Deck 5: States of Consciousness

Question 1

What do psychologists call the distinct changes in the quality and patterns of mental activity?

A) unconsciousness
B) sensory depletion
C) altered states of consciousness
D) euphoria

Answer 1

altered states of consciousness

Question 2

Which of the following is an example of an altered state of consciousness?

A) unusual ways of thinking
B) sensory overload
C) electrical stimulation of the brain
D) being excited

Answer 2

sensory overload

Question 3

What do cocaine use, hypnosis, meditation, and ritual sweats have in common?

A) they all produce hypnogogic images
B) they all facilitate relaxation
C) they all produce euphoria or a sense of feeling "high"
D) they all produce altered states of consciousness (ASC)

Answer 3

they all produce altered states of consciousness (ASC)

Question 4

Which of the following can altered states of consciousness be used for?

A) weight loss
B) pathways to spiritual and self-knowledge
C) increased physical strength
D) increasing intelligence

Question 5

Which of the following applies to the sweat lodge ceremony of North American native people?

A) The sweat lodge is meant to confuse the mind.
B) The sweat lodge is performed in a well-lit, coal-heated chamber.
C) The sweat lodge is meant to bring altered awareness and personal revelation.
D) The sweat lodge brings about a feeling of euphoria or a sense of feeling "high."

Question 6

Which of the following statements about sleep is accurate?

A) Sleep is not essential to human survival.
B) Humans can perform very simple tasks while asleep.
C) Humans can learn complex skills (such as languages) while asleep.
D) Humans cannot respond to familiar words and sounds while asleep.

Question 7

Which of the following statements applies to sleep deprivation?

A) Going without sleep for even 24 hours can lead to temporary sleep-deprivation psychosis.
B) If you go without sleep for 32 hours, you need to then sleep for 32 hours to recover completely.
C) Generally little impairment on complex mental tasks occurs after two or three days without sleep.
D) With few exceptions, four days or more without sleep is quite easy for most people.

Question 8

You are struggling to stay awake while driving, and begin experiencing momentary shifts in brain activity that could cause you to have an accident. What are these shifts in neurological activity called?

A) circadian rhythms
B) microsleeps
C) biological rhythms
D) REM sleep

Question 9

After Randy Gardner stayed awake for 11 days, what happened to him?

A) He had difficulty concentrating, remembering, and naming common objects.
B) He had an erratic heart rate that endangered his life.
C) He had abnormal reflexes.
D) He had violent headaches and temporary blindness.

Question 10

After prolonged sleep deprivation, what will happen after Sara's first night of sleep?

A) She will have difficulty sleeping.
B) She will feel compelled to replace all of the lost sleep.
C) She will find that most symptoms are reversed by a single night's rest.
D) Her state will remain unchanged for at least five days until the effects of her sleep deprivation wear off.

Question 11

What are some common reactions to sleep loss?

A) inattention, memory, and mood change
B) hallucinations and delusions
C) insomnia and severe depression
D) various reactions that are similar to those found in psychosis

Question 12

Confusion, disorientation, delusions, and hallucinations are typical of which of the following?

A) microsleeps
B) biological rhythms
C) sleep deprivation psychoses
D) circadian rhythms

Question 13

Why are human sleep rhythms tied to a 24-hour day?

A) because the time of peak activity changes from person to person
B) because such rhythms are tied to external time markers like light and dark
C) because humans have adapted to technological improvements made in the last century
D) because people need at least eight hours of sleep at night

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the stability of sleep patterns?

A) they are innate so they cannot be modified
B) they are innate but can be modified somewhat
C) they are entirely learned, but once set are difficult to modify
D) they are entirely learned and therefore easily modified

Question 15

What do we call the naturally occurring daily rhythms of sleep and wake cycles in our body?

A) sleep patterns
B) REM sleep
C) paradoxical sleep
D) restorative sleep

Question 16

If you are averaging five or fewer hours of sleep every night, which of the following would you be considered?

A) sleep deprived
B) a poor sleeper
C) a short sleeper
D) an average sleeper

Question 17

Which type of sleeper tends to be a daytime worrier?

A) a long sleeper
B) a short sleeper
C) an average sleeper
D) a paradoxical sleeper

Question 18

As we move into adulthood, what happens to our patterns of sleep?

A) our sleep patterns don't change
B) we sleep less
C) we sleep more
D) we lose REM sleep

Question 19

According to research, approximately how many hours of sleep do most adults get per night?

A) 3-4 hours
B) 5-6 hours
C) 7-8 hours
D) 9-11 hours

Question 20

When human subjects are shut off from the world so that they cannot tell what time it is, or if it is day or night, light or dark, what happens to their sleep-waking cycle?

A) The sleep-waking cycle stays at about 24 hours.
B) The sleep-waking cycle is shortened to an average of 20 hours.
C) The sleep-waking cycle is lengthened to an average of about 25 hours.
D) The sleep-waking cycle becomes somewhat unpredictable.

Question 21

Which of the following best describes napping?

A) Napping disrupts regular night sleep patterns.
B) Napping is not restful for people who require long periods of alertness.
C) Napping is beneficial to only the very young and the very old.
D) Napping can help people in occupations that require long periods of alertness.

Question 22

How does the sleep hormone make us fall asleep?

A) by collecting in the brain and spinal cord
B) by being circulated throughout the bloodstream
C) by operating in the sympathetic nervous system
D) by stimulating the pleasure-producing areas of the brain

Question 23

Physiologically, how is sleep produced?

A) substances in the bloodstream produce sleep
B) sleep-promoting chemicals help in shutting down the brain
C) sleep-promoting chemicals collect in the brain and spinal cord
D) changes in blood pressure cause us to fall asleep

Question 24

Experiencing excessive daytime sleepiness is often a result of which of the following?

A) hypersomnia
B) deep meditation
C) hyposomnia
D) insomnia

Question 25

Sleep stages are divided based on which of the following?

A) our circadian rhythm
B) the basal ganglia
C) the amount of dream activity
D) our electroencephalograph (EEG) pattern

Question 26

How are the rhythmic electrical signals of the brain measured?

A) by circadian rhythms
B) by biorhythms
C) by electroencephalographs (EEGs)
D) by spikes

Question 27

John's electroencephalograph (EEG) pattern as he reads his textbook indicates that he's alert and awake. What type of brain waves is he generating?

A) alpha waves
B) beta waves
C) theta waves
D) delta waves

Question 28

As we fall into a deeper slumber, what tends to happen to our brain waves?

A) they flatten out
B) they increase in frequency
C) they slow down
D) they remain the same

Question 29

What do we call the short bursts of brain activity in stage 2 that seem to mark the true boundary of sleep?

A) delta waves
B) sleep spindles
C) hypnic jerks
D) REM sleep

Question 30

Which of the following sleep phenomena could be detected without an electroencephalograph (EEG) machine?

A) hypnic jerks and sleep spindles
B) REM sleep and NREM sleep
C) sleep spindles
D) REM sleep and sleep spindles

Question 31

As you are falling asleep, you experience a reflex muscle contraction throughout your body. What is this muscle contraction called?

A) hallucination
B) hypnic jerk
C) sleep apnea
D) REM rebound

Question 32

Carla's sleep is being monitored in a lab, and the researcher notices that Carla's electroencephalograph (EEG) shows many sleep spindles. What type of sleep is she experiencing?

A) REM sleep
B) stage 1 of NREM
C) stage 2 of NREM
D) stage 3 of NREM

Question 33

How are both stage 3 NREM and stage 4 NREM similar?

A) They both occur mostly during the last half of sleep.
B) They are both called paradoxical sleep.
C) They both consist of mostly theta waves and a few sleep spindles.
D) They both consist of delta waves.

Question 34

As a sleep researcher is monitoring you, he notices that your brain waves are almost pure delta, and you are in a state of oblivion. What type of sleep are you experiencing?

A) stage 4 of NREM
B) REM sleep
C) paradoxical sleep
D) stage 1 of NREM

Question 35

Your mother apologized for waking you up with her phone call last night, but you are puzzled because you don't recall speaking to her. What type of sleep were you most likely experiencing when she called you?

A) REM sleep
B) stage 1 of REM
C) paradoxical sleep
D) stage 4 NREM

Question 36

Which of the following is a researcher likely to conclude about a subject who is in REM sleep?

A) The subject is not dreaming.
B) The subject is not sexually aroused.
C) The subject is experiencing muscle paralysis.
D) The subject's brain waves are similar to delta waves.

Question 37

According to the textbook, which of the following applies to dreams?

A) Dreams occur during stage 1 NREM sleep.
B) Dreams occur during REM sleep.
C) Dreams are quite often erotic.
D) Dreams are very organized and logical.

Question 38

Gretchen is watching her infant, McKenzie, sleep. Gretchen notes that McKenzie's eyes dart back and forth beneath her eyelids. What does this suggest that McKenzie is experiencing?

A) sleep spindles
B) dreams
C) delta sleep
D) a daydream

Question 39

While you're watching TV, your mind begins to drift and you become increasingly drowsy. During this transitional stage of sleep, you are disengaged from the sounds in your environment. What is this sleep stage called?

A) REM sleep
B) stage 1 of NREM sleep
C) stage 2 of NREM sleep
D) stage 3 of NREM sleep

Question 40

According to research, what are the two basic kinds of sleep?

A) circadian rhythm and REM rebound
B) alpha and beta sleep
C) REM and NREM sleep
D) paradoxical and REM sleep

Question 41

On average, how long do humans spend in REM sleep?

A) 20 minutes
B) 60 minutes
C) 90 minutes
D) 120 minutes

Question 42

Carlos suffers from REM behaviour disorder. Because of this disorder, which of the following is the most likely to do?

A) thrash violently and leap out of bed because he lacks muscle paralysis
B) have voluntary muscle paralysis
C) experience REM rebound
D) experience retinal disengagement

Question 43

Which sleep disorder is characterized by a person's thrashing about and acting out his or her dreams?

A) REM behaviour disorder
B) nocturnal enuresis
C) sleep apnea
D) narcolepsy

Question 44

While he is dreaming, your partner attacks you. Which of the following is your partner most likely experiencing?

A) NREM behaviour disorder
B) REM behaviour disorder
C) somnambulism
D) insomnia

Question 45

Which of the following increases after various types of physical exertion (exercise, etc.)?

A) NREM sleep
B) stage 1 sleep
C) REM sleep
D) alpha waves

Question 46

What is the most common sleep complaint among adults?

A) night terrors
B) nightmares
C) REM rebound
D) insomnia

Question 47

Insomnia is best characterized by which of the following?

A) difficulty in falling and staying asleep
B) uncontrollable attacks of sleepiness
C) night terrors and sleep walking
D) dreams that have neither meaning nor function

Question 48

Insomnia directly affects what percentage of Canadian adults?

A) approximately 5 percent
B) approximately 13 percent
C) approximately 16 percent
D) approximately 22 percent

Question 49

Which of the following is most likely to result from continued use of barbiturates in treating insomnia?

A) a complete reduction of anxiety
B) an increase in somnambulism
C) an increase in nocturnal enuresis
D) dependency on the drugs

Question 50

The use of barbiturates to treat insomnia is most likely to result in which of the following?

A) increases in stage 4 and REM sleep.
B) a decrease in the number of pills needed to get to sleep
C) drug-dependency insomnia
D) increases in stage 4 and REM sleep

Question 51

Juanita notices that her prescription sedatives drastically lower her quality of sleep and she needs more pills to get to sleep. Which of the following sleep disorders is Juanita displaying?

A) hypersomnia
B) narcolepsy
C) drug-dependency insomnia
D) sleep attack

Question 52

Ivan is very slow to wake up in the morning, and you really want to stay out of his way until he has had time to pull himself together, drink his coffee, and read the newspaper. Which of the following conditions does Ivan's behaviour characterize?

A) sleep-wake schedule disorder
B) sleep drunkenness
C) restless legs syndrome
D) sleepwalking disorder

Question 53

Which sleep disorder is characterized by vivid, recurrent dreams that significantly disturb sleep?

A) night terrors
B) somnambulism
C) nightmare disorder
D) sleep apnea

Question 54

Wendy experiences sudden attacks of sleepiness and muscle paralysis that may last anywhere from a few minutes to a half hour. Which of the following conditions does Wendy most likely have?

A) insomnia
B) narcolepsy
C) sleep apnea
D) night terrors

Question 55

What is sleep drunkenness?

A) a disorder whereby a person falls asleep uncontrollably for 10 or more seconds
B) insomnia caused by the excessive use of sedatives during the day
C) a condition where a person stops breathing while asleep
D) a slow transition to clear consciousness after awakening

Question 56

What is restless legs syndrome?

A) the uncontrollable urge to perform activities such as running and walking
B) random secretions of growth hormone that require relief from various bodily sensations
C) intense hypnagogic hallucinations
D) wanting to move the lower limbs in order to relieve sensations of creeping, tingling, and aching

Question 57

What is the name of the sleep disorder where people suddenly fall asleep at undesirable times?

A) narcolepsy
B) sleep apnea
C) somnambulism
D) sleep drunkenness

Question 58

Narcolepsy is which of the following?

A) a night terror
B) a sleep disorder
C) a tranquillizer
D) an addictive drug

Question 59

Of the behavioural methods for treating insomnia, which two are the most effective?

A) avoiding relaxation and stimulants
B) relaxation and paradoxical intention
C) sleep restriction and paradoxical intention
D) sleep restriction and stimulus control

Question 60

Ever since you lost your spouse six months ago, you have not been able to sleep through the night, even though you are tired. What is this type of insomnia called?

A) rebound insomnia
B) chronic insomnia
C) transient insomnia
D) gradient insomnia

Question 61

Which of the following is a behavioural remedy for insomnia?

A) physical exertion just prior to bedtime
B) reading in bed
C) staying in bed and focusing on trying to fall asleep
D) getting up at the same time each day

Question 62

Which of the following is recommended in the treatment of chronic insomnia?

A) performing non?sleep-related activities in bed
B) lying in bed until you feel sleepy
C) using stimulus-control strategies
D) intense physical exercise an hour before bedtime

Question 63

When does sleepwalking usually occur?

A) the REM period
B) stage 1 NREM
C) stage 2 NREM
D) stages 3 and 4 NREM

Question 64

Which of the following is typical of NREM sleep, but not of REM sleep?

A) vivid dreams
B) beta waves
C) night terrors
D) eye movements

Question 65

People who have nightmares experience them during which period of their sleep?

A) within 5 to 10 minutes of falling asleep
B) during NREM sleep
C) early in the morning, just before waking
D) during REM sleep

Question 66

During what sleep state does a person suffer total panic and hallucinate with frightening dream images?

A) nightmares
B) nocturnal enuresis
C) night terrors
D) paradoxical sleep

Question 67

Most nightmares can be eliminated by following simple steps. Which of the following techniques is used to stop such dreams?

A) content rehearsal
B) intentional dreaming
C) changing the direction of the dream content
D) paradoxical intention

Question 68

What might cause drug addicts to have terrible nightmares after detox?

A) narcolepsy
B) sleep apnea
C) drug-enhanced sleep
D) REM rebound effect

Question 69

For a period of time it was thought that people deprived of REM sleep would eventually suffer mental illness. What is this theory now known as?

A) paradoxical sleep
B) REM rebound
C) REM myth
D) psychosis

Question 70

Which of the following assumptions was Freud's psychodynamic dream theory based on?

A) Dreams are a continuation of the events in our daily lives.
B) Dreams directly express hidden wishes.
C) Dreams are an expression of unconscious desires and conflicts.
D) Dreams are nothing more than random neural impulses.

Question 71

In addition to the idea that dreams are windows to our unconscious desires, Freud's psychoanalytic theory also stated which of the following?

A) Dreams express conscious desires and conflicts disguised as dream symbols.
B) Dreams are trivial "day residue" carryovers from ordinary waking events.
C) Dreams have sexual meanings.
D) Dreams have a single, unambiguous meaning.

Question 72

According to the activation-synthesis hypothesis, what is activated during REM sleep?

A) frontal areas of the cortex
B) lucid dreaming, where the dreamer is fully aware that he or she is dreaming
C) circuits of the brain that arouse more sophisticated brain areas
D) primitive sexual and aggressive impulses

Question 73

Which approach to dreaming states that the cortex of the brain organizes brain activity into stories and visual images?

A) psychoanalytic theory
B) activation-synthesis hypothesis
C) self-hypnosis
D) wish fulfillment

Question 74

During the 1700s, which individual believed he could cure diseases with magnets, using the power of suggestion?

A) James Braid
B) Franz Mesmer
C) Sigmund Freud
D) Stanley Hall

Question 75

Hypnotized subjects will carry out certain actions they might otherwise be reluctant to do. What do we call this key element in hypnosis?

A) subliminal suggestion
B) basic suggestion
C) trance state
D) lucid dreaming

Question 76

Which of the following would a stage hypnotist likely do to get subjects to do strange things while under hypnosis?

A) make use of tired subjects
B) use volunteers who are uninhibited and willing to participate
C) randomly select subjects to participate
D) be as honest as possible

Question 77

Which test can assess hypnotic openness?

A) Stanford-Binet Assessment Scale
B) Shipley's Hypnotic Assessment Scale
C) Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale
D) Raven's Progressive Hypnotic Scale

Question 78

Which of the following most clearly occurs under hypnosis?

A) unusual strength
B) memory enhancement
C) pain relief
D) age regression

Question 79

Which of the following changes can be produced through hypnosis?

A) temporary moments of superhuman strength
B) weight loss
C) physical changes
D) brief memory loss

Question 80

Which of the following is a mental exercise used to alter consciousness?

A) hypnosis
B) dissociation
C) meditation
D) mantra