Deck 13: Physical Development in Adolescence

Question 1

One of the most recognized landmarks of adolescent development is _________, the process of physical maturation that leads to the capability to reproduce.

A) menarche
B) gonorrhea
C) puberty
D) androgen

Answer 1

puberty

Question 2

All of the following are secondary sex characteristics EXCEPT

A) body growth.
B) appearance of body hair.
C) changes in the voice.
D) production of sperm and eggs.

Answer 2

production of sperm and eggs.

Question 3

The ____________ include the testicles and ovaries, that is, organs that are needed for reproduction.

A) primary sex characteristics
B) secondary sex characteristics
C) tertiary sex characteristics
D) all of the above

Answer 3

primary sex characteristics

Question 4

Which of the following is an example of maturation of a primary sex characteristic?

A) Victor has begun to develop facial hair.
B) Christine notices new hair in her underarms.
C) Simon's voice is becoming deeper.
D) Jennifer experiences her first menstrual cycle.

Question 5

Alexandro is 14 years old and beginning to experience the physical changes of puberty. He is a little embarrassed because he has rapidly outgrown his clothes, his voice sometimes breaks or cracks, and he has new hair appearing on his chin and face. These features are all

A) secondary sex characteristics.
B) estrogens.
C) gateway drugs.
D) STDs.

Question 6

The HPG axis includes the _________, the pituitary gland, and the gonads.

A) hippocampus
B) hypothalamus
C) human papillomavirus
D) histological factors

Question 7

What are the primary factors responsible for the onset of puberty?

A) sex hormones and brain chemicals
B) sex hormones and genetics
C) brain chemicals and genetics
D) gonads and sex hormones

Question 8

There are two types of sex hormones: male hormones called ________ and female hormones called ________.

A) androgens; estrogens
B) estrogens; androgens
C) testosterone; androgens
D) estradiol; estrogens

Question 9

There is evidence that the protein ________ may play a role in initiating puberty.

A) estradiol
B) testosterone
C) leptin
D) androgen

Question 10

The HPG axis refers to the feedback loop from the hypothalamus to the ________ and the ________ and back to the hypothalamus.

A) pituitary gland; gonads
B) gonads; pituitary gland
C) adrenal gland; gonads
D) pituitary gland; adrenal gland

Question 11

In males, what is the first noticeable change during puberty?

A) muscles become larger
B) testicles increase in size
C) voice deepens
D) sperm production begins

Question 12

Because adrenarche occurs about two years earlier than gonadarche, increased sexual attraction and subtle changes in secondary sex characteristics begin happening much earlier than people think-around ________ years of age in both males and females.

A) 4
B) 5
C) 7
D) 11

Question 13

Sexual maturation for human males typically proceeds in a certain manner. Which of the following typically occurs last (i.e., Stage 5)?

A) Sperm production begins.
B) Hormone production begins.
C) Scrotum becomes darker in color.
D) Growth of facial and chest hair begins.

Question 14

In females, what is the first noticeable change during puberty?

A) Breasts begin to enlarge.
B) Pubic hair appears.
C) Hips enlarge.
D) First menstruation occurs.

Question 15

____________ involves the HPG axis and leads to the development of primary and secondary sex characteristics.

A) Menarche
B) Gonadarche
C) Adrenarche
D) Pubarche

Question 16

_____________ occurs before gonadarche and results in the development of secondary sex characteristics and increased sexual attraction.

A) Adrenarche
B) Delayed phase preference
C) Binge drinking
D) Chlamydia

Question 17

Increased sexual attraction and subtle changes in secondary sex characteristics occur at approximately what age?

A) 7 years
B) 9 years
C) 11 years
D) 13 years

Question 18

What is the average age at menarche in the United States today?

A) 10 years
B) 12 years
C) 14 years
D) 16 years

Question 19

Which ethnic group tends to start menstruation earlier than other ethnicities?

A) Hispanic
B) Asian American
C) non-Hispanic white
D) African American

Question 20

The average age at menarche has ________ since the 1920s.

A) decreased
B) increased slightly
C) increased drastically
D) stayed the same

Question 21

The development of primary sex characteristics (egg maturation and sperm production) are found on which side of the HPG axis?

A) adrenarche
B) gonadarche
C) menarche
D) the adrenal gland

Question 22

What two factors are thought to relate to the secular trend?

A) increased prevalence of eating disorders; access to medicine
B) overall health; access to medicine
C) improved nutrition; increased prevalence of eating disorders
D) improved nutrition; overall health

Question 23

The adolescent growth spurt peaks around age ________ for girls and ________ for boys.

A) 10 years; 14 years
B) 14 years; 12 years
C) 12 years; 14 years
D) 12 years; 10 years

Question 24

Patrick is 16 years old and beginning to experience his first growth spurt as an adolescent. This means he is

A) experiencing late maturation.
B) more popular than most of his peers.
C) at risk for developing substance abuse.
D) more likely to contract an STD.

Question 25

Who is most likely to be going through their peak growth spurt?

A) 14-year-old Margaret
B) 12-year-old Lily
C) 12-year-old Robert
D) 16-year-old Carl

Question 26

Because puberty leads to a number of rapid physical changes, it also may also influence a teen's body image. In particular, _________ tend to add muscle mass and height and become more satisfied with their bodies, while ________ tend to add more fat tissue and become less satisfied with their bodies.

A) boys; girls
B) younger teens; older teens
C) girls; boys
D) older teens; younger teens

Question 27

Which of the following statements is FALSE concerning early-maturing girls?

A) They tend to have older friends.
B) They tend to have a higher incidence of depression.
C) They tend to engage in more delinquent acts.
D) They tend to do well in school.

Question 28

Which of the following statements is FALSE concerning early-maturing boys?

A) They have an advantage in sports.
B) They often affiliate with younger adolescents.
C) They tend to engage in more delinquent acts.
D) They tend to be perceived by others as attractive.

Question 29

It is becoming more and more noticeable to Dierdre's sixth-grade class that she is entering puberty at an earlier age than most of her age mates. Based on research examining early maturation, Dierdre may be likely to

A) have younger friends.
B) feel satisfied with her body.
C) do well in school.
D) have an increased risk for substance abuse.

Question 30

Tomek seems to be gaining muscle and going through puberty at an earlier age than most of the other boys in his sixth-grade class. Based on research examining early maturation, Tomek may be likely to

A) have younger friends.
B) feel hostility and distress.
C) be dissatisfied with his body.
D) have a disadvantage in sports.

Question 31

The process in which fatty deposits in the brain insulate axons is called

A) synaptic pruning.
B) synaptogenesis.
C) myelination.
D) maturation.

Question 32

Which of the following biological changes occurs in the brain during adolescence?

A) synaptogenesis
B) myelination
C) synaptic pruning
D) all of the above

Question 33

As with other aspects of physical development, _________ tend to show decreases in gray matter (due to synaptic pruning) earlier than _________.

A) girls; boys
B) axons; dendrites
C) teens with siblings; teens without siblings
D) androgens; estrogens

Question 34

The processes of myelination, synaptogenesis, and synaptic pruning are especially evident in which area of the brain?

A) occipital lobe
B) amygdala
C) hypothalamus
D) prefrontal cortex

Question 35

Baird and colleagues' (1999) study examining facial expressions and emotions found that

A) adults had more activity in their frontal lobes and adolescents had more activity in their amygdalas.
B) adolescents were just as accurate as adults in identifying emotions.
C) compared to adults, adolescents had more activity in their frontal lobes.
D) adolescents used rational thought when trying to identify emotions.

Question 36

The amygdala is the area of the brain associated with ________, and the frontal lobe is the area of brain associated with ________.

A) language; processing of emotions
B) rational thinking; analysis of sound
C) processing of emotions; rational thinking
D) language; analysis of sound

Question 37

In addition to the prefrontal cortex and amygdala, there is also evidence that new neurons are formed throughout adolescence and into adulthood in areas such as the ___________, which is heavily involved in storing memory of facts and relations between places and events.

A) hypothalamus
B) hippocampus
C) visual cortex
D) parietal lobe

Question 38

During adolescence, changes in the levels of dopamine make adolescents less responsive to rewards. As a result, they may

A) increase their risk-taking behavior as a way to seek more novel and engaging stimuli.
B) improve their ability to concentrate and remember new information.
C) become less influenced by pressure from their peers.
D) increase the number of hours spent sleeping each night.

Question 39

Which of the following brain changes contributes to an increase in impulsive behavior during adolescence?

A) immaturity of the prefrontal cortex
B) weak connections between prefrontal cortex and the limbic system
C) changing neurotransmitter levels
D) all of the above

Question 40

Data from national surveys indicate that nearly ________ of adolescents have had sex by high school graduation.

A) one-third
B) two-thirds
C) one-half
D) one-fourth

Question 41

Which ethnic group is the most likely to engage in sexual intercourse during adolescence?

A) African American
B) Asian
C) Caucasian
D) Hispanic

Question 42

Among 9th through 12th graders,

A) Hispanic students are more likely to engage in sexual intercourse than are African American students.
B) African American students are more likely to engage in sexual intercourse than are Hispanic students.
C) Caucasian students are more likely to engage in sexual intercourse than are African American students.
D) Caucasian students are more likely to engage in sexual intercourse than are Hispanic students.

Question 43

A nationwide survey of male and female high school students by Eaton et al. (2012) found that the percentage of adolescents who report having sex ___________ between 9th and 12th grade.

A) increases from approximately 30% to 60%
B) remains stable at approximately 20%
C) declines from 50% to less than 10%
D) increases or decreases, depending on the gender of the respondent

Question 44

Approximately ________ of 12- to 15-year-olds report that they have engaged in oral sex at least once.

A) 9 to 18%
B) 20 to 30%
C) 40 to 50%
D) 60 to 70%

Question 45

Nora has decided to wait until after she graduates from high school to have her first sexual experience. In particular, she has chosen to be abstinent because of her concerns about STDs, or

A) severe temporary disorders.
B) surface timing delays.
C) sexually transmitted diseases.
D) simplified tactile displacements.

Question 46

The major reasons adolescents report for being sexually active includes all of the following EXCEPT

A) peer pressure.
B) feeling ready.
C) curiosity.
D) everyone does it.

Question 47

The majority of adolescents who abstain from sex report that they abstained because they

A) feared pregnancy.
B) feared their parents.
C) feared they would lose their social reputation.
D) feared sexually transmitted diseases.

Question 48

All of the following are factors related to earlier sexual activity during adolescence EXCEPT

A) higher income.
B) poor impulse control.
C) poor parental monitoring.
D) living in a single-parent home.

Question 49

All of the following are factors related to later sexual activity during adolescence EXCEPT

A) good parental monitoring.
B) higher income.
C) religious affiliation.
D) living in a single-parent home.

Question 50

Who is at the highest risk for having early sexual activity?

A) Mark, who lives with both of his parents and has a close relationship with both
B) Beth, who is involved in a number of church activities
C) Liza, who lives with her single mother and does not do well in school
D) Leon, whose parents express their disapproval of early sexual activity

Question 51

Which of the following parenting practices in Vincenzo's family is associated with the prediction that he is likely to become sexually active later than his peers?

A) lower income
B) poor parental monitoring
C) parental approval of early sexual activity
D) good relationship with parents

Question 52

Teens tend to ________ the incidence of sexual activity among their peers.

A) underestimate
B) overestimate
C) correctly estimate
D) not even worry about

Question 53

In a study of more than 1,000 African American 9- to 12-year-olds, those who believed their peers were not sexually active

A) were less likely to be sexually active themselves.
B) felt increased pressure to be sexually active.
C) wanted to be the first to have a sexual experience.
D) were more likely to experience late maturation.

Question 54

Which of the following statements regarding sexual activity and parental supervision is FALSE?

A) The majority of high school students report the most frequent place they had sex was in their home.
B) Very few high school students report having sex at home after school.
C) Increased parental supervision has been associated with adolescents having a lower incidence of STDs.
D) Increased parental supervision has been associated with adolescents having fewer sexual partners.

Question 55

Who is the most likely to use contraception?

A) 18-year-old Carolyn, who has numerous fights with her parents over curfews, chores etc.
B) 18-year-old Simon, who has spoken to his sexual partner about contraception
C) 15-year-old Alex, who reports being afraid that his parents will find a condom in his room
D) 15-year-old Tiffany, who reports not having sex frequently

Question 56

A recent survey found that ________ of girls younger than 16 years of age did not use any contraception the first time they had sexual intercourse.

A) 5%
B) 25%
C) 45%
D) 75%

Question 57

Surveys indicate that the use of contraception has ____ among 15- to 19-year-olds since 1988.

A) increased
B) decreased
C) stayed the same
D) The survey results are contradictory.

Question 58

While many teens who are sexually active report using contraception at last intercourse, it is difficult to tell

A) from where they are purchasing the contraception.
B) who has taught them to use the contraception.
C) if they switch forms of contraception over time.
D) whether they use contraception consistently and correctly.

Question 59

Since the 1980s, U.S. schools overall have shifted toward the ___________ approach to sex education.

A) parent-centered
B) comprehensive
C) abstinence-only
D) pro-contraceptive

Question 60

In contrast to abstinence-only sex education programs, ___________ programs include discussion of abstinence as well as condom use, birth control, abortion, and disease prevention.

A) comprehensive
B) conservative
C) abstinence-plus
D) religion-based

Question 61

Which of the following statements regarding sex education programs is FALSE?

A) Some people worry that teaching teens about contraception will give the message that premarital sex is acceptable.
B) Boys are more likely than girls to report that they have received formal education about contraception before their first intercourse.
C) Programs that teach about contraception and abstinence have been associated with slight delays in the onset of sexual activity.
D) Abstinence-only programs can only discuss how contraception can fail in preventing STDs or pregnancies.

Question 62

The teenage pregnancy rate has ________ since the 1990s.

A) increased drastically
B) stayed the same
C) decreased
D) increased slightly

Question 63

Which of the following statements regarding adolescent contraceptive use is FALSE?

A) Some teens believe that they do not need contraceptives if they do not have sex frequently.
B) Most teens report that they know where to get contraceptives and that they are easily available.
C) The best predictor of contraceptive use is age-older teens are more likely to use contraception.
D) Some teens do not use contraception because they are afraid that their parents will find out.

Question 64

Many teens perceive themselves as special and invincible. This belief is a _____________ that contributes to poor decision-making and increased risk-taking behavior.

A) personal fable
B) prefrontal cortex fallacy
C) invincibility hypothesis
D) secular trend

Question 65

Harry's seventh-grade sex education teacher showed them a condom last week in class. They spent the class time discussing how often condoms break and listing statistics of the failure rates of different types of contraception. Harry's sex education program is most likely a(n)

A) contraceptive discussion program.
B) abstinence-only program.
C) comprehensive sex education program.
D) dual-issue sex education program.

Question 66

While an early study found that high school students had an average score of 42% on an assessment of sexual knowledge, later studies have found that teens have better knowledge of

A) how to prevent pregnancy.
B) the options available for an unplanned pregnancy.
C) the actual rates of sexual activity among their peers.
D) what STDs are, how they are spread, and how to prevent them.

Question 67

Even though adolescents make up only 25 percent of the population of individuals who are sexually active, they account for ________ of all new cases of STDs each year.

A) 30 percent
B) 50 percent
C) 75 percent
D) 90 percent

Question 68

One recent national study found that __________ teen girls have an STD.

A) one in four
B) two in five
C) one in ten
D) three in twenty

Question 69

Gonorrhea

A) is caused by a virus.
B) is more commonly diagnosed in women than men.
C) is often known as the silent disease because there are no symptoms.
D) can lead to infertility in both men and women.

Question 70

Sixteen-year-old Bill was diagnosed and treated a few months ago for a kidney infection; however, he is still having painful symptoms. Bill may have been misdiagnosed and, in fact, have the sexually transmitted disease called

A) chlamydia.
B) HIV.
C) gonorrhea.
D) HPV.

Question 71

12-year-old Hannah went to the doctor last week. The doctor prescribed antibiotics for Hannah, who most likely has

A) chlamydia.
B) HIV.
C) gonorrhea.
D) pelvic inflammatory disease.

Question 72

Data from CDC surveys of 2011 indicate that 69% of the reported cases of gonorrhea occurred in

A) Hispanics.
B) Asians.
C) African Americans.
D) Caucasians.

Question 73

Women with STDs are also at increased risk of

A) infertility.
B) pelvic inflammatory disease (PID).
C) HIV.
D) HPV.

Question 74

Which of the following statements regarding STDs is FALSE?

A) Chlamydia and gonorrhea can be cured with antibiotics.
B) Rates for most STDs are higher in minority populations.
C) Many STDs have few or no symptoms.
D) We have yet to find a vaccination for any STD.

Question 75

The concentration of HIV in semen is __________ in men who have both gonorrhea and HIV, compared to men who have only HIV.

A) significantly lower
B) up to 10 times higher
C) difficult to measure
D) about the same

Question 76

Each year, almost ____________ U.S. teenage girls become pregnant.

A) 750,000
B) 50,000
C) 2,000,000
D) 120,000

Question 77

What percentage of adolescent girls in the United States will become pregnant at least once before they are 20 years of age?

A) 6%
B) 18%
C) 30%
D) 49%

Question 78

Which of the following countries has the highest teenage pregnancy rate?

A) Japan
B) England
C) Canada
D) United States

Question 79

What is the biggest risk factor for teenage pregnancy?

A) living in poverty
B) decreased religious affiliation
C) having no sex education
D) lower academic achievement

Question 80

Who has the highest risk for becoming pregnant?

A) Olivia, who has aspirations to someday be a surgeon
B) Hannah, whose parents make sure that they know where she is going at all times
C) Elizabeth, who is a virgin at the age of 17
D) Alison, who is living in a very poor neighborhood