Harry Stack Sullivan's approach to therapy, emphasis is placed on

A) social relationships.
B) the collective unconscious.
C) the death instinct.
D) object relations.

Question 25

Compared to followers of traditional Freudian psychoanalysis, modern psychodynamic therapists place more emphasis on

A) the conflict between id and superego.
B) childhood experiences.
C) the patient's current social environment.
D) biological instincts and selfish concerns.

Question 26

Melanie Klein's theories differ from Freud's primarily in terms of

A) her emphasis on love and aggression as the two organizing forces of the psyche.
B) the psychosexual stages that she renamed.
C) her belief that the influence of the Oedipal conflict was stronger than Freud indicated.
D) her focus on behaviorism.

Question 27

Research discussed in your chapter suggests which of the following real dangers associated with repressed memories?

A) Memories of events recovered during therapy may not have actually happened, and may be a product of the therapy itself.
B) Repressed memories that are recovered more than a few years after an event cannot be used as evidence in a court case because it violates the legal principle of "statute of limitations."
C) Recovery of repressed memories can actually lead to great psychological trauma on the part of the person who repressed the memories in the first place.
D) Recovery of repressed memories often leads to a "splintering" of the personality, resulting in a case of dissociative identity disorder.

Question 28

Clinicians worry that through the mechanisms of psychotherapy therapists will

A) prevent their clients from expressing memories fully.
B) encourage clients to repress their memories.
C) encourage clients to disbelieve any memories of the past they may have.
D) instigate clients' efforts to find repressed memories and verbally reward them when the memories "come to light."

Question 29

Traditional psychoanalysis is probably most appropriate for patients who have

A) long-standing repressed memories.
B) little motivation.
C) poor verbal skills.
D) little time and money.

Question 30

As a group, behavior therapies give primary importance to

A) thoughts and inner drives.
B) desires, motivation, interests, and will.
C) the self, and those objects that enhance the development of the self.
D) learning and observable actions.

Question 31

The college counseling center is having a workshop to teach students how the principles of learning can be applied in a systematic way to increase desired behaviors or decrease unwanted behaviors. It sounds as though the workshop will be dealing with the

A) psychodynamic model.
B) client-centered therapy.
C) principles of behavior modification.
D) object relations therapy.

Question 32

Psychodynamic therapists have claimed that behaviorists treat outer, target behaviors rather than the true, inner causes of disorders. However, research has not shown that failure to explore inner causes produces ___________, as psychodynamic theorists would predict.

A) behavioral rehearsal
B) symptom substitution
C) behavior modification
D) contingency management

Question 33

Mary Cover Jones used the behavior therapy technique of ________ to treat Peter, a little boy who was afraid of rabbits.

A) implosion therapy
B) flooding
C) insight therapy
D) counterconditioning

Question 34

Research presented by your author suggests that when patients with a phobia of cockroaches were exposed to a new type of therapy, they showed improvement in their ability to approach cockroaches for up to 12 months after the treatment. What was the basis of this technique?

A) This technique combined behavioral therapy with cognitive therapy.
B) This technique involved what is called the "empty chair" intervention.
C) This technique involved a virtual reality system.
D) This technique involved large doses of antianxiety medications combined with exposure to real cockroaches.

Question 35

The fact that you cannot be relaxed and agitated at the same time best illustrates the central concept in Joseph Wolpe's theory of

A) symptom substitution.
B) object relations.
C) reciprocal inhibition.
D) human potential.

Question 36

A key element in the use of social-learning therapy to modify behavior is

A) the observation of models.
B) the use of punishment.
C) unconditional positive regard.
D) contingency management.

Question 37

Which of the following problems would be LEAST likely to be treated with aversion therapy?

A) drug addiction
B) alcoholism
C) male erectile disorder
D) smoking behavior

Question 38

A man who is very overweight is trying to cut down on the amount of food that he eats. He wears a thick rubber band on his wrist and whenever he finds himself in the kitchen, he snaps the rubber band, causing a sharp pain. The man is using a technique that has a strong similarity to

A) systematic desensitization.
B) flooding.
C) self-injurious therapy.
D) aversion therapy.

Question 39

Contingency management is a general treatment strategy that is based on

A) operant conditioning.
B) classical conditioning.
C) aversion therapy.
D) the modification of thought processes.

Question 40

A man is on a diet-and-exercise program. Whenever he loses a pound of body fat, he puts $10 aside to be used to buy himself new golf clubs. The man is taking part in what behavior therapists would call

A) a positive reinforcement strategy.
B) shaping.
C) aversion therapy.
D) systematic desensitization.

Question 41

A boy's therapist has suggested that one way to overcome his strong fear of dogs is to watch others who are comfortable interacting with dogs. The therapist is most likely a practitioner of

A) psychoanalysis.
B) behavioral therapy.
C) social-learning therapy.
D) aversion therapy.

Question 42

Suppose a friend of yours is afraid of snakes. On the basis of the research discussed in the textbook, if you had to counsel your friend as to the most effective strategy for eliminating his fear, you should suggest

A) participant modeling.
B) symbolic modeling.
C) desensitization.
D) psychoanalysis.

Question 43

When a child was an infant, she received a lot of attention because of an illness. Now, although she is healthy, she still demands attention. When she is put to bed at night, she cries until her parents come and hold her. A behavioral psychologist's suggestion that her parents should ignore her crying is an example of

A) placebo therapy.
B) systematic desensitization.
C) an extinction strategy.
D) aversion therapy.

Question 44

To increase the likelihood that treatment gains during therapy will carry over to the client's real-life setting, therapists will

A) make sure to give rewards to their clients each and every time appropriate behaviors occur.
B) teach the clients to expect that tangible rewards will always be forthcoming after engaging in a particular behavior.
C) teach behaviors that are likely to be reinforced naturally in a client's environment.
D) make certain clients do not develop the habit of making reinforcing self-statements.

Question 45

Which of the following statements is LEAST likely to be an example of faulty thinking?

A) I must do what people tell me to do.
B) If I do what people want, I will be popular.
C) I will feel good if I succeed at this task.
D) If I'm not perfect, I'm a failure.

Question 46

A client's therapist is confronting him. She wants him to think more about what he wants to do rather than what he should do. The therapist is most likely using ________ therapy.

A) psychodynamic
B) social-learning
C) behavior
D) rational-emotive

Question 47

Which of the following items is out of place?

A) "shoulds," "oughts," and "musts"
B) rational-emotive therapy
C) Albert Bandura
D) Albert Ellis
Incorrect:

Question 48

When a husband blames himself for not having enough interest in engaging in sexual activity with his wife, the rational-emotive therapist he is seeing is most likely to

A) listen politely and paraphrase what the husband has just said.
B) interpret the symbolic meaning of the husband's refusal to engage in sexual activity with his wife.
C) dispute the husband's thinking and examine alternative reasons for his lack of sexual interest.
D) look at the reinforcers that are missing in the husband's sexual activities.

Question 49

Posted on the wall in the room where the wrestling team practices, a sign reads: "You can achieve it if you believe it and if you believe it you can do it!" The wrestlers might not realize it, but this statement is very similar to a basic assumption of

A) psychodynamic therapy.
B) cognitive behavior therapy.
C) social-learning therapy.
D) behavioral therapy.

Question 50

When a basketball player becomes frustrated after missing a series of three-point shots, the coach tells her, "Don't say to yourself 'I can't do it,' say to yourself, 'The next three shots are going in.'" This advice is very similar to what a cognitive-behavior therapist would call

A) assertiveness training.
B) inoculation training.
C) cognitive restructuring.
D) chaining.

Question 51

Which of the following statements best illustrates the concept of self-efficacy?

A) I can do this well.
B) I did what I wanted to.
C) The therapist does not act fearful.
D) I know I am going to have trouble.

Question 52

A clinical version of existential psychology assumes that, given the bewildering number of realities faced by people today, ________ syndromes reflect a retreat from these realities; and ________ syndromes reflect exploitation of these realities.

A) depressive; obsessive
B) sociopathic; narcissistic
C) sociopathic and narcissistic; depressive and obsessive
D) depressive and obsessive; sociopathic and narcissistic

Question 53

The human-potential movement, which emerged in the United States in the late 1960s, resulted most directly in

A) the realization that there is no such thing as freedom to choose.
B) a renewed interest in Freudian psychoanalysis.
C) the extension of therapy to people who did not have psychological disorders.
D) a review of the practices used in the area of biomedical therapy.

Question 54

"The primary goal of my therapy is to promote healthy psychological growth in the individual." The person most likely to have made this statement is

A) Carl Rogers.
B) Sigmund Freud.
C) Albert Bandura.
D) B.F. Skinner.

Question 55

In the view of Carl Rogers, anxiety and unhappiness result from

A) the lack of reinforcers that are available in one's daily life.
B) unresolved conflicts stemming from early childhood.
C) conflicts between naturally positive self-images and negative external criticisms.
D) the false belief that people have the freedom to choose what they will become.

Question 56

A woman seems to be more concerned with what others think of her than of what she thinks of herself. According to Carl Rogers, the woman

A) will grow psychologically and self-actualize.
B) will experience anxiety and unhappiness.
C) needs to take an assertiveness training course.
D) does not have free will.

Question 57

Unconditional positive regard, genuineness, and empathy for their clients characterize the approach of those who practice ________ therapy.

A) rational-emotive
B) client-centered
C) social-learning
D) behavior

Question 58

Imagine that you are asked to role-play a client-centered therapist in a classroom exercise. When the student who is playing your client screams, "Nobody does what I tell them to!" you should respond

A) "Why not stop complaining and do things for yourself?"
B) "You sound angry and frustrated."
C) "Hostility often symbolizes sexual inadequacy."
D) "The reason you feel angry is because you feel inadequate."

Question 59

A type of therapy developed by Fritz Perls that attempts to make a person whole by expressing pent-up feelings and dealing with unfinished business from past conflicts is called ________ therapy.

A) Gestalt
B) group
C) individual
D) client-centered

Question 60

A therapist who is using the "empty chair technique" is

A) giving a client the opportunity to confront and explore feelings.
B) most likely an adherent of the psychodynamic approach.
C) helping clients change their false beliefs.
D) practicing a technique most closely associated with marital therapy.

Question 61

It has been said that group therapy is useful in dispelling "pluralistic ignorance." This phrase refers to

A) the collective lack of knowledge held by all the members of the group.
B) people's belief that they are the only ones with certain failings.
C) the group mind-set that develops as group therapy progresses, which often times leads to rigidity of thought.
D) not knowing what the other members of the group are thinking.

Question 62

A husband and wife are experiencing marital difficulties. If they go to couple therapy, the emphasis of their work will probably focus on their

A) unsatisfying sexual practices.
B) poor communication patterns.
C) differences in ethical and moral values.
D) severe psychopathology.

Question 63

A family therapist is most likely to focus attention on the

A) cognitions of the most maladjusted individuals in the family.
B) behaviors of the most maladjusted individuals in the family.
C) family member who seems to be the strongest.
D) whole family system.

Question 64

Research suggests that certain parenting practices may maintain a child's anxiety. Implications of this research are that

A) when parents do not allow their children sufficient autonomy, their children may not gain enough self-efficacy to cope successfully with social relationships.
B) when parents do not allow their children sufficient autonomy, their children may not gain enough self-efficacy to cope successfully with novel tasks.
C) the most importance should be placed on changing the adolescents' level of functioning.
D) the most importance should be placed on changing the mothers' and fathers' parenting practices.

Question 65

According to Virginia Satir, a developer of family therapy approaches,

A) family therapy does not help individual members, but rather the family group.
B) the family therapist may play many roles, including influence agent, mediator, and referee.
C) most family therapists assume that the problems brought into therapy are caused by dispositional aspects of individuals.
D) the family therapist is not really concerned with dissolving dysfunctional structural elements within families.

Question 66

Most biomedical therapies conceive of mental disorders as

A) having psychological origins.
B) originating in childhood experiences.
C) problems in the brain.
D) being less important than medical illnesses.

Question 67

In the history of the treatment of mental disorders, nothing can rival the revolution created by

A) the advent of psychosurgical procedures.
B) electroconvulsive therapy.
C) drug therapies.
D) Sigmund Freud's discovery of the unconscious mind.

Question 68

The number of patients in mental hospitals in the United States has decreased since the 1950s primarily as a result of

A) psychosurgery.
B) improvement in psychotherapeutic techniques.
C) drug therapies.
D) electroconvulsive therapy.

Question 69

The three major categories of drugs used today in therapy programs do NOT include ________ drugs.

A) antihistamine
B) antipsychotic
C) antidepressant
D) antianxiety

Question 70

In part, antipsychotic drugs work by ________ the activity of the neurotransmitter(s) ________ in the brain.

A) reducing; norepinephrine and serotonin
B) reducing; dopamine
C) increasing; norepinephrine and serotonin
D) increasing; dopamine

Question 71

Long-term use of antipsychotic drugs can cause tardive dyskinesia, a condition in which the dominant symptom is

A) loss of bladder control.
B) loss of hair.
C) a reduction in the production of white blood cells.
D) disturbance of motor control.

Question 72

On the basis of the research on antipsychotic drugs, it would be most reasonable to conclude that they

A) cure the psychopathology underlying schizophrenia.
B) eliminate the possibility of a relapse in patients who stop to take them.
C) are effective at controlling the most disruptive symptoms of schizophrenia.
D) control only minor symptoms associated with schizophrenia.

Question 73

Tricyclic drugs, SSRIs, and monoamine oxidase inhibitors are most frequently used in the treatment of

A) psychotic symptoms.
B) sexual dysfunctions.
C) anxiety.
D) depression.

Question 74

Drug X works by limiting the action of monoamine oxidase. You can be quite certain that the resulting effect from the use of Drug X will be a(n)

A) increase in norepinephrine at the synapse.
B) decrease of norepinephrine at the synapse.
C) increase of dopamine at the synapse.
D) decrease of dopamine at the synapse.

Question 75

Lithium salts have proven fairly effective in the treatment of

A) bipolar disorders.
B) positive symptoms of schizophrenia.
C) anxiety.
D) high blood pressure.

Question 76

Valium and Xanax, which are classified as benzodiazepines, are useful in the treatment of ________ and work by ________ levels of the neurotransmitter GABA.

A) generalized anxiety disorders; increasing
B) panic disorders; decreasing
C) schizophrenia; increasing
D) mood disorders; decreasing

Question 77

Imagine that you are reading a case of a woman who has undergone an operation known as a prefrontal lobotomy. You can expect that after the operation the woman will

A) demonstrate superior intelligence.
B) have difficulties with planning and show emotional flatness.
C) emerge with a new "perky" personality.
D) be extremely agitated.

Question 78

Electroconvulsive therapy has proven extremely successful at alleviating the symptoms associated with

A) serious depression.
B) obsessive-compulsive behavior.
C) anxiety disorders.
D) all forms of mental disorders.

Question 79

Recently, researchers have studied an alternative to ECT that uses repeated pulses of magnetic stimulation. This therapy is

A) not effective.
B) rTMS.
C) the PET scan.
D) a placebo.

Question 80

ECT is particularly important because it works quickly, it alleviates symptoms of depression in ________ course of treatment as compared with the ________ time window for drug therapies.

A) three or four days; one- to two-week
B) one to two weeks; three- or four-day
C) one month; two-month
D) ten to eleven days; three- to five-week