Deck 8: Parole: The Crucial Phase of Reentry

Question 1

A period of conditional supervised release in the community following a prison term is:

A) probation
B) intensive supervised probation
C) parole
D) early release

Answer 1

parole

Question 2

Parole as the result of a parole board decision is called:

A) ^{discretionary parole}
B) intensive parole
C) early release
D) mandatory parole

Answer 2

^{discretionary parole}

Question 3

Parole as the result of determinate sentencing statutes, good-time provision, or emergency releases is called:

A) discretionary parole
B) intensive parole
C) early release
D) mandatory parole

Answer 3

mandatory parole

Question 4

A criminal offender who has been conditionally released from prison to serve the remaining portion of his/her sentence in the community is called a:

A) probationer
B) parolee
C) offender
D) defendant

Question 5

The concept of parole in the United States can be traced back to 1655 colonial America, when colonial authorities were charged with supervising convicted felons who had been transported from:

A) Scotland
B) Ireland
C) England
D) Wales

Question 6

Superintendent of the penal colony on Norfolk Island, Australia:

A) Sir Walter Crofton
B) ^{Alexander Maconochie}
C) Jeremy Bentham
D) Cesare Beccaria

Question 7

The first U.S. correctional institution to implement an extensive parole program was:

A) Attica
B) New Mexico State Penitentiary
C) ^Elmira
D) Sing Sing

Question 8

Which one the following is most true?

A) Once seen as a way to control and reward inmate behavior by granting early release from prison, the use of parole changed in the 1970s and became more of a release valve for burgeoning institutional
Populations.
B) The concept of parole developed in the 19th century to reduce burgeoning prison populations.
C) Parole was initially developed to be a release valve for overcrowded prisons but in the 1970s it became more of a way to keep inmates from being disruptive during their prison stint so they could earn release
More quickly.
D) Throughout its almost 150 year history, the practice of parole has steadfastly been used to reward positive inmate behavior and not to reduce prison populations.

Question 9

Community corrections scholar Joan Petersilia reported that as the 21^st century began, the fastest-
Growing segment of the prison population in America consisted of which offenders?

A) those violating the conditions of their community-based supervision (parole and probation)
B) those who commit new crimes
C) those sex offenders
D) violent offenders

Question 10

The U.S. Supreme Court ruled that if parole is to be revoked, the parolee has the right to preliminary and final hearings to determine if a violation occurred that should result in parole or probation being revoked.

A) ^{Morrissey v. Brewer}
B) Gagnon v. Scarpelli
C) Greenholtz v. Inmates of the Nebraska Penal and Correctional Complex
D) Schmalleger v. Smykla

Question 11

The Court ruled that the due process standards applicable to parole revocations apply also to probation revocation hearings.

A) Morrissey v. Brewer
B) Gagnon v. Scarpelli
C) Greenholtz v. Inmates of the Nebraska Penal and Correctional Complex
D) Schmalleger v. Smykla

Question 12

The U.S. Supreme Court ruled that parole is a privilege, rather than a right, and the full complement of due process rights need not be afforded at parole hearings.

A) Morrissey v. Brewer
B) Gagnon v. Scarpelli
C) Greenholtz v. Inmates of the Nebraska Penal and Correctional Complex
D) Schmalleger v. Smykla

Question 13

Approximately how many inmates are released from prison each day?

A) 500
B) 1,000
C) 1,500
D) 2,000

Question 14

What percent of prisoners are released conditionally from prison to the community?

A) 25 percent
B) 50 percent
C) ^{75 percent}
D) 100 percent

Question 15

In 2008, approximately how many offenders were under parole supervision?

A) 528,000
B) 628,000
C) 728,000
D) 828,000

Question 16

Most parolees are under supervision for which offenses?

A) property offenses
B) violent offenses
C) public order offenses
D) drug offenses

Question 17

The most recent federal data show that what percent of parolees are rearrested within three years?

A) 67.5
B) 62.5
C) 57.5
D) 52.5

Question 18

Consistent with the adoption of truth in sentencing and other mandatory release statutes, which method of parole release is used more often today?

A) discretionary
B) ^mandatory
C) partial
D) conditional

Question 19

Prisoners spent an average of______months behind bars.

A) 37
B) 47
C) ⁵⁷
D) 67

Question 20

What is the process whereby the inmate takes on the norms and values of the prison environment and loses the ability to successfully reintegrate into society after prison?

A) socialization
B) incarceration
C) reintegration
D) prisonization

Question 21

Which one of the following is NOT a reason why some states abolished discretionary parole release?

A) opponents of discretionary parole argued that indeterminate sentencing and discretionary parole failed to achieve offender rehabilitation
B) opponents of discretionary parole argued that it cost too much
C) opponents of discretionary parole argued that parole board decision-making lacked accountability
D) opponents of discretionary parole argued that parole decisions were made without the benefit of a written set of policies and procedures

Question 22

In which system of parole release does the parole board determine when an incarcerated inmate will be released?

A) ^{discretionary}
B) mandatory
C) absolute
D) conditional

Question 23

In which system of parole release dodeterminate sentencing statutes, good-time provision policies, or emergency release procedures determine when an inmate is paroled?

A) discretionary
B) mandatory
C) absolute
D) conditional

Question 24

Parole board decision-making relies primarily on two factors, criminal history and:

A) the prisoner's attitude
B) statement(s) from the victim
C) whether the offense was a crime against person or crime against property
D) institutional behavior

Question 25

According to a national survey of parole board members, which one of the following is one of the least important factors in the decision to grant or deny parole?

A) institutional adjustment
B) insight into the causes of past criminal conduct
C) attitude toward the victim
D) the public's awareness of the case

Question 26

The risk assessment instrument used by the United States Parole Commission is the:

A) prisoner factor score
B) crime factor score
C) salient factor score
D) parole factor score

Question 27

The Salient Factor Score is a risk assessment instrument to estimate the offender's prison sentence and:

A) ^{likelihood of success or failure on parole following his/her release from prison}
B) cost of the offender's prison sentence
C) time to reoffense
D) all of the above

Question 28

The Salient Factor Score is a series of how many static factors?

A) 4
B) ⁶
C) 8
D) 10

Question 29

Which one of the following is NOT a static factor?

A) age at first conviction
B) prior incarceration
C) supervision failures
D) drug use

Question 30

The waiting period between parole hearings depends on the jurisdiction and:

A) the inmate's offense
B) the size of the parole board
C) whether or not the victim can attend
D) the outcome of the previous hearing

Question 31

The formal termination of an offender's freedom in the community is called:

A) parole termination
B) parole revocation
C) parole expungement
D) parole certification

Question 32

In 2008, what percent of the people discharged from parole were re- incarcerated?

A) one-fourth
B) ^one-third
C) one-half
D) two-thirds

Question 33

Parolees are typically rearrested within the first______months of release.

A) 2
B) 4
C) ⁶
D) 8

Question 34

According to the U.S. Department of Justice, approximately what percent of incoming prisoners are admitted for violating parole?

A) one-fourth
B) one-third
C) one-half
D) two-thirds

Question 35

Of the parole violators returned to prison, approximately how many were returned for a new conviction?

A) one-fourth
B) one-third
C) one-half
D) two-thirds

Question 36

Of the parole violators returned to prison, approximately how many were returned for a technical violation?

A) one-fourth
B) one-half
C) ^{three-fourths}
D) two-thirds

Question 37

In which case did the U.S. Supreme Court rule that a parolee's termination of that liberty requires an informal hearing to give assurance that the finding of a parole violation is based on verified facts to support the revocation?

A) Gagnon v. Scarpelli
B) Tennessee v. Garner
C) Miranda v. Gault
D) Morrissey v. Brewer

Question 38

In order to focus its state's limited financial resources on monitoring higher-risk, violent criminals released from prison, California recently launched:

A) revocable parole
B) repeatable parole
C) non-revocable parole
D) non-repeatable parole

Question 39

Revocation of parole is a serious matter for all but which one of the following reasons?

A) the offender might lose his or her freedom to remain in the community
B) revoking someone's parole costs parole agencies a lot of time and money
C) parole is more expensive than incarceration
D) jurisdictions now recognize that revoking even a small percentage of the parole population can have a dramatic effect on the prison population

Question 40

Changing the way offenders reason is referred to as:

A) motivational interviewing
B) transactional analysis
C) cognitive transformation
D) guided group interaction

Question 41

Most parole officers are employees of the:

A) county
B) state
C) city
D) judiciary

Question 42

To manage their large caseloads, parole officers have increasingly tended to:

A) recommend revocation of conditional release when technical violations arise
B) ignore technical violations
C) remove technical conditions form a parolee's contract
D) give each parolee at least three chances before recommending revocation

Question 43

Illiteracy among prison and jail inmates is:

A) one and one-half times that in the overall U.S. adult population
B) twice that in the overall U.S. adult population
C) ^{two and one-half times that in the overall U.S. adult population}
D) three times that in the overall U.S. adult population

Question 44

The annual cost of operating state and federal prisons is approximately:

A) $22 billion
B) $32 billion
C) $42 billion
D) ^{$52 billion}

Question 45

Which one of the following was NOT discussed as an obstacle paroles face when they leave prison?

A) finding suitable housing
B) meeting with their parole officers
C) getting a birth certificate
D) getting a social security card

Question 46

"Ban the box" laws refer to:

A) putting the question "have you ever been convicted" at the end of the application process
B) require parolees to submit their monthly reports in person
C) require parolees, and not the state, to pay for electronic ankle bracelets
Deliminate the requirement that parolees who live in large metropolitan areas where many counties
) intersect (for example, Los Angeles) ask their parole officer for permission every time to enter a neighboring county

Question 47

This innovative inmate reentry program implemented in Chicago to reduce the city's high level of homicide and gun violence uses meetings between offenders with a history of gun violence and federal, state and local law enforcement officials, community representatives, and various service providers. The meetings stress to offenders the consequences of picking up a gun as well as the choices they have to make to ensure they do not reoffend.

A) Comprehensive, Interagency Initiatives
B) Offender Notification Forums
C) Reentry Courts
D) Community-Based Interventions

Question 48

This innovative inmate reentry program implemented in Boston is a partnership among representatives from law enforcement, court and social services. It targets "high impact offenders." The representatives meet monthly with offenders and stress (1) that law enforcement is aware of the offender's past criminal activity and is prepared to act quickly and decisively if the offender resumes those activities upon release, and (2) there are community resources available to aid their transition back into community life. Every inmate is also assigned a mentor.

A) ^{Comprehensive, Interagency Initiatives}
B) Offender Notification Forums
C) Reentry Courts
D) Community-Based Interventions

Question 49

This innovative inmate reentry program manages the return to the community of individuals released from prison, applies graduated sanctions and positive reinforcement, and marshals community resources to support the prisoner's reintegration.

A) Comprehensive, Interagency Initiatives
B) Offender Notification Forums
C) Reentry Courts
D) Community-Based Interventions

Question 50

This innovative inmate reentry program in Maryland connects ex-offenders with men leaving Maryland state prisons and returning to neighborhoods in Baltimore. The program provides pre- and post-release programming, housing assistance, substance abuse treatment, mental health counseling, vocational/ occupational training, and educational services.

A) Comprehensive, Interagency Initiatives
B) Offender Notification Forums
C) Reentry Courts
D) Community-Based Interventions

Question 51

For the past decade the proportion of women on parole has held steady at what percent?

A) 8
B) 10
C) 12
D) 14

Question 52

Probation is a period of conditional supervised release in the community following a prison term and may be either discretionary or mandatory.

Question 53

Mandatory parole applies to persons who entered parole as the result of a parole board decision.

Question 54

Discretionary parole applies to persons whose release from prison was not decided by a parole board but instead by determinate sentencing statutes, good-time provision, or emergency releases.

Question 55

The concept of parole in the United States can be traced back to 1655 colonial America, when colonial authorities were charged with supervising convicted felons who had been transported from England.

Question 56

British Navy Captain Alexander Maconochie was appointed superintendent of the most severe British penal colony on Norfolk Island, Australia.

Question 57

The first U.S. correctional institution to implement an extensive parole program was Attica.

Question 58

Once seen as a way to control and reward inmate behavior by granting early release from prison, the use of parole changed in the 1970s and became more of a release valve for burgeoning prison populations.

Question 59

Community corrections scholar Joan Petersilia reported that as the 21^st century began, the fastest-

Question 60

The U.S. Supreme Court ruled in Morrissey v. Brewer that parole is a privilege, rather than a right, and the full complement of due process rights need not be afforded at parole hearings.

Question 61

The U.S. Supreme Court ruled in Greenholtz v. Inmates of the Nebraska Penal and Correctional Complex that the due process standards applicable to parole revocations apply also to probation revocation hearings.

Question 62

The U.S. Supreme Court ruled in Morrissey v. Brewer that if parole is to be revoked, the parolee has the right to preliminary and final hearings to determine if indeed a violation occurred that should result in parole or probation being revoked.

Question 63

Approximately 1,500 inmates are released from prison each day.

Question 64

The majority of prisoners are released conditionally to the community.

Question 65

Since 2000 the size of the parole population has grown each year.

Question 66

The basic demographics of the parole population in 2008 have not changed considerably since 2000.

Question 67

Most parolees are under supervision for a drug offense.

Question 68

The most recent federal data show that 62.5 percent of parolees are rearrested within three years.

Question 69

Today more parolees received mandatory parole release than discretionary parole release.

Question 70

Prisoners spend less time in prison today than they did two decades ago.

Question 71

Socialization is theprocess whereby inmates take on the norms and values of the prison environment and lose the ability to successfully reintegrate into society after prison.

Question 72

By the end of 2000, 16 states and the federal government abolished mandatory parole release for all offenders.

Question 73

The evidence-based literature has shown that the term of incarceration loses its deterrent effect after a period of time, so continued incarceration is costly with few tangible benefits.

Question 74

In jurisdictions with mandatory parole release, the parole board determines when an incarcerated inmate will be released.

Question 75

In jurisdictions with discretionary parole release, the parole board determines when an incarcerated inmate will be released.

Question 76

Parole board decision-making relies primarily on two factors, criminal history and institutional behavior.

Question 77

The risk assessment instrument used by the United States Parole Commission is the Prisoner Factor Score.

Question 78

The Salient Factor Score is a risk assessment instrument to estimate an offender's prison sentence and likelihood of success or failure on parole following his/her release from prison.

Question 79

The Salient Factor Score is a series of ten static factors based on an objective scale through evidence- based research.

Question 80

Static factors are ones that do not change over time and are known to be related to recidivism.