Deck 4: Physical Development in Infants and Toddlers

Question 1

Jess is 6 months into her first pregnancy. What change did she make to improve her strength and stamina?

A) enrolled in baby exercise classes
B) started going to the gym 2 or 3 times per week
C) modified her diet
D) decorated the baby's area with bright colors

Answer 1

started going to the gym 2 or 3 times per week

Question 2

In the United States, what percentage of infants is born earlier than 32 weeks of gestation?

A) less than 1%
B) 2%
C) 5%
D) more than 10%

Answer 2

2%

Question 3

At birth, the average newborn weighs

A) 6 pounds.
B) 7½ pounds.
C) 8 pounds.
D) 9½ pounds.

Answer 3

7½ pounds.

Question 4

Sammy is born at 35 weeks gestation. Which of the following terms best characterizes his birth?

A) preterm birth
B) premature birth
C) full-term
D) incomplete term

Question 5

Although the United States ranks first in the world in health technology, it ranks _____ among industrialized countries in the rate of low-birth-weight births.

A) fifth
B) twelfth
C) seventeenth
D) twenty-first

Question 6

The incidence of preterm births in the United States is now at _____.

A) 10%
B) 12%
C) 14%
D) 16%

Question 7

Practicing reflexes in an exercise class for infants speeds the emergence of motor skills

A) slightly.
B) somewhat.
C) significantly.
D) tremendously.

Question 8

Motor skills will develop well if typical sources of stimulation are on hand. Which of these types of stimulation will develop motor skills?

A) impartial caregivers
B) a safe, flat environment
C) an environment with familiar objects
D) objects to manipulate

Question 9

Which baby is considered full term?

A) the baby born at 35 weeks gestation
B) the baby born at 36 weeks gestation
C) the baby born at 36 weeks and 6 days gestation
D) the baby born within 2 weeks of the expected due date

Question 10

Infants who have experienced intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) are below the ____ percentile of birth weight for gestational age.

A) fifth
B) tenth
C) fifteenth
D) twentieth

Question 11

Newborns who weigh less than 31/2 pounds at birth are best classified as being

A) a preterm birth.
B) at average birth weight.
C) at low birth weight.
D) at very low birth weight.

Question 12

One possible factor in small for gestational age is

A) the mother is Hispanic.
B) the mother has high blood pressure.
C) poor prenatal nutrition of the fetus.
D) the baby was conceived just 9 months after the previous baby was born.

Question 13

Small for gestational age babies are

A) less than 31/2 pounds at birth.
B) born before 37 weeks gestation.
C) below the tenth percentile for head circumference.
D) below the tenth percentile of birth weight for their gestational age.

Question 14

Which of the following conditions is the most likely to mean serious health risks for a child?

A) preterm birth
B) low birth weight
C) very low birth weight
D) small for gestational age

Question 15

Premature infants have increased risk of difficulties in respiration. What are the three main respiration problems?

A) regulating sleep, awake, alert cycles
B) anoxia, apnea, and respiratory distress syndrome
C) brain hemorrhage, cerebral palsy, and perceptual difficulties
D) poor sucking ability, circulation, and ambiguous interpersonal signals

Question 16

Infants who experience intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) are sometimes called

A) premature infants.
B) small for gestational age with IUGR.
C) breech babies.
D) small for chronological age with IUGR.

Question 17

Lack of prenatal care consistently correlates with

A) microcephaly.
B) preterm birth and low birth weight.
C) difficult labor and delivery.
D) higher IQ.

Question 18

Which of the following risk factors of premature birth is controllable?

A) maternal age
B) membership in certain ethnic groups
C) genetic background
D) cigarette smoking

Question 19

The country with the lowest infant mortality rates for the selected nations in Figure 4.2 is

A) Mexico.
B) Iceland.
C) Hungary.
D) Spain.

Question 20

The term infant mortality refers to deaths that occur

A) before delivery.
B) before leaving the hospital after delivery.
C) before 1 year of age.
D) between 1 years and 3 years.

Question 21

Which of the following ethnic groups has an infant mortality rate of 13 deaths per 1,000 live births?

A) Caucasians
B) African Americans
C) Asian Americans
D) Native Americans

Question 22

Which of the following factors is related to infant mortality?

A) poor nutrition
B) older mother
C) hospital delivery
D) Caucasian father

Question 23

Which of the following statements about infant mortality in America is TRUE?

A) The rates of infant mortality are roughly the same for Caucasian and Hispanic populations.
B) Hispanic populations have the highest rate of infant mortality.
C) The African American population has an infant mortality rate that is three times the national average.
D) The national average rate for infant mortality is 10 deaths per 1,000 live births.

Question 24

One cause of prematurity is the HELLP syndrome. The symptoms of the HELLP syndrome are

A) hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low blood platelets.
B) elevated liver enzymes, low blood platelets, and pulse rate.
C) headache, energy loss and low pulse rate.
D) hemolysis, energy loss, and low blood platelets.

Question 25

The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (2011) reported that the United States ranked ________ for overall infant mortality rates.

A) above Poland
B) below Japan
C) below Hungary
D) equal with the United Kingdom

Question 26

From 1990 to 2007, the percentage of women receiving prenatal care increased by _________.

A) 2%
B) 4%
C) 8%
D) 6%

Question 27

Which of the following statements best represents the evidence of the cephalocaudal principle in newborns?

A) The head represents one-fourth of a newborn's total length but only one-eighth of an adult's height.
B) Exposure to PCBs in breast milk has been linked to a variety of neurological impairments.
C) Toward the end of the first year of life, infants enjoy finger foods, such as cheese and sliced fruit.
D) Babies who are breastfed are at a lower risk for a variety of infant diseases and illnesses.

Question 28

The _____ and nervous system are the structures that give rise to all our thoughts, emotions, and behavior.

A) heart
B) liver
C) kidneys
D) brain

Question 29

The central nervous system is comprised of

A) the brain.
B) the spinal cord.
C) the brain and the spinal cord.
D) nerve cells that innervate the major organs.

Question 30

Which structure does your text refer to as the "information superhighway" of the body?

A) the cerebellum
B) the brainstem
C) the cerebral cortex
D) the spinal cord

Question 31

The spinal cord

A) allows vast amounts of information to be exchanged between the body and the brain.
B) controls automatic functions and regulates the general level of alertness.
C) controls posture, body orientation, and complex muscle movements.
D) is involved in organizing and planning.

Question 32

Which of the following structures controls breathing and heart rate?

A) the spinal cord
B) the cerebrum
C) the brain stem
D) the cerebellum

Question 33

The cerebellum

A) allows vast amounts of information to be exchanged between the body and the brain.
B) controls automatic functions and regulates the general level of alertness.
C) controls posture, body orientation, and complex muscle movements.
D) is used in higher-order thinking, creativity, and executive functions.

Question 34

What structure is described in your text as the "gray matter" that forms the top portion of the brain?

A) cerebellum
B) cerebral cortex
C) brain stem
D) frontal lobe

Question 35

Which of the following correctly identifies the lobes of the cerebral cortex?

A) frontal, temporal, parietal, occipital
B) spinal cord, brain stem, cerebellum, cerebrum
C) cephalo, caudal, proximo, distal
D) Broca's area, Wernicke's area, motor area, somatosensory area

Question 36

Why is the cerebral cortex folded in so many convolutions?

A) During prenatal development, the neural tube continues to fold over and over on itself, creating a hollow, convoluted structure.
B) The cerebral cortex is very thick, so the folds allow for blood and other fluids to penetrate to the inside of the brain.
C) The many folds allow a greater amount of surface area to fit within the skull.
D) The electrical impulses of the neurons burn away sections of the brain as they start to make their connections, making the brain look like it has folds.

Question 37

The area of the cortex that processes speech input is called

A) the motor area.
B) Wernicke's area.
C) Broca's area.
D) the frontal lobe.

Question 38

Higher-level thinking, problem solving, and creativity occur in

A) the motor area.
B) Wernicke's area.
C) Broca's area.
D) the frontal lobe.

Question 39

Broca's area organizes

A) speech output.
B) speech input.
C) visual input.
D) memory.

Question 40

Communication throughout the nervous system is controlled by

A) neurons.
B) the neural tube.
C) the frontal lobes.
D) the brain stem.

Question 41

The chemical messengers that transmit the impulses from one neuron to another are called

A) dendrites.
B) synapses.
C) neurotransmitters.
D) colostrum.

Question 42

The branchlike structures that receive input from other neurons are called

A) dendrites.
B) synapses.
C) neurotransmitters.
D) colostrum.

Question 43

Shannon is a year old, and she is blind. Her doctors have checked her eyes and have said that the problem is in her brain. Which part of Shannon's brain is probably damaged?

A) the frontal lobe
B) the temporal lobe
C) the parietal lobe
D) the occipital lobe

Question 44

The motor area of the brain is responsible for

A) involuntary muscle movements.
B) voluntary muscle movements.
C) articulation for speech output.
D) processing of speech input.

Question 45

The frontal lobes are responsible for

A) correct posture.
B) problem solving.
C) body orientation.
D) complex muscle movements.

Question 46

________ carry electrical impulses that send messages to other cells.

A) Dendrites
B) Axons
C) The colostrum
D) Neurotransmitters

Question 47

The myelin sheath is responsible for

A) receiving input from other neurons.
B) carrying electrical impulses that send messages to other cells.
C) insulating the axon.
D) releasing the chemical neurotransmitters.

Question 48

The embryo folds over to form the neural tube

A) once it has six layers of neurons.
B) approximately 4 weeks after conception.
C) approximately 10 weeks after conception.
D) right after synaptogenesis is completed.

Question 49

By 20 weeks of gestation, the cerebral cortex has approximately ________ neurons, and this is the approximate number with which infants are born.

A) 80 thousand
B) 80 million
C) 80 billion
D) 80 trillion

Question 50

One form of neuron maturation in which dendrites and axons branch out to form an enormously large number of connections with neighboring neurons is called

A) myelination.
B) organogenesis.
C) synaptogenesis.
D) programmed cell death.

Question 51

The cortex will eventually have _____ layers.

A) 3
B) 4
C) 5
D) 6

Question 52

Myelination is when

A) dendrites and axons branch out and form connections with neighboring neurons.
B) the fatty insulation grows around the axons.
C) many neurons die during periods of migration.
D) specialized cells allow communication in the nervous system.

Question 53

A type of neuron maturation in which the fatty insulation grows around the axon is called

A) myelination.
B) organogenesis.
C) synaptogenesis.
D) programmed cell death.

Question 54

The cerebral cortex is made up of 4 major lobes and _____ other areas of the brain.

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4

Question 55

_____ study the growth and development of the brain and nervous system.

A) Pediatricians
B) Neuroscientists
C) Physical therapists
D) Researchers

Question 56

Which of the following statements about the physical growth of newborns is FALSE?

A) Newborns' weight nearly doubles in the first month.
B) Newborns spend most of their time sleeping.
C) It takes time for newborns to adjust to the process of feeding.
D) It takes time for newborns to adjust to life outside the womb.

Question 57

At birth, the average newborn weighs 7½ pounds. How long does it take for the average newborn to double their birth weight?

A) 3 months
B) 4 months
C) 5 months
D) 7 months

Question 58

If you want to make an educated guess about your child's adult height, at what age is the child at the 50% mark?

A) by 2 years of age
B) by 4 years of age
C) by 8 years of age
D) by 16 years of age

Question 59

During the first month, newborns spend how much time asleep?

A) nearly one-fourth of their time
B) nearly one-third of their time
C) nearly one-half of their time
D) nearly two-thirds of their time

Question 60

Most infants are sleeping through the night by the time they are

A) 3 months old.
B) 6 months old.
C) 9 months old.
D) 12 months old.

Question 61

A child of what age sleeps a total of 12 to 14 hours per day?

A) a newborn infant
B) a six-month old infant
C) a 12-month old infant
D) a toddler

Question 62

Research has indicated that the possible cause for SIDS is

A) co-sleeping.
B) low birth weight.
C) poor prenatal care.
D) The results are controversial.

Question 63

Which of these countries avoids co-sleeping?

A) China
B) Guatemala
C) Sweden
D) United States

Question 64

In the United States, co-sleeping tends to occur more often in families with parents who are

A) upper class.
B) African American.
C) both employed outside the home.
D) Caucasian.

Question 65

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) is defined as the sudden death of _____ in which the death cannot be explained.

A) an infant during the first week of life
B) an infant during the first month of life
C) an infant under 1 year of age
D) a toddler

Question 66

The risk of SIDS increases when infants sleep

A) on a hard mattress.
B) in a cold room.
C) on their bellies.
D) on their backs.

Question 67

SIDS rates are higher for

A) female infants.
B) male infants.
C) Caucasian infants.
D) Hispanic infants.

Question 68

SIDS rates are highest for children of which nationality?

A) Native American
B) Caucasian
C) European
D) Hispanic

Question 69

Most SIDS deaths occur

A) during the first week of life.
B) during the first month of life.
C) between 1 month and 3 months of age.
D) between 3 months and 12 months of age.

Question 70

The American Academy of Pediatrics suggests that infants should

A) sleep on their bellies.
B) co-sleep with one or both parents.
C) co-sleep with one or more siblings.
D) sleep in their own crib placed near to the parents.

Question 71

Before babies are born, neurons proliferate at a tremendous rate, and these cells migrate to their final locations. Which of the following occurs during neuronal migration?

A) programmed cell death
B) organogenesis
C) the creation of cell bodies
D) the formation of the neural tube

Question 72

The process by which many neurons die during periods of migration is called

A) myelination.
B) organogenesis.
C) synaptogenesis.
D) programmed cell death.

Question 73

The _____ is probably one of the last areas in the brain to be completely myelinated.

A) parietal lobe
B) occipital lobe
C) temporal lobe
D) frontal lobe

Question 74

Researchers found that listening to a Mozart sonata improved college students' spatial-reasoning IQ scores by 8 to 9 points for

A) 10 to 15 minutes.
B) 1 hour.
C) 1 day.
D) the rest of the students' lives.

Question 75

The main benefit of initial breastfeeding is to

A) increase the baby's weight after birth.
B) pass antibodies from the mother to the baby.
C) increase the attachment between mother and baby.
D) decrease the milk production for the mother.

Question 76

Which of the following conclusions about infant feeding and nutrition did the American Academy of Pediatrics (2005) make?

A) Infants should not be given breast milk because of its high fat content.
B) Infants should only be fed twice daily to reduce the American obesity problem.
C) Formula is the best form of nutrition, as it contains added nutrients that babies need.
D) Human breast milk provides the best form of nutrition for most infants.

Question 77

The thick yellowish substance in breast milk that contains important antibodies that are passed on to the newborn is called

A) weaning milk.
B) colostrum.
C) organogenesis.
D) synaptogenesis.

Question 78

Which of the following statements about the first few days of breastfeeding is TRUE?

A) After about three days, mothers produce a higher volume of milk.
B) Breast milk is thicker than colostrum.
C) Mothers produce the highest amount of milk on the day of their delivery.
D) Breastfeeding should not begin until after the first week after delivery.

Question 79

Babies who are breastfed are at lower risk for

A) blood clots.
B) diarrhea.
C) jaundice.
D) toothache.

Question 80

One health benefit for the mother who breastfeeds is

A) slower recovery of the uterus.
B) slower return to prepregnancy weight.
C) reduced risks of ovarian and breast cancers.
D) regular ovulation occurs sooner.