Deck 3: Prenatal Development and Birth

Question 1

When one sperm cell unites with one egg cell, this is called

A) ovulation.
B) differentiation.
C) conception.
D) implantation.

Answer 1

conception.

Question 2

During a woman's reproductive years, one egg cell will come to maturity every _____ days.

A) 7
B) 14
C) 21
D) 28

Answer 2

28

Question 3

The release of an ovum from the female ovary is called ________.

A) prenatal development
B) ovulation
C) differentiation
D) zygote

Answer 3

ovulation

Question 4

When more than one ovum is released, _____ twins, triplets, or other multiples can be conceived.

A) dizygotic
B) monozygotic
C) identical
D) maternal

Question 5

A man may ejaculate as many as 500 million sperm cells during intercourse, but only _____will survive the journey into the fallopian tube.

A) one
B) about 50
C) a few hundred
D) at least one million

Question 6

During the early phase of cell division, researchers refer to the organism as ________.

A) an embryo
B) an ovum
C) a fetus
D) a zygote

Question 7

During cell division in a zygote, one cell divides and forms a heart cell and another cell divides and forms a brain cell. Which of the following best describes the process that is taking place?

A) differentiation
B) implantation
C) fertilization
D) ovulation

Question 8

The three major stages of prenatal development are

A) germinal, embryonic, and fetal.
B) ovulation, fertilization, and differentiation.
C) blastocyst, organogenesis, and trophoblast.
D) ovulation, conception, and organogenesis.

Question 9

The ________ stage of prenatal development takes place during the first two weeks after conception.

A) germinal
B) embryonic
C) fetal
D) placental

Question 10

Approximately _____ hours after conception, the fertilized egg cell divides for the first time, resulting in two identical cells.

A) 2
B) 4
C) 8
D) 12

Question 11

The zygote will take _____ to travel through the fallopian tube before reaching the uterus.

A) 1-2 days
B) 3-4 days
C) 5-6 days
D) one week

Question 12

The zygote's outer layer of cells divides rapidly and elongates to form an outer layer called the

A) trophoblast.
B) blastocyst.
C) placenta.
D) amniotic sac.

Question 13

In which stage of prenatal development does implantation occur?

A) germinal
B) embryonic
C) fetal
D) placental

Question 14

The formation of the trophoblast and blastocyst occur during the ________ stage.

A) germinal
B) embryonic
C) fetal
D) placental

Question 15

The trophoblast is the ________ layer of cells of a developing zygote.

A) inner
B) middle
C) outer
D) fetal

Question 16

The blastocyst is the ________ layer of cells of a developing zygote.

A) inner
B) middle
C) outer
D) fetal

Question 17

Which of the following structures differentiates to become the placenta, the umbilical cord, and other support structures for the developing baby?

A) blastocyst
B) chorionic villi
C) trophoblast
D) vernix caseosa

Question 18

The embryonic stage of prenatal development has all of the following milestones EXCEPT

A) implantation.
B) differentiation of the blastocyst.
C) organogenesis.
D) the beginning of brain formation.

Question 19

The zygote embeds itself into the inner lining of the mother's uterus in a process called

A) organogenesis.
B) spontaneous abortion.
C) trophoblast.
D) implantation.

Question 20

The optimal time for implantation is _____ days after conception.

A) 5
B) 9
C) 14
D) 28

Question 21

A zygote is referred to as an embryo after the zygote

A) has its first cell division.
B) implants itself in the uterine lining.
C) has its first cell differentiation.
D) complete organogenesis.

Question 22

Which stage of prenatal development occurs during the third to eighth weeks of pregnancy?

A) germinal
B) embryonic
C) fetal
D) placental

Question 23

Dana is seven weeks pregnant. In which stage of prenatal development is her baby?

A) germinal
B) embryonic
C) fetal
D) placental

Question 24

The outer layer of the cell mass during the embryonic stage, which gives rise to the nervous system, sensory receptors, and outer skin layers, is called the

A) endoderm.
B) mesoderm.
C) ectoderm.
D) trophoblast.

Question 25

The circulatory system and the skeleton are ultimately formed by which embryonic layer of cells?

A) endoderm
B) mesoderm
C) ectoderm
D) trophoblast

Question 26

The endodermic layer eventually becomes the

A) respiratory system.
B) muscles.
C) outer skin layers.
D) brain and spinal cord.

Question 27

The formation of the placenta occurs during which stage of prenatal development?

A) germinal
B) embryonic
C) fetal
D) placental

Question 28

A naturally occurring termination of a pregnancy during the first 20 weeks of gestation is called

A) an induced abortion.
B) a spontaneous abortion.
C) an implantation abortion.
D) a stillbirth.

Question 29

A general estimate is that _____ of all conceptions end in a miscarriage.

A) 5-10%
B) 10-20%
C) 20-30%
D) 30-40%

Question 30

What percentage of miscarriages occur even before women are aware of their pregnancies?

A) 10%
B) 20%
C) 40%
D) 50%

Question 31

The neural tube, which forms the brain and spinal cord, begins to develop during which stage?

A) germinal
B) embryonic
C) fetal
D) implantation

Question 32

The spongy tissue that grows out of the trophoblast layer and into the uterine lining of the mother is called the

A) blastocyst.
B) neural tube.
C) placenta.
D) ectoderm.

Question 33

Which of the following structures connects the placenta and allows materials to be carried to and from the developing organism?

A) teratogen
B) neural tube
C) amniotic fluid
D) umbilical cord

Question 34

The umbilical cord contains

A) two veins and one artery.
B) two arteries and one vein.
C) two veins and two arteries.
D) one vein and three arteries.

Question 35

By _____ the eyes begin to form, the torso continues to form, and the heart tissue begins to "flutter" in a primitive heartbeat.

A) 1 week
B) 2 weeks
C) 4 weeks
D) 8 weeks

Question 36

The first reflexes appear during which of the following prenatal stages of development?

A) germinal
B) embryonic
C) fetal
D) placental

Question 37

The first reflexes to appear are usually the

A) startle and sucking reflexes.
B) Moro and rooting reflexes.
C) rooting and grasping reflexes.
D) grasping and Moro reflexes.

Question 38

During weeks _____, the first arm and leg movements begin, although the mother cannot yet feel them.

A) 1 through 3
B) 4 through 6
C) 7 through 9
D) 9 through 12

Question 39

During weeks _____, the sex organs develop enough that an ultrasound examination can reveal the sex of the fetus.

A) 1 through 3
B) 4 through 6
C) 7 through 9
D) 9 through 12

Question 40

The fetal stage occurs between

A) conception and 2 weeks.
B) 3 weeks and 8 weeks.
C) 9 weeks and birth.
D) the onset of labor and delivery.

Question 41

Betty is a pregnant woman who says that she can feel her baby's movements in utero. In which stage of prenatal development is her baby?

A) germinal
B) embryonic
C) fetal
D) cephalocaudal

Question 42

During weeks _____, the mother begins to feel movements.

A) 13-16
B) 17-20
C) 21-25
D) 25-28

Question 43

During weeks _____ the heartbeat can be heard with a stethoscope.

A) 13-16
B) 17-20
C) 21-25
D) 25-28

Question 44

By week _____, fat begins to form.

A) 6
B) 12
C) 18
D) 24

Question 45

By _____ weeks, the lungs are mature enough to allow successful breathing.

A) 18-20
B) 22-24
C) 24-26
D) 26-28

Question 46

At approximately _____ pounds, the fetus may now be viable if born early.

A) 2
B) 3
C) 4
D) 5

Question 47

During weeks 28 through 40, the fetus typically gains more than _____ pounds.

A) 2
B) 3
C) 4
D) 5

Question 48

At its peak during the fetal stage, the brain produces more than _____ new cells per minute.

A) 2,000
B) 25,000
C) 250,000
D) 2 billion

Question 49

"Cephalo" and "caudal" bear the same relation as

A) head to tail.
B) tail to head.
C) near to away.
D) away to near.

Question 50

In prenatal development, the heart tissue forms before the arms. This pattern of prenatal development is described as

A) cephalocaudal.
B) proximodistal.
C) endodermic.
D) mesodermic.

Question 51

The times when developing structures in the embryo are most prone to damage by environmental events are called

A) organogenesis.
B) teratogens.
C) critical periods.
D) differentiation.

Question 52

The process in organ formation where each major organ and system becomes represented by its own unique cellular tissue is called

A) organogenesis.
B) teratogens.
C) critical periods.
D) differentiation.

Question 53

When organogenesis is complete, the organism is then called

A) a zygote.
B) a germ cell.
C) an embryo.
D) a fetus.

Question 54

As many as _____ of all birth defects are related to environmental factors that threaten the fetus while it is still developing in the mother's womb.

A) one-fourth
B) one-third
C) one-half
D) two-thirds

Question 55

The amniotic fluid buffers the developing child against all of the following EXCEPT

A) temperature changes.
B) infections.
C) loud noises.
D) the mother's sudden movements.

Question 56

Teratology is the study of teratogens, which are

A) substances that might cause birth defects.
B) abnormalities in the child's chromosomes.
C) premature babies.
D) layers of tissues in the developing organism.

Question 57

Which of the following is an example of a teratogen?

A) organic foods
B) the common cold
C) cocaine
D) genetic defect

Question 58

Which of the following terms refers to births that occur before 37 weeks of gestation?

A) premature birth
B) preterm birth
C) low birth weight
D) induced abortion

Question 59

A fetal alcohol syndrome newborn shows which of the following symptoms?

A) blindness
B) cerebral palsy
C) muscle atrophy
D) head and facial malformations

Question 60

In large national surveys, _____ of women of childbearing age report that they drink alcohol.

A) 20%
B) 40%
C) 60%
D) 80%

Question 61

One national survey found that _____ of women report some alcohol use during pregnancy.

A) 3%
B) 12%
C) 15%
D) 20%

Question 62

Women who consumed alcohol during pregnancy had a miscarriage rate that was _____ higher than the rate for nondrinkers.

A) 20%
B) 40%
C) 60%
D) 80%

Question 63

Women who consumed an average of five or more drinks per week during pregnancy had a miscarriage rate that was _____ higher than the rate for nondrinkers.

A) 50%
B) 60%
C) 70%
D) 80%

Question 64

The leading known cause of intellectual disability in the United States is

A) prenatal alcohol exposure.
B) environmental pollution.
C) maternal diseases.
D) cigarette smoking during pregnancy.

Question 65

Chronic alcoholics consume at least _____ drinks per day.

A) 2
B) 4
C) 6
D) 8

Question 66

Binge drinking is the consumption of _____ or more drinks on one occasion, at least once per week.

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 5

Question 67

Drinking as little as _____ alcoholic beverage(s) per week was related to increases in child aggression.

A) 1
B) 2
C) 4
D) 8

Question 68

Researchers reported that it would take _____ night(s) of binge drinking to cause serious brain damage and learning problems in the child.

A) 1
B) 2
C) 4
D) 8

Question 69

As many as _____ fetal brain cells are destroyed each time a mother consumes only one or two alcoholic drinks.

A) 2 million
B) 10 million
C) 20 million
D) 80 million

Question 70

Tight eyelids, flattened midface, short nose, and thin upper lip are all associated with which of the following teratogens?

A) cocaine
B) alcohol
C) lead
D) rubella

Question 71

Which of the following processes is a way in which alcohol can damage a fetus?

A) Alcohol can increase cell division.
B) Alcohol can kill fetal cells.
C) Alcohol can raise IQ.
D) Alcohol can deprive the fetus of oxygen.

Question 72

The range of outcomes resulting from prenatal exposure to alcohol is called _______.

A) fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)
B) fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD)
C) fetal alcohol disorder (FAD)
D) fetal alcohol syndrome and spectrum disorder (FASSD)

Question 73

Researchers believe that as many as ____ out of every 1,000 live births show fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD).

A) 3
B) 6
C) 12
D) 24

Question 74

A child with cerebral palsy, like Justin, cannot

A) feed himself.
B) stand.
C) dress himself.
D) enjoy music.

Question 75

Approximately _____ percent of women admit that they used cocaine during pregnancy.

A) 1
B) 2
C) 4
D) 8

Question 76

________-exposed newborns can show evidence of hemorrhage, lesions, swelling in the brain, and other brain abnormalities.

A) Cocaine
B) Alcohol
C) Marijuana
D) HIV

Question 77

Monica used cocaine while she was pregnant with her baby. Which of the following symptoms would most likely be seen in her newborn?

A) irritability
B) blindness
C) microcephaly
D) jaundice

Question 78

Which of the following statements regarding the effects of cocaine on prenatal development is FALSE?

A) The fetus can experience heart failure, stroke, and brain hemorrhage.
B) Babies can be born with malformations of the intestines and urinary tract.
C) Cocaine affects the functioning of the brain but not its overall size or structure.
D) Babies can display decreased visual attention and difficulty regulating arousal states.

Question 79

Approximately _____ percent of pregnant women report that they smoked cigarettes during their pregnancies.

A) 5
B) 10
C) 16
D) 20

Question 80

Cigarette smoke contains more than _____different harmful chemicals.

A) 1,000
B) 2,000
C) 5,000
D) 7,000