Deck 2: Heredity and the Environment

Question 1

A karyotype is

A) an image of a person's brain while they sleep.
B) the set of cellular processes that include meiosis and mitosis.
C) a picture that includes all of an individual's chromosomes.
D) the entire set of genes that encompass the human species.

Answer 1

a picture that includes all of an individual's chromosomes.

Question 2

Strands of deoxyribonucleic acid molecules that contain the genetic codes are called

A) chromosomes.
B) DNA.
C) RNA.
D) genes.

Answer 2

chromosomes.

Question 3

Chromosomes are strands of ________ molecules.

A) DNA
B) RNA
C) guanine
D) cytosine

Answer 3

DNA

Question 4

Two strands of molecules that twist around each other like a spiral staircase are called

A) a chromosome.
B) DNA.
C) a gene.
D) a genome.

Question 5

The "stairs" of DNA molecules are made of

A) nucleotide bases.
B) adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine.
C) both A and B.
D) neither A nor B.

Question 6

The statement "adenine always pairs with thymine and guanine always pairs with cytosine" refers to the pairing of

A) genes in the single pair of sex chromosomes.
B) nucleotide bases in a DNA molecule.
C) lipid bases in a DNA molecule.
D) phosphate bases in a DNA cell.

Question 7

Which of the following is NOT one of the nucleotide base molecules that form DNA?

A) xanthine
B) thymine
C) guanine
D) cytosine

Question 8

If a strand of nucleotide base pairs follows the sequence of C, T, G, G, A, you know that its complementary sequence on the other strand will be

A) G, T, C, C, G.
B) T, A, G, G, C.
C) T, C, C, A, G.
D) G, A, C, C, T.

Question 9

Research has uncovered that about half of the parents surveyed who had utilized an artificial insemination technique said that they

A) planned to tell their children the truth about how they were conceived.
B) would definitely not disclose information about their child's conception.
C) would use artificial conception techniques again.
D) worried about their children hearing the truth from someone else.

Question 10

When technicians remove the chromosomes from fetal cells that are collected during an amniocentesis, they arrange them by size to form a picture called

A) a karyotype.
B) a genotype.
C) a phenotype.
D) a linotype.

Question 11

________ is a segment of DNA that provides an instruction for a particular structure, function, or trait.

A) A chromosome
B) A genome
C) A gene
D) A cytosine molecule

Question 12

Within the 46 chromosomes in each human cell, there are approximately __________ pairs of nucleotide bases.

A) 1 million
B) 10 million
C) 500 million
D) 3 billion

Question 13

There are approximately _____________ genes aligned along the set of 46 chromosomes in each human cell.

A) 20,000 to 30,000
B) 200 to 300
C) 20 to 30
D) 2 million to 3 million

Question 14

Less than _________ of the base pairs in human DNA provide active instructions.

A) 2%
B) 10%
C) 20%
D) 70%

Question 15

A type of gene that operates in pairs across matched chromosomes is called

A) a chromosome.
B) a genome.
C) an adenine.
D) an allele.

Question 16

An allele is an _____________ of a gene.

A) inactive portion
B) incomplete piece or segment
C) alternative version or instance
D) artificially produced duplicate

Question 17

During __________, the sperm and egg cells join, and chromosomes from the father and mother combine.

A) mitosis
B) fertilization
C) amniocentesis
D) probabilistic epigenesis

Question 18

Research on alternative techniques for conception

A) indicates an increased risk for autism.
B) does not indicate any particular developmental problems.
C) has revealed a delay in language development.
D) suggests higher rates of Down syndrome.

Question 19

There is some research to suggest that parents of children born via ________________ can be somewhat overinvolved in their children's emotional lives.

A) artificial insemination
B) embryo donation
C) cryopreservation
D) in vitro fertilization

Question 20

All of the following are examples of alternative techniques for conception EXCEPT

A) in vitro fertilization.
B) cryopreservation.
C) nucleotide mapping.
D) surrogacy.

Question 21

When sperm are collected from the father and then injected into the mother's reproductive system, this is called

A) artificial insemination.
B) in vitro fertilization.
C) assisted in vivo fertilization.
D) cryopreservation.

Question 22

________ occurs when embryos, that had originally developed in a petri dish, are placed in the mother's uterus for further development.

A) Artificial insemination
B) In vitro fertilization
C) Assisted in vivo fertilization
D) Cryopreservation

Question 23

________ occurs when collected eggs and sperm are injected into the fallopian tube of the mother for fertilization and further development.

A) Artificial insemination
B) In vitro fertilization
C) Assisted in vivo fertilization
D) Cryopreservation

Question 24

The term used to refer to a fertilized egg cell that has begun to divide is

A) an allele.
B) a zygote.
C) a genome.
D) a sex chromosome.

Question 25

After fertilization occurs, cell division takes place according to the process of

A) probabilistic epigenesis.
B) canalization.
C) meiosis.
D) mitosis.

Question 26

Which of the following is the term for cell division that is also known as "copy division"?

A) myelination
B) meiosis
C) mitosis
D) fertilization

Question 27

Which of the following is the first step of mitosis?

A) Duplicated pairs of chromosomes line up along the center of the cell.
B) The DNA unwraps from the chromosome.
C) The DNA material on each chromosome "unzips."
D) The 46 chromosomes duplicate themselves.

Question 28

Which of the following is the term for cell division that is also known as "reduction division"?

A) myelination
B) meiosis
C) mitosis
D) fertilization

Question 29

_____________ ensures that a child receives 23 chromosomes from each parent.

A) Meiosis
B) Crossing over
C) Mitosis
D) Nonshared environment

Question 30

A gamete is

A) a product of mitosis and is essential for healthy cell division.
B) a sex cell containing half the number of chromosomes as a regular cell.
C) a cluster of DNA strands along a specific sex chromosome.
D) a type of sex cell that becomes sperm upon entering the fallopian tube.

Question 31

Sperm and egg cells are formed during

A) fertilization.
B) reproduction.
C) meiosis.
D) mitosis.

Question 32

The process of fertilization creates one cell with

A) 23 chromosomes.
B) 46 chromosomes.
C) 92 chromosomes.
D) It depends on whether or not identical twins will be formed.

Question 33

The process of crossing-over

A) increases the potential for healthy sperm to reach the site of fertilization.
B) ensures variability among the genetic codes of siblings.
C) ensures that characteristics will be transmitted from parents to offspring.
D) decreases the likelihood of mutations, chromosomal abnormalities, and birth defects.

Question 34

The 23rd pair of chromosomes

A) is the last pair.
B) determines whether the offspring will be male or female.
C) is called the sex chromosomes.
D) all of the above

Question 35

An individual whose 23rd pair of chromosomes is XY

A) is a genetic male.
B) has Down syndrome.
C) has Turner syndrome.
D) has Klinefelter syndrome.

Question 36

An individual's sex is determined by

A) the whole genome.
B) the 23rd pair of chromosomes.
C) the amount of adenine in the father's sperm.
D) the number of nucleotide bases.

Question 37

Females can only pass ________ to their eggs.

A) the Y chromosome
B) the X chromosome
C) two X chromosomes
D) no sex chromosomes

Question 38

The sex of the offspring depends on

A) whether the child has 23 or 46 chromosomes on their genome.
B) whether the fertilization results in mitosis or meiosis.
C) whether the mother contributes an X or Y chromosome.
D) whether the father contributes an X or Y chromosome.

Question 39

Which of the following is NOT a disorder discussed in your text as being linked to a certain gene location?

A) fragile X mental retardation
B) hemophilia
C) Huntington's disease
D) fetal alcohol syndrome

Question 40

Alicia and Kenny are fraternal twins. Patty and Penelope are sisters born four years apart. Which of these two pairs of siblings is most similar genetically?

A) Alicia and Kenny, the fraternal twins, are most similar genetically.
B) Patty and Penelope, the sisters, are most similar genetically.
C) The fraternal twins and the sisters are equal in genetic similarity.
D) The degree of similarity cannot be determined without DNA testing.

Question 41

________ are the type of twins formed when one zygote divided to make two zygotes.

A) Monozygotic twins
B) Dizygotic twins
C) both A and B
D) neither A nor B

Question 42

Which of the following factors influences the rates of MZ twinning?

A) ethnicity
B) a history of MZ twins on the mother's side of the family
C) maternal age
D) The rate of MZ twins is virtually the same in all segments of the population.

Question 43

________ are the type of twins formed when two eggs are fertilized by two different sperm cells.

A) Monozygotic twins
B) Dizygotic twins
C) both A and B
D) neither A nor B

Question 44

Which of the following statements regarding dizygotic twins is not TRUE?

A) DZ twins can be different sexes.
B) DZ twins must have different fathers.
C) DZ twins are identical in appearance.
D) none of the above

Question 45

Half-identical twins are also known as

A) fraternal twins.
B) polar body twins.
C) identical twins.
D) nonidentical.

Question 46

Half-identical twins are formed from

A) a single egg that divides before being fertilized.
B) an egg dividing into two immediately after fertilization.
C) two different eggs fertilized by two different sperm.
D) Half-identical twins are a myth.

Question 47

Your new friend, Alex, wants you to meet his twin sister, Alexis. You immediately recognize that Alex is probably a(n)

A) fraternal twin.
B) monozygotic twin.
C) identical twin.
D) MZ twin.

Question 48

Which of the following factors influences the rates of DZ twinning?

A) ethnicity
B) a history of DZ twins on the mother's side of the family
C) maternal age
D) all of the above

Question 49

The most extensively studied behavioral trait is

A) intelligence.
B) spatial reasoning.
C) anxiety.
D) sexual orientation.

Question 50

The purpose of the __________________ is to map the order of every nucleotide base and locate the position of every gene in the human genome.

A) Multinational Genetics Cooperative
B) Worldwide DNA Analysis
C) Human Genome Project
D) Gene Mapping Program

Question 51

One of the long-term goals of the Human Genome Project is to find

A) markers for every disease that can be inherited.
B) the genes that determine personality.
C) how life began on Earth millions of years ago.
D) a safe method for cloning humans.

Question 52

Certain reproductive technologies have made it possible to do which of the following?

A) determine the sexual orientation of fetuses
B) allow parents to select the sex of their children
C) select the healthiest embryos to carry to birth
D) select embryos for optimal height and weight

Question 53

How might the Human Genome Project help in the detection and treatment of specific diseases?

A) It may provide a genetic test to determine if you are predisposed to the disease.
B) It may suggest preventative steps to be taken to avoid developing the disease.
C) It may provide a gene therapy, in which "good" genes replace "diseased" genes.
D) all of the above

Question 54

Which of the following is a moral question that has arisen due to the work of the Human Genome Project?

A) Should certain individuals choose to become parents?
B) Should we selectively abort embryos with tendencies toward specific diseases?
C) Should we selectively abort embryos that will not be intellectually gifted?
D) Should we selectively abort embryos to help slow population growth?

Question 55

Which of the following laws was passed in 2008 to protect the genetic privacy of citizens?

A) Americans with Disabilities Act
B) Family and Medical Leave Act
C) Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act
D) Employment Nondiscrimination Act

Question 56

Which of the following is a potential risk of discrimination based on the results of genetic testing?

A) denying an individual health insurance
B) denying an individual employment
C) being fired or denied a promotion
D) all of the above

Question 57

While applying for a job, Jessica is asked to submit a DNA sample for genetic testing. She should refuse the request because

A) the employer may use the results of the test to deny her employment.
B) genetic information is private.
C) it is a violation of federal law for an employer to request or demand a genetic test.
D) all of the above

Question 58

The relationship between genes in which the dominant allele will govern a particular trait and the recessive allele will be repressed is called the

A) dominant-recessive relationship.
B) dominant-recessive expression.
C) genome.
D) sex-linked relationship.

Question 59

Which of the following statements is true about any corresponding pair of alleles?

A) The two alleles inherited are always the same.
B) The two alleles inherited are always different.
C) The two alleles inherited can be either the same or different.
D) The two alleles inherited are never the same.

Question 60

When one of two parents has a ______________ (e.g., Huntington's disease), there is at least a 50% chance that their offspring will inherit the disease.

A) recessive disease allele
B) dominant disease allele
C) missing chromosome
D) cross-over

Question 61

The gene for Huntington's disease has been identified on

A) the fragile X.
B) the 23rd chromosome pair.
C) chromosome 4.
D) none of the above

Question 62

All of the following traits are dominant traits EXCEPT

A) inability to roll tongue.
B) detached earlobes.
C) dimpled cheeks.
D) arched feet.

Question 63

Joanne's mother has arched feet, and her father has flat feet. Joanne will probably have

A) arched feet.
B) flat feet.
C) large feet.
D) The answer cannot be determined.

Question 64

Both of Madeline's parents have detached earlobes. The chance that she will develop the same trait is between

A) 50% and 100%.
B) 25% and 100%.
C) 75% and 100%.
D) The answer cannot be determined.

Question 65

Which of the following statements about cystic fibrosis (CF) is FALSE?

A) CF affects tissues in the body that produce mucus secretions.
B) People with CF usually experience serious respiratory problems.
C) CF is the most common dominant disease among Caucasians.
D) CF is nearly unknown in Asian populations.

Question 66

Which of the following allele patterns would an individual need to carry in order to express cystic fibrosis, a receive gene disease, where C stands for a dominant allele and c stands for a recessive allele?

A) CC
B) Cc
C) cc
D) none of the above

Question 67

Recessive traits are less common than dominant traits because usually

A) both parents must have the same recessive trait in order for it to be inherited.
B) both parents must either have the recessive trait or be a carrier in order for it to be inherited.
C) recessive genes are more sensitive to the crossing-over process than dominant genes.
D) only fathers are able to pass on recessive genes to their female offspring.

Question 68

When one of two parents is a carrier for a ______________ (e.g., cystic fibrosis), there is a 25% chance that their offspring will inherit the disease.

A) dominant disease allele
B) G x E interaction
C) X-linked trait
D) recessive disease allele

Question 69

Your son comes home from kindergarten talking about a very sick classmate who has "sticky blood that is funny-shaped." You wonder if this classmate might have

A) cystic fibrosis.
B) Huntington's disease.
C) sickle cell disease.
D) trisomy X.

Question 70

Sickle cell disease

A) is a recessive gene disease.
B) is a group of diseases involving defective hemoglobin.
C) can be detected through prenatal genetic testing.
D) all of the above

Question 71

X-linked recessive traits are

A) more common among females than males.
B) more common among males than females.
C) equally common among females and males.
D) none of the above; there is no data correlating X-linked recessive traits and sex.

Question 72

Polygenic traits are traits influenced by

A) dominant genes only.
B) recessive genes only.
C) many different genes.
D) XX and XY genes only.

Question 73

Pleiotropic genes, a specific gene or group of genes, affect

A) only one trait.
B) more than one trait.
C) emotional disposition in individuals.
D) cognitive abilities, causing delayed development.

Question 74

Relative to females, males are much more likely to suffer from classic hemophilia because

A) when males inherit the recessive hemophilia gene on their X chromosomes, their Y chromosomes do not have a corresponding dominant gene to mask the disease.
B) when males inherit the recessive hemophilia gene on their Y chromosomes, their X chromosomes do not have a corresponding dominant gene to mask the disease.
C) only males can inherit the dominant gene responsible for the blood-clotting disease on the larger of their two sex chromosomes.
D) when males inherit the dominant hemophilia gene on their Y chromosomes, it is highly likely that they will also carry the gene on their X chromosome.

Question 75

Fragile X syndrome is caused by

A) the loss of an X chromosome during meiosis.
B) a disease allele on one X chromosome causing the other X chromosome to become weak.
C) the X chromosome (for girls) being weaker than the Y chromosome (for boys).
D) the X chromosome being weakened at the tip.

Question 76

Which of the following is an example of a dominant X-linked trait?

A) color blindness
B) Duchenne muscular dystrophy
C) Vitamin D-resistant rickets
D) classic hemophilia

Question 77

For females, the chances of inheriting a dominant disease allele on the X chromosome are __________ the chances for males.

A) less than
B) twice as likely as
C) equal to
D) half as likely as

Question 78

Which of the following is an example of a recessive X-linked trait?

A) retinitis pigmentosa
B) rickets
C) Rett syndrome
D) fragile X syndrome

Question 79

The number one inherited cause of mental retardation is

A) Down syndrome.
B) Tay-Sachs disease.
C) fragile X syndrome
D) Turner syndrome.

Question 80

Trisomy 21 is another name for

A) Huntington's disease.
B) Tay-Sachs disease.
C) Down syndrome.
D) fragile X mental retardation.