Deck 6: Vitamins: Micronutrients With Macro Powers

Question 1

Which of the following statements BEST describes fat-soluble vitamins?

A) carbon containing, essential micronutrients that are insoluble in water
B) non-carbon containing, nonessential macronutrients that are soluble in water
C) carbon containing, essential micronutrients that are soluble in water
D) non-carbon containing, nonessential macronutrients that are not soluble in water

Answer 1

carbon containing, essential micronutrients that are insoluble in water

Question 2

Which of the following is NOT considered an essential nutrient?

A) vitamin A
B) beta-carotene
C) vitamin C
D) vitamin E

Answer 2

beta-carotene

Question 3

Diseases that cause the malabsorption of fat can result in a deficiency of

A) vitamin A
B) vitamin B₆
C) vitamin B₁₂
D) vitamin C

Answer 3

vitamin A

Question 4

Which of the following organs is involved in the synthesis of vitamin D?

A) skin
B) brain
C) stomach
D) heart

Question 5

Which vitamin is known as the "protein vitamin" because of its role in building nonessential amino acids?

A) vitamin A
B) vitamin B₆
C) vitamin B₁₂
D) folate

Question 6

How do adequate intakes of B₆, folate, and B₁₂ help reduce the risks for heart disease and stroke?

A) These B vitamins protect the body's cells from oxidative damage.
B) These B vitamins break down the amino acid homocysteine.
C) These B vitamins scavenge free radicals.
D) These B vitamins promote repeated cell division.

Question 7

Which of the following is caused by a vitamin D deficiency during the adult years, and is characterized by "soft bones" and increased fracture risk?

A) rickets
B) osteomalacia
C) osteoporosis
D) hypocalcemia

Question 8

Which of the following role does the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) play in regulating dietary supplements?

A) The FDA approves supplements before they are allowed to be sold.
B) The FDA sets guidelines on purity, quality, and safety of dietary supplements.
C) The FDA must prove that a supplement is unsafe in order to remove it from the market.
D) The FDA categorizes dietary supplements as drugs and regulates them as such.

Question 9

Which of the following is a good source of vitamin K?

A) green leafy vegetables
B) sunlight
C) fish
D) corn

Question 10

Which of the following diseases has been linked to free radical damage?

A) osteomalacia
B) heart disease
C) rickets
D) kidney disease

Question 11

Megadoses of niacin are used to treat

A) unhealthy blood lipid levels.
B) premenstrual syndrome.
C) cataracts.
D) osteomalacia.

Question 12

Which of the following food preparation methods would cause the greatest loss of vitamin C from broccoli?

A) microwaving
B) boiling
C) steaming
D) stir-frying

Question 13

Which of the following statements does NOT describe vitamin C's role as an antioxidant?

A) Vitamin C defends the lungs from damage caused by ozone and cigarette smoke.
B) Vitamin C reduces the formation of nitrosamines in the stomach.
C) Vitamin C binds to free radicals to keep them from destroying the cell membrane.
D) Vitamin C regenerates vitamin A after it has been oxidized.

Question 14

A recent blood test has revealed that Tess's iron stores are low. Tess should consume which of the following with her iron supplement to increase its absorption?

A) a tablespoon of castor oil
B) a glass of milk
C) a glass of orange juice
D) scrambled eggs

Question 15

Which of the following statements is False regarding thiamin?

A) It plays a critical role in the breakdown of glucose for energy.
B) Rich dietary sources include pork products.
C) It is often toxic when consumed in excess.
D) Deficiency produces the disease beriberi.

Question 16

Beriberi is the deficiency disease associated with

A) folate.
B) niacin.
C) thiamin.
D) riboflavin.

Question 17

Vitamin B₆ supplementation has been shown to result in

A) high cholesterol.
B) hypertension.
C) baldness.
D) nerve damage.

Question 18

Oxidation damages the body's cells by

A) flooding red blood cells with excess oxygen.
B) raising low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels.
C) increasing antioxidant levels.
D) producing free radicals.

Question 19

Which effect of atrophic gastritis can result in vitamin B₁₂ deficiency?

A) rupturing of red blood cells
B) ariboflavinosis
C) cancer of the GI tract
D) low stomach-acid secretions

Question 20

At what stage in the development of cancer does the mutated cell divide repeatedly?

A) initiation
B) promotion
C) progression
D) metastasis

Question 21

Vitamins are essential to the healthy functioning of the body because they

A) store energy.
B) are free radicals.
C) are involved in regulating our body's processes.
D) are never toxic.

Question 22

Which of the following supplements increases the risk of cancer?

A) vitamin B₁₂ for elderly people
B) beta-carotene supplements for people who smoke
C) vitamin D supplements for people with HIV/AIDS
D) vitamin B₆ supplements for women

Question 23

A megadose of a nutrient is a dose that is how many times (or more) greater than the recommended amount?

A) 2
B) 5
C) 9
D) 10

Question 24

The body converts beta-carotene to an active form of vitamin

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D

Question 25

The red, orange, and deep-yellow colors of phytochemical-rich fruits and vegetables are produced by

A) collagen.
B) biotin.
C) provitamins.
D) carotenoids.

Question 26

Vitamin A's maintenance of healthy epithelial tissues is important because these tissues

A) are involved in blood clotting.
B) synthesize collagen.
C) line the respiratory and intestinal tracts.
D) break down bone tissue.

Question 27

Derivatives of vitamin A are used to treat

A) acne.
B) sun sensitivity.
C) birth defects.
D) rickets.

Question 28

The light-sensitive membrane lining the inner eye is known as the

A) retina.
B) pupil.
C) cornea.
D) lens.

Question 29

Which vitamin A-deficiency disorder results in the loss of the ability to see in dim light?

A) color blindness
B) night blindness
C) myopia
D) cataracts

Question 30

Vitamin D plays a critical role in bone health by

A) breaking down homocysteine.
B) acting as a coenzyme for amino acid metabolism.
C) regulating blood calcium levels.
D) playing a role in DNA duplication.

Question 31

The World Health Organization estimates that every year 250,000 to 500,000 children worldwide are vitamin A deficient and develop

A) pellagra.
B) rickets.
C) beriberi.
D) blindness.

Question 32

Phytochemicals are naturally occurring chemicals in plants that

A) slow aging and reduce the risk of certain diseases.
B) cause flushing.
C) can damage the nervous system.
D) strip stable molecules and make them harmful to the body.

Question 33

Pellagra, which often causes a scaly skin rash, results from a severe deficiency in

A) thiamin.
B) niacin.
C) riboflavin.
D) vitamin A

Question 34

Fat-soluble vitamins, such as vitamin A, are stored by the human body.

Question 35

Megadosing of some nutrients, such as vitamins A and D, can be deadly.

Question 36

To prevent deficiencies, water-soluble vitamins need to be consumed on a daily or weekly basis.

Question 37

A deficiency of vitamin K can contribute to the development of osteoporosis.

Question 38

All antioxidants are fat-soluble.

Question 39

Because they are generally fortified, dairy products are good sources of vitamin

Question 40

Deep-frying vegetable oil destroys its vitamin E content.

Question 41

A deficiency of vitamin A is associated with vision disorders.

Question 42

The B-complex vitamins are direct energy sources for the body.

Question 43

Because of the prevalence of atrophic gastritis in infancy, children six months and younger are given periodic injections of B₁₂ to prevent anemia.

Question 44

Diets high in folate and vitamin B₁₂ are associated with elevated blood levels of the amino acid homocysteine.

Question 45

A severe iron deficiency results in a condition called macrocytic anemia.

Question 46

A free radical is a highly unstable atom with an unpaired electron in its outermost shell.

Question 47

Without adequate vitamin C, the body cannot produce collagen.

Question 48

Flavonoids are the type of phytochemicals found in green tea and black tea.

Question 49

Why is folate such an important nutrient for the developing fetus?

Question 50

Name and describe the three primary steps of cancer development.

Question 51

Which individuals would likely benefit from taking a vitamin/mineral supplement? Which individuals could be harmed by taking these supplements?

Question 52

List five lifestyle factors that can be addressed to reduce a person's risk for cancer.

Question 53

Joan asks her doctor if it is safe to take herbal supplements. Which of the following summarizes the advice her health care provider would likely give Joan?

A) Herbs can interact with other medications and cause health problems.
B) Research has shown that herbs are safe for human consumption.
C) Herbs that are labeled "natural" are the only ones that are safe to use.
D) Herbs are strictly regulated by the FDA and are therefore safe to use.

Question 54

It is safe to use an herbal supplement as long as the label indicates that it is certified.

Question 55

Can vitamin C prevent the common cold? Discuss the research that has been done to prove or disprove this question.

Question 56

Belinda lives in Austin, Texas, and spends a good part of her day in her office as a data analyst. Provide a general guideline that can ensure that she gets an adequate amount of vitamin D from sunlight.

Question 57

People living in the northern United States and Canada cannot get an adequate amount of vitamin D from sunlight between mid-October and mid-March.

Question 58

Blueberries are high in antioxidants and phytochemicals.

Question 59

Choose one fruit or vegetable from each of the following groups: blue-purple foods, green foods, white foods, yellow-orange foods, and red foods. Identify the phytochemical of each choice and describe an important health benefit of each group.