Deck 13: Therapies

Question 1

What do we call the use of psychological techniques to bring about positive changes in personality, behaviour, or adjustment?

A) free association
B) meta-analysis
C) psychotherapy
D) pharmacology

Answer 1

psychotherapy

Question 2

Which type of therapy entails analyzing the client's experiences, while providing a supportive atmosphere with verbal interaction between the therapist and client?

A) meta-analysis
B) transference
C) psychotherapy
D) free association

Answer 2

psychotherapy

Question 3

Which treatment of emotional and behavioural disorders attempts to change certain behaviours, thoughts, perceptions, and emotions?

A) psychosurgery
B) somatic therapy
C) psychotherapy
D) psychometrics

Answer 3

psychotherapy

Question 4

Reality therapy, client-centred therapy, psychoanalysis, and behaviour therapy are all forms of which of the following?

A) group therapy
B) psychotherapy
C) psychoanalysis
D) chemotherapy

Question 5

Which of the following applies to psychotherapy?

A) Psychotherapy sessions are conducted in a group setting.
B) Psychotherapy sessions are used to resolve minor psychological problems.
C) Psychotherapy sessions encourage personal growth for people who are functioning effectively.
D) Psychotherapy sessions are most effective for people who have severe mental health problems.

Question 6

What is the main goal of psychotherapy?

A) to unlearn troublesome behaviours
B) to change problematic thoughts and actions
C) to understand the causes of problems
D) to learn about the causes and effects of behaviour

Question 7

How is psychotherapy best defined?

A) Psychotherapy is a technique used to effect a slight change in one's personality.
B) Psychotherapy is a reliable therapeutic approach that works equally well on all mental and behavioural problems.
C) Psychotherapy is a psychological technique that can bring about positive changes in personality, behaviour, and adjustment.
D) Psychotherapy is a practice whose least important benefit is the provision of comfort and support.

Question 8

Which of the following statements applies to psychotherapy?

A) Psychotherapy works well for people with any type of psychological problem.
B) Psychotherapy includes different approaches that all have the same emphasis.
C) Psychotherapy may be beneficial to someone who is trying to solve a personal crisis.
D) Psychotherapy ignores the promotion of superior coping skills.

Question 9

Why are psychological services underutilized by Canadians?

A) because many people are unaware of what psychologists do
B) because many people believe they cannot solve their problems
C) because provincial and federal governments have been increasing the availability of psychological services faster than the need for them has grown
D) because many people strongly distrust mental health professionals

Question 10

What was the practice of trepanning believed to have been used for?

A) punishing those who had committed crimes
B) bringing about constructive transference
C) assisting clients in recovering from dysfunctional relationships
D) releasing "evil spirits"

Question 11

In Europe, what was used as a treatment when demonology prevailed as an explanation of abnormal behaviour?

A) religious conversion
B) pinel
C) ergotism
D) exorcism

Question 12

When practised, what was the purpose of an exorcism?

A) to kill people who were different
B) to drive evil spirits from the body
C) to effect a religious conversion
D) to invoke supernatural powers into the body

Question 13

How was abnormal behaviour viewed in the Middle Ages?

A) It was seen to be the work of God.
B) It was viewed as resulting from environmental and social factors.
C) It was viewed as being caused by the curses of witches and wizards.
D) It was viewed as resulting from maladaptive ways of thinking.

Question 14

As he believed that the emotionally disturbed should be regarded as "mentally ill," when did Philippe Pinel unchain the inmates in the Bicêtre Asylum in Paris?

A) 1666
B) 1793
C) 1822
D) 1926

Question 15

Who spearheaded humane treatment of the emotionally disturbed by unchaining inmates at the Bicêtre Asylum?

A) Sigmund Freud
B) Philippe Pinel
C) Carl Rogers
D) Albert Ellis

Question 16

Many of Freud's patients in the late 1800s were suffering from a psychological disorder. What was this disorder called at the time?

A) neurosis
B) schizophrenia
C) hysteria
D) psychosis

Question 17

Who originally developed psychoanalysis as a form of psychotherapy?

A) Carl Rogers
B) Albert Ellis
C) Sigmund Freud
D) Aaron Beck

Question 18

What would a psychoanalyst from the Freudian school of thought consider to be the cause of psychopathology?

A) birth trauma
B) repressed sexuality and aggression
C) bizarre dreams
D) immature personal relationships

Question 19

What is the therapeutic strategy within psychoanalysis in which clients are encouraged to relax and to openly express their current thoughts and feelings?

A) systematic desensitization
B) cognitive restructuring
C) free association
D) emotional reflection

Question 20

Jada's therapist encourages her to relax on a couch to allow thoughts and images to flow more freely from the unconscious without being censored. Which technique is Jada's therapist using?

A) systematic desensitization
B) transactional analysis
C) free association
D) action therapy

Question 21

After months of psychoanalysis, Jacintha's therapist offers her several explanations of her dreams and free associations to help her recognize her unconscious conflicts and motivations. Which psychoanalytic technique is her therapist using?

A) resistance
B) transference
C) disclosure
D) interpretation

Question 22

Thea's psychotherapist urges her to express her thoughts and feelings freely and to verbalize whatever comes to her mind without editing or censoring information. What technique is her therapist using?

A) transference
B) resistance
C) dream analysis
D) free association

Question 23

What did Freud initially call what is now known as somatoform disorder?

A) hysteria
B) manifest
C) alogia
D) dypthymic

Question 24

Which of the following did Freud's method of psychotherapy include?

A) free association
B) dream association
C) desensitization
D) analysis of the superego

Question 25

In a therapeutic setting, what is the purpose of using free association and dream analysis?

A) to encourage relaxation
B) to tap the unconscious
C) to discover the patient's defence mechanisms
D) to provide unlimited pastime regard

Question 26

Andrew experiences hatred toward his therapist that represents a redirection of feelings that had originally been felt toward his brother, but were never expressed. What is this expression of hatred toward the therapist called?

A) resistance
B) spontaneous remission
C) transference
D) hysteria

Question 27

Recently, Jan began acting in a hostile manner toward her analyst. Once this happened, which technique would probably be used by Jan's psychoanalyst?

A) free association
B) analysis of resistance
C) dream analysis
D) analysis of transference

Question 28

According to Freud, what is revealed by interpreting the unconscious message of a dream?

A) dream references
B) dream symbols
C) dream resistance contexts
D) manifest meanings

Question 29

Kate has been experiencing repeated dreams in which she encounters snakes and she is very afraid. Kate's analyst believes that the snakes represent penises and that she fears a committed relationship with a man. The analyst is most concerned with which of the following regarding Kate's dreams?

A) the latent content
B) the symbols and the manifest content
C) the manifest content
D) the latent content and the symbols

Question 30

Jason's therapist focuses on analyzing the underlying hidden content of his dreams. What do we call this therapeutic technique?

A) dream restricting
B) dream analysis
C) sleep modification
D) dream therapy

Question 31

Bob tells his therapist about a dream where he is lost in a foreign country and unable to speak the language. What type of content is Bob describing?

A) reality
B) manifest content
C) latent content
D) repressed content

Question 32

Rochelle's therapist gently prodded her with a series of questions about a recent dream's setting and characters, with hopes of getting Rochelle to recognize the symbolic content of her dream. What is another way to describe this symbolic content?

A) manifest content
B) reality
C) latent content
D) directive content

Question 33

According to Freud, the disguised, hidden meaning of a dream is the latent content. Which type of content are the actual reported (recalled) dream images?

A) conditional content
B) unconditional content
C) directive content
D) manifest content

Question 34

According to Freud, which of the following must be interpreted to reveal the unconscious message of a dream?

A) dream symbols
B) manifest meanings
C) manifest urges
D) transference

Question 35

According to Freud, which of the following is important to reveal unconscious conflicts during the process of psychoanalysis?

A) resistance
B) authenticity
C) identification
D) empathy

Question 36

Aaron experiences mental blocks in the process of free association by abruptly changing the topic being discussed or suddenly becoming quiet. What does this situation illustrate?

A) insight
B) resistance
C) manifest content
D) transference

Question 37

In psychoanalysis, which of the following refers to a patient unconsciously responding to the therapist as though the therapist were a significant person in the patient's life?

A) counter transference
B) disclosure
C) transference
D) resistance

Question 38

In contrast to traditional psychoanalysis, which approach focuses on the client's problems in a relatively short-term format?

A) brief interpersonal therapy
B) brief psychodynamic therapy
C) brief client-centred therapy
D) existential therapy

Question 39

In which of the following ways does brief psychodynamic therapy differ from traditional therapy?

A) It is more effective in treating severe personality disorders.
B) The therapist uses indirect questioning to reveal conscious conflicts.
C) Therapists provoke emotional reactions to lower defences and provide insights.
D) It brings an end to irrational and self-defeating internal dialogue.

Question 40

What do we call improvements in adjustment or disappearance of symptoms due to the passage of time?

A) catharsis
B) reveal
C) active remediation
D) spontaneous remission

Question 41

What is the main goal of humanistic therapies?

A) to uncover unconscious motivations
B) to find a cure
C) to use free association
D) to allow one's true self to emerge

Question 42

Which therapeutic perspective emphasizes an individual's conscious, subjective perception of him- or herself?

A) the humanistic perspective
B) the psychoanalytic perspective
C) the behaviourist perspective
D) the Gestalt perspective

Question 43

Who developed client-centred therapy?

A) Aaron Beck
B) John Watson
C) Carl Rogers
D) Abraham Maslow

Question 44

During client-centred therapy, what is an important goal of the therapist?

A) challenging the client's vocational beliefs and values
B) uncovering unconscious conflicts
C) creating conditions that allow the client to direct the focus of therapy
D) actively guiding and making decisions for the client

Question 45

According to Carl Rogers, what is a therapist demonstrating if he or she communicates an accurate feeling of the client's emotion?

A) empathy
B) transference
C) cognitive restructuring
D) awareness

Question 46

What is a therapist demonstrating if he or she reveals a positive, non-judgmental attitude toward a client?

A) transference
B) self-actualization
C) empathy
D) unconditional positive regard

Question 47

During therapy sessions, what do we call the total acceptance of a client's thoughts and feelings?

A) empathy
B) unconditional positive regard
C) reflection
D) transference

Question 48

Instead of making interpretations and proposing solutions, a client-centred therapist acts as a "mirror," so clients can take a better look at themselves. What does this suggest the therapist is doing?

A) affirming the client's thoughts and feelings
B) accepting the client's thoughts and feelings
C) reflecting the client's thoughts and feelings
D) filtering the client's thoughts and feelings

Question 49

According to Carl Rogers, a therapist should function as a helper or facilitator rather than hiding behind his or her professional role. What is this essential condition of the therapist called?

A) authenticity
B) unconditioned positive regard
C) empathy
D) reflection

Question 50

Which of the following did Rogers believe would facilitate change in clients?

A) disapproval of false beliefs
B) insight
C) confrontation
D) unconditional positive regard

Question 51

If your therapist focuses on issues of death, freedom, isolation, and meaninglessness, which type of therapist would he or she be classified as?

A) a psychoanalytic therapist
B) an existential therapist
C) a Gestalt therapist
D) a client-centred therapist

Question 52

Which type of therapists state that the major goal of therapy is to make courageous life choices?

A) psychoanalytic therapists
B) Gestalt therapists
C) existential therapists
D) client-centred therapists

Question 53

Which type of therapy are the concepts of free will, choice, meaning, freedom, and mortality most closely identified with?

A) existential therapy
B) non-directive therapy
C) psychoanalysis
D) transactional analysis

Question 54

What is the key aspect of existential therapy?

A) confrontation
B) authenticity
C) insight
D) reciprocal inhibition

Question 55

Which type of therapy focuses on challenging clients to examine their values and choices, and to take responsibility for the quality of their existence?

A) existential therapy
B) Gestalt therapy
C) psychoanalysis
D) rational-emotive behavioural therapy

Question 56

Although client-centred and Gestalt therapy use different techniques, which goal do they share?

A) assisting clients in becoming who they really are
B) discovering unconscious motivations
C) rejecting people who have caused their psychological pain
D) modifying and overhauling the patient's personality

Question 57

Gaynell's therapist tells her that although she says she is happy, her facial expression shows otherwise.Which therapy is this therapist most likely using?

A) cognitive therapy
B) client-centred therapy
C) psychoanalysis
D) Gestalt therapy

Question 58

Gestalt therapy is designed to expand personal awareness through challenging the client to recognize and accept one's thoughts, feelings, and actions. It does this by helping the client do all the following EXCEPT which one?

A) changing "I can't" to "I won't"
B) changing "I must" to "I choose to"
C) finding what the client wants to do instead of what he or she should do
D) explaining rather than expressing

Question 59

Which type of therapy is most likely to pay attention to a client's body language?

A) Gestalt therapy
B) behavioural therapy
C) psychodynamic therapy
D) client-centred therapy

Question 60

During a session with his therapist, Nicolas was asked to freeze his gestures and posture at specific moments. While he was frozen, his therapist encouraged him to become aware of his feelings. Which type of therapy is this technique associated with?

A) cognitive therapy
B) behavioural therapy
C) Gestalt therapy
D) psychodynamic therapy

Question 61

Which therapist emphasized that emotional health comes from knowing what you want to do, not dwelling on what you should do, or should want to do?

A) Sigmund Freud
B) Carl Rogers
C) Frederick Perls
D) Abraham Maslow

Question 62

How are media psychologists likely to view their programs?

A) as therapeutic
B) as educational
C) as academic
D) as psychoanalytic

Question 63

Which of the following statements applies to the use of telephone counselling?

A) Therapists cannot use the telephone to calm or advise clients between face-to-face therapy sessions.
B) Use of the telephone for suicide hotlines and crisis counselling is not well established.
C) Telephone therapy is seriously undermined by a lack of visual cues and personal contact.
D) Telephone therapy has been found to be both as cost-efficient and as effective as face-to-face therapy.

Question 64

When listening to call-in media psychologists, what is a wise thing to remember?

A) They provide adequate counselling for whatever the problem may be.
B) The therapy on the phone is the same as one receives when talking to a counsellor.
C) They have no professional training.
D) They give solutions that apply to others with similar general concerns and problems.

Question 65

What is a likely future expansion of electronic psychotherapy?

A) cybertherapy
B) telehealth two-way audio-video links
C) instant messaging
D) television call-ins

Question 66

What is the main goal of behaviour therapies?

A) changing the way we act
B) insight into the causes of problems
C) modifying incorrect behaviour
D) insight into the effects of problems

Question 67

Which of the following uses learning principles such as operant and classical conditioning to change behaviour?

A) insight
B) reciprocal inhibition
C) radical therapy
D) behaviour modification

Question 68

Which type of therapy uses classical or operant conditioning principles to alleviate problems?

A) radical therapy
B) behaviour modification
C) aversion therapy
D) reciprocal inhibition

Question 69

Corrine is participating in a stop-smoking program where she is told to rapidly smoke five cigarettes within 15 minutes. Corrine developed a foul taste in her mouth, which induced mild nausea. Which procedure is being used?

A) aversion therapy
B) systematic desensitization
C) token economy
D) virtual reality

Question 70

In which of the following would response-contingent shock paired with an undesirable habit most likely be used?

A) desensitization
B) token economy
C) classical conditioning
D) aversion therapy

Question 71

One approach to helping a client stop nail biting is to paint his or her fingers with a noxious-tasting clear liquid. What is this practice a form of?

A) systematic desensitization
B) aversion therapy
C) vicarious desensitization
D) virtual reality exposure

Question 72

Which type of therapy follows the principal assumption that behavioural problems are learned, and can therefore be changed by using learning principles?

A) cognitive therapy
B) behaviour therapy
C) Gestalt therapy
D) psychoanalytic therapy

Question 73

Both classical and operant conditioning are the basis for which type of therapy?

A) desensitization
B) token economies
C) behaviour therapy
D) aversion therapy

Question 74

Which of the following has aversion therapy treated successfully?

A) personality disorders
B) phobias
C) alcoholism
D) sexual disorders

Question 75

Fears can be unlearned by approaching feared situations in a series of ordered steps. What is this series of ordered steps called?

A) units
B) adaptations
C) stages
D) hierarchy

Question 76

In treating a three-year-old child, a therapist conditioned a response that was incompatible with the negative response of fear. What treatment strategy was used?

A) transference
B) aversive conditioning
C) systematic desensitization
D) unconditional positive regard

Question 77

What do we call the occurrence of one emotional state that prevents the occurrence of another emotional state?

A) aversion conditioning
B) vicarious conditioning
C) reciprocal inhibition
D) cognitive therapy

Question 78

What is desensitization primarily used for?

A) alleviating phobias and anxieties
B) overcoming destructive habits
C) symbolically rewarding positive labels
D) decreasing free-floating anxiety

Question 79

Relaxation training is a preliminary process for a client who is about to undergo which of the following therapeutic procedures?

A) aversion therapy
B) Gestalt therapy
C) cybertherapy
D) systematic desensitization

Question 80

Systematic desensitization involves three steps. Which of the following is NOT one of the steps?

A) relaxation training
B) stimulus hierarchy
C) awareness of negative thoughts
D) working through the hierarchy starting with the least anxiety-provoking stimulus