Question 1

What strategy can provide an overview of the assets available within a community, as well as the health care settings and services that are available?&#10;A) Reviewing annual reports&#10;B) Visiting a local hospital&#10;C) Interviewing municipal politicians&#10;D) Community mapping

Accepted Answer

Community mapping, or service mapping, means determining what types of services are offered in your community, where, by whom, and what links exist between service providers. Community mapping can be much broader than simply mapping out health care and social services; it may also include mapping out and getting a sense of the community assets (e.g., social support networks) and challenges (gaps or needs, such as poverty levels, infrastructure, housing quality) in a community as well as the types of health care setting and services that are available.

Question 2

Which level of health care is highly specialized and often requires patients to travel once the necessary referrals are in place?&#10;A) Primary health care&#10;B) Secondary health care&#10;C) Tertiary health care&#10;D) Quaternary health care

Accepted Answer

Quaternary health care provides an advanced level of care that is highly specialized and not widely accessible. This care is usually provided by academic and teaching centres and may include experimental medicine, diagnosis, and treatment of rare medical conditions, as well as uncommon surgical procedures.

Question 3

What aspect of the health care system focus in Canada causes it to be challenged by the increasing burden of chronic noncommunicable disease?&#10;A) The health care system is oriented to providing intermittent acute health care.&#10;B) Health care knowledge about noncommunicable diseases is limited.&#10;C) The health care system only addresses noncommunicable disease in a limited way.&#10;D) Service delivery models for treating noncommunicable disease are unavailable.

Accepted Answer

Although much of the burden of disease is now related to noncommunicable diseases-which require ongoing, comprehensive care from a variety of health disciplines-Canada's current health care system, including primary care, is more oriented toward providing intermittent care for acute health issues.

Question 4

Why is primary care considered to be an important element in a primary health care strategy?&#10;A) Primary care is physician-driven care that encourages good health.&#10;B) Primary care comprehensively addresses the determinants of health.&#10;C) Primary care is individual care that exists within the broader system of health promotion and preventative services that influence health.&#10;D) Primary care is the most cost-effective level of care.

Accepted Answer

The role of primary care is to promote health; prevent disease; and identify diagnostic, curative, rehabilitative, supportive, and palliative services required by the patient on a one-to-one basis. Primary care is usually the first point of contact people have with the health care system, where their needs and concerns are initially addressed. Therefore, it is an important service that exists within the larger system of health promotion and preventive services that address the broader factors influencing health.

Question 5

What is the focus of primary health care?&#10;A) Individual care&#10;B) Environment&#10;C) Clinic care&#10;D) Industry influence

Accepted Answer

Primary health care focuses on addressing factors in the environment by promoting health, preventing illness, attending to population health, and encouraging citizen participation.

Question 6

What type of extended health care in Canada is provided through home care to help maintain a positive environment and social support system for patients?&#10;A) Medical and support services&#10;B) Diagnostic services&#10;C) Acute intervention support&#10;D) Physician services

Accepted Answer

Home care services comprise medical and support services (including volunteer providers) that are delivered in the home setting to meet the needs of individuals and their families, so that clients can safely remain in their current environments.

Question 7

What historical health care innovation that has existed since the 1920s continues to be in place or has been expanded in various forms throughout Canada?&#10;A) Nonprofit health care loan centers&#10;B) For-profit health care facilities or clinics&#10;C) Community health clinics or centers&#10;D) Hospital-associated health clinics

Accepted Answer

An innovation ahead of its time, community health clinics have been in existence in Canada since the 1920s as community clinics (Saskatchewan) and local community service centers (Quebec) and were formalized with federal recommendations in the 1972 Hastings Report. These centers provides interprofessional primary care; integrate services and programs in primary care, health promotion, and community well-being; actively address the social determinants of health; and demonstrate a commitment to health equity and social justice.

Question 8

Which of the following represents a type of volunteer health agency that exists in Canada?&#10;A) Community or neighbourhood health associations&#10;B) Family-oriented health organizations&#10;C) Citizen and patient member health organizations&#10;D) Extended hospital auxiliary organizations

Accepted Answer

Voluntary health agencies in Canada are organized by citizens to provide service to others (e.g., to promote health; to prevent illness or disability; to identify, treat, or rehabilitate people who have a disease or disability; and to raise funds for research). Usually these are citizen-member or patient-member organizations that have been organized by patients and their relatives and friends to provide services for themselves and other members of the public.

Question 9

Why has the need for long-term residential care expanded so rapidly in Canada? (Select all that apply.)&#10;A) For-profit entrepreneurship&#10;B) Rising hospital care costs&#10;C) Deinstitutionalization of psychiatric hospitals&#10;D) Aging population with disabilities&#10;E) Fewer family members available for elder care

Accepted Answer

There has been a rapid expansion of long-term care facilities across Canada over the past 30 years. Several factors have played a role in this expansion, including an aging population; more women entering the workforce and therefore being unable to care for their elderly parents; the deinstitutionalization of psychiatric hospitals, causing older clients with dementia or other psychiatric illnesses to end up in general hospitals; and rising hospital care costs.

Question 10

What are the key elements and vision of the Chronic Care Model, which was developed in the late 1990s and is rooted in primary care and prevention? (Select all that apply.)&#10;A) Developing evidence-informed interactions&#10;B) Ensuring an informed, activated patient&#10;C) Re-establishing acute care clinics&#10;D) Ensuring a prepared, proactive practice team&#10;E) Supporting active community response

Accepted Answer

The Chronic Care Model, which is rooted in primary care and prevention, was developed to assist with shifting our health care delivery model to chronic care and making our system more conducive to care for those with multiple and complex chronic noncommunicable diseases. The vision of this model is to create evidence-informed interactions between "an informed, activated patient and a prepared, proactive practice team" (Improving Chronic Illness Care, 2019).

Deck 16: Delivery of Health Care Services