Deck 12: Deviance, Crime, and the Administration of Justice

Question 1

Walking into an elevator and sitting on the floor would best be considered which type of deviance?

A) positive deviance
B) harmless deviance
C) statistical deviance
D) crime

Answer 1

harmless deviance

Question 2

Which of the following terms is defined as an act that has been declared illegal by a governmental authority?

A) stigma
B) deviance
C) crime
D) deterrence

Answer 2

crime

Question 3

In 2014 at a Tampa, Florida, Starbucks drive-thru, 378 people "paid it forward" by paying for the order of the stranger behind them. This is an example of __________ deviance.

A) harmless
B) statistical
C) positive
D) criminal

Answer 3

positive

Question 4

Alex invites Sam to go to the movies with him. When Alex goes to pick up Sam, he is wearing a tuxedo. This is an example of which of the following concepts?

A) harmless deviance
B) positive deviance
C) cultural norms
D) differential association

Question 5

Because deviance and crime are relative to time and place, sociologists would say that it is ___________.

A) functional for society
B) socially constructed
C) an issue of inequality
D) a moral boundary

Question 6

If the Uniform Crime Report (UCR) states that the robbery rate is 50, what does it mean?

A) There are .05 robberies per person.
B) There are 50 robberies per 10,000 people.
C) There are 50 robberies per 100,000 people.
D) Robberies constitute approximately 50 percent of the reported crimes in the United States.

Question 7

The __________ rate is the number of illegal activities committed by individuals within a group relative to the population size of the group.

A) property crime
B) violent crime
C) overall crime
D) victimization

Question 8

Which of the following is an accurate statement about the Uniform Crime Report (UCR) and/or the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS)?

A) The UCR is the best estimate of crime in the United States because it is based on cases investigated by the FBI.
B) The NCVS is the best estimate of crime in the United States because it is based on crimes known to and reported by the police.
C) The two reports are similar in their estimates of crime in the United States.
D) Both reports are important because they provide reasonable estimates of crime in the United States.

Question 9

According to the text, what is the conclusion about crime rates over the past few years?

A) Crime has gotten worse over the past few years.
B) Only property crime has gotten worse over the past few years.
C) Crime is only declining in specific cities, such as Los Angeles and Chicago.
D) Crime rates have been declining since the 1990s.

Question 10

__________ is a legal violation in which the people involved are consenting adults and the criminal act has no apparent victim and causes no evident harm.

A) White-collar crime
B) Public order crime
C) Corporate crime
D) Cyber-crime

Question 11

Martha Stewart was found guilty of securities fraud in 2004 for the well-timed sale of her shares of ImClone stock based on insider information. This is an example of what kind of crime?

A) property crime
B) white-collar crime
C) corporate crime
D) cyber-crime

Question 12

In 2016, Volkswagen executives were charged with running a decade-long scheme to rig diesel engines to satisfy emission standards when they were actually emitting more pollutants than allowed. This is an example of what kind of crime?

A) property crime
B) white-collar crime
C) corporate crime
D) public order crime

Question 13

Which of the following explains why it is difficult to control cyber-crime?

A) Most cyber-criminals are middle-aged White men with college educations who are likely to go unnoticed by authorities.
B) Cyber-criminals can commit crimes on people in various parts of the world with little risk of being caught, extradited, and convicted.
C) American culture does not deem cyber-crime to be as serious a threat as other types of crime.
D) The people involved are consenting adults and the criminal act has no victim and causes no evident harm.

Question 14

A __________ is a criminal offense motivated by the offender's bias against the victim's race, religion, disability, sexual orientation, or ethnicity/national origin.

A) public order crime
B) cyber-crime
C) property crime
D) hate crime

Question 15

__________ is a set of distinctions based on ethical attributes that separate people into two broad groups: one socially constructed as "bad" and the other socially constructed as "good."

A) A crime
B) An offense
C) Deviance
D) A moral boundary

Question 16

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates the concept of a moral boundary?

A) small homogeneous societies having the same religious beliefs
B) participating in social media groups with shared commonalities
C) students in a class working together on a group project
D) observing someone stealing items from the grocery store

Question 17

The main idea of __________ is that deviance develops when conventional goals cannot be met through conventional means.

A) strain theory
B) labeling theory
C) functionalism
D) conflict theory

Question 18

Which of the following is true regarding general strain theory (GST)?

A) There are four types of deviant behavior: innovation, ritualism, retreatism, and rebellion.
B) GST gives priority to how negative stimuli affect an individual.
C) GST only applies to adolescents and their deviance.
D) GST only applies to economic success and how it leads to deviance.

Question 19

A person who accepts conventional societal goals but rejects the conventional ways to achieve those goals is an example of a(n) __________ according to Merton's strain theory.

A) innovator
B) ritualist
C) retreatist
D) rebel

Question 20

A person who rejects both conventional goals and the means to achieve those goals is an example of a(n) __________ according to Merton's strain theory.

A) innovator
B) ritualist
C) retreatist
D) conformist

Question 21

White-collar crime and corporate crime are best explained by which sociological theory?

A) functionalist theory
B) conflict theory
C) symbolic interaction theory
D) strain theory

Question 22

Which theoretical perspective argues that power determines who controls the society and what acts will be criminalized?

A) symbolic interaction theory
B) functionalist theory
C) conflict theory
D) strain theory

Question 23

The statement "power determines privilege" best illustrates which perspective?

A) functionalist perspective
B) conflict perspective
C) symbolic interaction perspective
D) strain theory

Question 24

Reformers across the country have been advocating to end the money bail system, arguing that it discriminates against the poor, ruins innocent people's lives, fuels mass incarceration, and contributes to wrongful convictions. This movement can be explained by which sociological theory?

A) functionalist theory
B) labeling theory
C) symbolic interaction theory
D) conflict theory

Question 25

According to __________, deviance and crime are produced by the processes of social interaction and the attachment of meaning to behavior.

A) the functional perspective
B) conflict theory
C) symbolic interaction theory
D) strain theory

Question 26

Which of the following is the correct explanation of primary and secondary deviance?

A) Primary deviance consists of normative violations that do not produce a deviant self-identity; secondary deviance consists of normative violations and a corresponding deviant identity initiated by primary deviance.
B) Primary deviance consists of normative violations and a corresponding deviant identity; secondary deviance consists of normative violations that do not produce a deviant self-identity.
C) Primary deviance is the process of defining individuals as deviant; secondary deviance is an implication that a person is morally unworthy of respect, disreputable, and dangerous.
D) Primary deviance is an implication that a person is morally unworthy of respect, disreputable, and dangerous; secondary deviance is the process of defining individuals as deviant.

Question 27

When Brock's friends learn that he once served time in prison for dealing drugs, they are shocked and appalled that they have been deceived by him for so long. This is an example of which sociological concept?

A) labeling
B) stigma
C) self-labeling
D) primary deviance

Question 28

Which of the following is an example of secondary deviance?

A) Keiko has been having trouble sleeping. She decides to try her friend's sleeping pills.
B) Jeff and his friends drink occasionally at parties.
C) Tommy has been sneaking cash out of his mom's purse for years, and now he has started taking money from his job as a cashier.
D) Megan's son took a piece of candy from the checkout line at the grocery store, but the store did not call the police.

Question 29

__________ is the process of defining individuals as deviant.

A) Primary deviance
B) Secondary deviance
C) Labeling
D) Stigma

Question 30

__________ refers to the implication that a person is morally unworthy of respect, disreputable, and possibly dangerous.

A) Primary deviance
B) Secondary deviance
C) Labeling
D) Stigma

Question 31

Research by Clifford Shaw and associates found that deviance can be part of a neighborhood's culture and influence people to commit deviant or criminal behavior. This finding supports which theory?

A) differential association theory
B) cultural transmission theory
C) structural functional theory
D) conflict theory

Question 32

People learn criminal and deviant attitudes, values, and skills by close interaction with people who already have those attributes. This is the underlying concept of which sociological theory?

A) differential association theory
B) cultural transmission theory
C) structural functional theory
D) conflict theory

Question 33

Parents often tell their children not to hang around certain groups of people because they fear their influence will change their child. This fear is derived from which theory?

A) general strain theory
B) differential association theory
C) structural functional theory
D) conflict theory

Question 34

The question "Why do some people not become criminals?" can best be explained by which of the following concepts?

A) differential association
B) moral boundaries
C) self-labeling
D) social bonds

Question 35

Which of the following bonds links an individual to the social, emotional, and mental investment people make in conventional behavior?

A) commitment
B) attachment
C) involvement
D) belief

Question 36

Which of the following statements is true regarding social class and crime?

A) People with higher social standing bear a greater burden of crime victimization than do people with lower social standing.
B) Middle-class people tend to commit crimes such as robbery, theft, and assault.
C) Working-class crimes that involve physical force are often committed in public and reported to the police. More reporting makes it seem as if this group commits more crimes.
D) Embezzlement and fraud are committed equally by working-class, middle-class, and upper-class groups.

Question 37

If the broader society labels racial/ethnic minorities as crime-prone, then those groups will disproportionately appear in crime statistics. This statement reflects which sociological theory?

A) conflict theory
B) functionalism
C) symbolic interaction theory
D) general strain theory

Question 38

Which of the following statements is false regarding crime and race/ethnicity?

A) Racial/ethnic minorities are arrested at higher rates than their numbers in the population would predict.
B) Hispanics are arrested roughly in proportion to their population size.
C) Racial/ethnic minorities claim they attract an unfair amount of attention from police.
D) The NYPD's "stop and frisk" policy had a 90 percent success rate in capturing would-be criminals.

Question 39

The term __________ is defined as a body of false beliefs about the nature of sexual assault for victims and perpetrators.

A) rape fantasies
B) rape myths
C) sexual innuendo
D) campus rape

Question 40

__________ in 10 college women report being sexually assaulted by their senior year.

A) Two
B) Four
C) Six
D) Eight

Question 41

In which of the following ways is crime "gendered"?

A) The crime of rape is only committed by men.
B) Women disproportionately commit property crimes such as burglary.
C) The majority of arrests show equal crime rates between men and women.
D) Women are overwhelmingly the victims of sexual assault.

Question 42

The physical condition of a neighborhood provides clues to the orderliness or disorderliness of an area. This theory is an aspect of what kind of policing?

A) broken windows policing
B) militarized policing
C) hot-spot policing
D) CompStat policing

Question 43

How effective is community policing?

A) Research suggests that community policing is the most effective strategy for reducing crime rates.
B) Research has found that residents like community policing, but it has little impact on crime rates.
C) Research has shown that while community policing has some support, it engenders significant criticism from neighborhood residents.
D) Research suggests that community policing temporarily suppresses crime but causes political backlash and civilian discontent.

Question 44

Police in Ferguson, Missouri, used tear gas and rubber bullets to force back protesters following the killing of an unarmed African American teenager, Michael Brown, in 2014. This is an example of what kind of policing?

A) broken windows policing
B) militarized policing
C) hot-spot policing
D) CompStat policing

Question 45

When police focus heavily on small, specific areas of the city that have high crime rates, it is known as what kind of policing?

A) broken windows policing
B) militarized policing
C) hot-spot policing
D) CompStat policing

Question 46

Which of the following is true regarding plea bargaining?

A) Plea bargaining is rare; only 3 percent of cases are resolved in this manner.
B) Frequent plea bargaining would cause a backlog of cases in the courts.
C) Many defendants accept a plea bargain because prosecutors pressure them to do so.
D) It is considered preferable for defendants to accept a plea bargain because it is always in their best interests to do so.

Question 47

A social mechanism that prevents people from engaging in crime is called __________.

A) general deterrence
B) specific deterrence
C) plea bargaining
D) rehabilitation

Question 48

One-third of all the sentences in state courts include a fine or restitution. This is an example of which type of punishment?

A) loss of property
B) loss of freedom
C) loss of life
D) specific deterrence

Question 49

According to data presented in the text, within three years of being released, 40 percent of all released prisoners are convicted of another crime. This is called __________.

A) rehabilitation
B) plea bargaining
C) recidivism
D) deterrence

Question 50

Which of the following statements about capital punishment is true?

A) Men are more likely to be executed than women.
B) Whites are more likely to be executed than minority group members.
C) Democrats and Republicans equally support capital punishment.
D) Four in 10 adults support capital punishment.

Question 51

According to Émile Durkheim, crime is normal and functional for several reasons. Discuss the functional perspective on deviance and crime.

Question 52

There are two main reports on crime in the United States: the Uniform Crime Report (UCR) and the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS). Explain the differences between these two reports and discuss whether they are accurate.

Question 53

Explain the relationship between conflict theory and labeling theory.

Question 54

Explain the relationship between gender and crime, and describe how gender influences rape myths.

Question 55

List the five types of policing strategies detailed in the text. Describe the basic idea of each strategy and the evidence for its effectiveness in reducing crime.