Deck 2: Legislation, Apprehension, Adjudication, and Corrections: The Four Filters Affecting Community-Based Corrections

Question 1

In______, the U.S. Supreme Court held that California's three strikes law is not cruel and unusual punishment in violation of the Eighth Amendment.

A) Lewis v. United States
B) Lockyer v. Andrade
C) Rummel v. Estelle
D) Marbary v. Lewis

Answer 1

Lockyer v. Andrade

Question 2

Community Corrections began in the 1973 with the passage of the______Community Corrections Act.

A) Kentucky
B) New York
C) Minnesota
D) Georgia

Answer 2

Minnesota

Question 3

An important feature of the Minnesota Community Corrections Act was the formation of
______.

A) local advisory boards.
B) jail diversion agreements.
C) parole agreements.
D) None of the above.

Answer 3

local advisory boards.

Question 4

Evaluation studies in the 1980s of state community corrections acts showed that intensive supervised probation and other alternative sanctions could______.

A) safely supervise otherwise prison-bound offenders at a reduced cost to the state.
B) safely supervise other-wise prison-bound offenders but at an increased cost to the state.
C) not safely supervise other-wise prison-bound offenders but decrease cost to the state.
D) None of the above.

Question 5

In a study by Temple University of the Kansas Community Corrections Act, researchers found that
______.

A) the majority of clients on community corrections were prison-bound offenders.
B) prison crowding problems faced by Kansas would have been far worse without community corrections.
C) community corrections programs saved the state of Kansas money.
D) All of the above.

Question 6

During the______era of criminal justice, new laws were passed on the federal and state levels that increased the number of offenders entering the criminal justice system.

A) prohibition
B) political
C) indeterminate sentencing
D) get tough

Question 7

In the past ten years, the number of reported crimes in the United States has______.

A) increased
B) stayed the same
C) decreased
D) tripled

Question 8

The______violent crime estimates are based on periodic surveys of a random sample of households in the United States.

A) Uniform Crime Report
B) National Crime Victimization Surveys
C) Model Penal Code Report
D) None of the above

Question 9

At year-end 2009, more than______million men and women were under some form of correctional supervision.

A) 7.2
B) 9.2
C) 11.2
D) 13.2

Question 10

Several states like Louisiana, Texas, and Mississippi have revised laws to restore____________that reduces the time served in prison for persons who complete educational programs, treatment programs, and other programs.

A) probation
B) parole
C) ^{good-time credits}
D) truth-in-sentencing

Question 11

The California Community Corrections Performance Incentive Act of 2009 calls for______.

A) enhanced funding to counties that succeed in reducing the rate of adult probationers sent to prison.
B) enhanced funding to counties that succeed in increasing the rate of adult probationers sent to prison.
C) enhanced funding to counties to build new jails to house adult probationers.
D) enhanced funding to counties to build new jails to house juvenile probationers.

Question 12

The goals of the Kansas Risk Reduction Initiative are to increase public safety, reduce the risks posed by probationers on community corrections, and______.

A) increase the use of global positioning systems (GPS).
B) increase the percentage of probationers successfully completing community corrections supervision.
C) decrease the percentage of probationers successfully completing community corrections supervision.
D) decrease the use of global positioning systems (GPS).

Question 13

Public opinion polls consistently report that Americans believe______.

A) crime is on the decrease both across the U.S. and in their local areas.
B) crime is on the increase both across the U.S. and in their local areas.
C) crime has remained the same for the past 5 years.
D) crime has remained the same for the past 10 years.

Question 14

______ is a survey conducted by the U.S. Department of Justice to gauge the prevalence of alcohol and illegal drug use among prior arrestees.

A) Arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring (ADAM)
B) Breathalyzer Acid Recorder (BAR)
C) Uniform Crime Report (UCR)
D) National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS)

Question 15

______ is a term commonly used to refer to convicted persons who are being released from a correctional sanction within the criminal justice system (e.g., parolee).

A) Front End Offenders
B) Back End Offenders
C) Adjudicated Offender
D) Non-Adjudicated Offender

Question 16

______ is a prison sentence with a fixed term of imprisonment that can be reduced by good- time or earned-time credits.

A) Indeterminate Sentencing
B) Determinate Sentencing
C) Truth-in-Sentencing
D) Habitual Criminal Sentencing

Question 17

The______is a statutory text developed by the American Law Institute to assist legislatures in updating and standardizing states' penal law.

A) U.S. Constitution
B) Legislative Brief
C) Model Penal Code
D) Wilkinson Case Reporter

Question 18

In 2008, the most common type of offense for which probationers were under supervision was a
______offense.

A) drug
B) violent
C) domestic violence
D) traffic

Question 19

In Lockyer v. Andrade, the U.S. Supreme Court held that California's three strikes law is not cruel and unusual punishment in violation of the Eighth Amendment.

Question 20

In many jurisdictions, local probation agencies supervise pretrial release individuals in the community.

Question 21

Community Corrections began in the 1980s with the passage of the Georgia Community Corrections Act.

Question 22

Evaluation studies in the 1980s of state community corrections acts showed that intensive supervised probation and other alternative sanctions could safely supervise otherwise prison-bound offenders and at a reduced cost to the state.

Question 23

During the get tough era of criminal justice, new laws were passed on the federal and state levels that increased the number of offenders entering the criminal justice system.

Question 24

The number of reported crimes in the United States has tripled in the past ten years.

Question 25

The National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) violent crime estimates are based on periodic surveys of a random sample of households in the United States.

Question 26

Of the over 7.2 million men and women under some form of correctional control at year-end 2009, most were in state or federal prison and local jails.

Question 27

Although more than twice the offender population is under supervision in the community, only 10 per cent of state funding goes to community-based corrections.

Question 28

The Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1986 created mandatory minimum sentences for drug trafficking and distribution, using the quantity of the drug involved to determine the minimum term of imprisonment.

Question 29

The number of arrests for marijuana, especially possession arrests, has consumed much of the law enforcement effort in the war on drugs.

Question 30

A major contributor to drug usage in the United States is that the cost of drugs has decreased in the past 30 years.

Question 31

According to the U.S. Office of National Drug Control Policy, while the cost of cocaine at the retail level has increased in the past 10 years, the purity of cocaine has decreased.

Question 32

In 2008, the most common type of offense for which probationers were under supervision was a drug offense.

Question 33

Three strikes laws provide longer prison terms for some criminals with repeat felony convictions.

Question 34

Three strikes laws are controversial because the majority call for life sentences without possibility of release for at least 25 years.

Question 35

The tragic deaths of Diane Ballasiotes and Polly Klaas are examples of predatory crimes that caused legislation to abolish parole boards, increase the enforcement of parole conditions, and adopt zero- tolerance policies that send parolees back to prison.

Question 36

In the indeterminate sentencing model common in the United States between 1930-1970, the court could only consider the severity of the crime and the defendant's criminal history.

Question 37

A purpose of the Model Penal Code (MPC) is to assist state legislatures in standardizing penal laws in the United States.

Question 38

Under sentencing guidelines, the court's discretion is limited to a grid of sentencing ranges, absent a valid ground for departure.

Question 39

Truth-in-sentencing (TIS) policies require that a convicted offender serve 100 per cent of the sentence before eligibility for release.

Question 40

One in every 100 adults in America is in jail or prison.

Question 41

The current budget crisis in the U.S. has cause some states to close prisons and release prisoners early.

Question 42

Recent studies in Illinois of public opinion find that the majority of citizens consider prison sentences for nonviolent drug offenders the wrong approach to the problem of addition and crime.

Question 43

Evidence-based practices will have their greatest influence on correctional programs and services if the public better understands the criminal justice system.

Question 44

In______, the U.S. Supreme Court held that California's three strikes law is not cruel and unusual punishment in violation of the Eighth Amendment.

Question 45

During the______of criminal justice, new laws were passed on the federal and state levels that increased the number of offenders entering the criminal justice system.

Question 46

The number of reported crimes in the United States has______in the past ten years.

Question 47

The______violent crime estimates are based on periodic surveys of a random sample of households in the United States.

Question 48

Although more than twice the offender population is under supervision in the community, only___________ per cent of state funding goes to community-based corrections.

Question 49

The number of arrests for______, especially possession arrests, has consumed much of the law enforcement effort in the war on drugs.

Question 50

A major contributor to drug usage in the United States is that the cost of drugs has______in the past 30 years.

Question 51

In 2008, the most common type of offense for which probationers were under supervision was a___________ offense.

Question 52

A purpose of the______is to assist state legislatures in standardizing penal laws in the United States.

Question 53

______ policies require that a convicted offender serve 85 per cent of the sentence before eligibility for release.

Question 54

One in every______adults in America is in jail or prison.

Question 55

Community Corrections began in the 1973 with the passage of the______Community Corrections Act.

Question 56

______ is a term commonly used to refer to persons entering a correctional sanction within the criminal justice system (e.g., probationer).

Question 57

______ is a survey conducted by the U.S. Department of Justice to gauge the prevalence of alcohol and illegal drug use among prior arrestees.

Question 58

Under______the court's discretion is limited to a grid of sentencing ranges absent a valid ground for departure.

Question 59

In 2007, an estimated 626 metric tons of cocaine entered the United States from______.

Question 60

Leandro Andrade was charged with two felony counts of petty theft with a prior conviction after he stole approximately $150 worth of______from K-Marts located in two cities in California. videotapes