Deck 6: Social and Personality Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood

Question 1

What did Harlow's research with baby monkeys reveal?

A) The infant's relationship with it's mother is based on nursing.
B) The infant monkey preferred the cloth mother to the wire mother.
C) That Freud's ideas about maternal attachment were correct.
D) That Erikson's ideas about trust vs. mistrust were incorrect.

Answer 1

The infant monkey preferred the cloth mother to the wire mother.

Question 2

Which researcher believed in the psychoanalytic perspective?

A) Freud
B) Piaget
C) Vygotsky
D) Bronfenbrenner

Answer 2

Freud

Question 3

Which of the following ideas does the ethological perspective propose?

A) Infants are predisposed by evolution to form emotional bonds to caregivers.
B) Infants learn through reinforcement to bond with caregivers.
C) Infants are conditioned to elicit attachment behaviors from birth onward.
D) Infants develop attachment behaviors over the first year of life.

Answer 3

Infants are predisposed by evolution to form emotional bonds to caregivers.

Question 4

Ethologists believe that an infant has a sensitive period during which it is optimal to develop an attachment relationship with caregivers. What is this sensitive period?

A) ages birth to five years
B) ages birth to six months
C) ages birth to one year
D) ages birth to two years

Question 5

Which ethologist believed that infants form internal models of their relationships with parents and other caregivers that form the basis for future relationships?

A) Freud
B) Skinner
C) Bowlby
D) Piaget

Question 6

According to Bowlby, a child forms an internal model that becomes elaborated and better established by what age?

A) 2 years
B) 1 year
C) 9 months
D) 5 years

Question 7

What is attachment?

A) The emotional bond between parents and infants, from which infants derive security.
B) The same as synchrony
C) It is developed during the first few hours after birth.
D) It is the relationship formed between an infant and its biological mother.

Question 8

Which of the following is a necessary condition for forming a secure attachment between an infant and his/her mother?

A) Physical contact immediately after birth
B) The development of synchrony between infant and mother
C) Having the infant stay with the mother following birth rather than going to a hospital nursery
D) Having the mother do most of the caregiving the first few weeks following the birth

Question 9

When compared with mothers, how do fathers interact with their infants, once they are about a month old and older?

A) Fathers tend to look at the infant's less
B) Fathers take on more of a caregiver role than a playmate role
C) Fathers smile more at infants
D) Fathers are more physical and playful

Question 10

Mothers and fathers interact in similar ways to their infants during which time period in the infant's life?

A) The first few weeks
B) The first six months
C) The first year
D) Until the preschool years

Question 11

By what age do infants show distinct patterns of responding to mothers and fathers?

A) At birth
B) By 6 months
C) By 9 months
D) By one year

Question 12

What is indicated when babies interact differently with mothers and fathers?

A) That infants show a distinct closeness with mothers over fathers
B) That they are reflecting the differences that they see in each parent's interactions with them
C) That fathers are less nurturing than mothers
D) That attachment with fathers develops later than with mothers

Question 13

What must an infant be able to do in order to develop attachments with her parents and others?

A) Develop object permanence
B) Develop a sense of self
C) Be able to bond to her caregiver
D) Be able to distinguish between her parents and other people

Question 14

What types of attachment behaviors does the infant demonstrate during Phase 1: Nonfocused orienting and signaling?

A) Smiles and coos only for their primary caregiver
B) Demonstrate proximity-seeking behaviors towards caregivers
C) Demonstrate attachment behaviors such as smiling and crying similarly towards everyone
D) Form an internal working model of attachment

Question 15

During which phase of attachment does the infant begin to focus his attachment behaviors on the select few with whom he spends the most time with?

A) Phase 1: Nonfocused orienting and signaling
B) Phase 2: Focus on one or more figures
C) Phase 4: Internal model
D) Phase 3: Secure base behavior

Question 16

During which phase of attachment will a child seek out a familiar caregiver during times of stress or need?

A) Phase 1: Nonfocused orienting and signaling
B) Phase 2: Focus on one or more figures
C) Phase 3: Secure base behavior
D) Phase 4: Internal model

Question 17

During which phase does true attachment emerge?

A) Phase 1: Nonfocused orienting and signaling
B) Phase 2: Focus on one or more figures
C) Phase 3: Secure base behavior
D) Phase 4: Internal model

Question 18

By which age has a child fully developed a working model of template of attachment that gets placed on future relationships?

A) 1 year
B) 2 years
C) 3 years
D) Adolescence

Question 19

Based on Bowlby's phases of attachment, when does attachment begin?

A) Birth-3 months
B) 3-6 months
C) 6-24 months
D) 24 months-4 years

Question 20

What is the internal model of attachment that children around age two develop?

A) The ability to visualize their primary caregiver even when they are not present
B) The ability to understand that their caregiver is not gone forever if they are out of sight
C) The formation of a template or model of how to form future relationships with others based on early attachment relationships
D) The need for attachments in order for humans to survive and thrive

Question 21

In what order does attachment develop?

A) Secure base behavior, nonfocused orienting and signaling, focus on one or more figures, internal model
B) Nonfocused orienting and signaling, focus on one or more figures, internal model, secure base behavior
C) Nonfocused orienting and signaling, focus on one or more figures, secure base behavior, internal model
D) Internal model, focus on one or more figures, nonfocused orienting and signaling, secure base behavior

Question 22

Stranger anxiety and separation anxiety appear in which phase of attachment?

A) Phase 1: Nonfocused orienting and signaling
B) Phase 2: Focus on one or more figures
C) Phase 3: Secure base behavior
D) Phase 4: Internal model

Question 23

Which behaviors appear once the child has developed a clear attachment in phase 3?

A) Stranger anxiety and separation anxiety
B) Social referencing and object permanence
C) Secure base behavior and social referencing
D) Crying and clinging

Question 24

Where have both separation anxiety and stranger anxiety been observed?

A) Only in children who attend day care before age two
B) Only in children in the United States
C) Only with children reared by stay at home parents
D) In a variety of cultures and care settings

Question 25

One-year-old John clung to his mother and cried the entire time that she talked to her coworker in the mall. What was John demonstrating by his behavior?

A) Separation anxiety
B) Stranger anxiety
C) Social referencing
D) Anxiety disorder

Question 26

When Jenna's father leaves her off at day care every morning she cries for about a half hour.Which attachment behavior is Jenna demonstrating?

A) Stranger anxiety
B) Social referencing
C) Separation anxiety
D) Insecure attachment

Question 27

Abby watches as her mother jumps onto the kitchen chair and screams, pointing to a spider on the floor. What is Abby demonstrating by watching her mother's reaction to new situations?

A) Observer behavior
B) Social referencing
C) Phobia development
D) Parental modeling

Question 28

What can social referencing help a child to do?

A) Be able to socialize better with peers
B) Develop a healthier attachment to parents
C) Regulate their own emotions
D) Be able to separate from their primary caregiver without anxiety

Question 29

If Dad greets a stranger at the front door with enthusiasm, 11-month-old Michael is likely to do the same, demonstrating which attachment behavior?

A) Stranger acceptance
B) Social maturity
C) Synchrony
D) Social referencing

Question 30

Dr. Murphy examines 1-year-old Rosa while she is in her mother's arms. What did Harlow's research show that would cause Dr. Murphy to encourage this rather than placing Rosa on an examining table?

A) Infants always prefer their mothers over strangers.
B) Infants of this age experience separation anxiety if not in physical proximity of their caregivers.
C) Infants derive great comfort from physical contact with their parents and may experience less stress as a result.
D) Parents can help hold infants so that it is easier to examine them.

Question 31

What can the Strange Situation assess in an infant and toddler between the ages of twelve and eighteen months?

A) Stranger anxiety
B) Object permanence
C) Social referencing
D) Attachment

Question 32

In which category of attachment does the infant avoid contact with the mother, showing no preference for the parent over other people.

A) Secure attachment
B) Insecure/disorganized attachment
C) Insecure/ambivalent attachment
D) Insecure/avoidant attachment

Question 33

Maria is left alone by her mother in the experiment known as the Strange Situation. She attempts to follow her mother but is blocked by the closed door. She falls to the ground crying and screaming loudly and does not play with any of the toys in the room. When her mother returns, attempting to comfort and soothe her, she pushes her away and continues to cry.
Which style of attachment is Maria demonstrating?

A) Secure attachment-she is clearly demonstrating her attachment to her mother by her continued distress when the mother leaves.
B) Insecure avoidant attachment-she is showing that she avoids the mother upon her return and will not accept comfort from her.
C) Insecure ambivalent attachment-she is both distressed when her mother leaves and angry at her for leaving as shown in her refusal to be comforted by her upon her return.
D) Insecure disorganized attachment-she has feelings of both loss when her mother leaves and feelings of anger when her mother returns.

Question 34

When Emerson is left off at day care every morning he cries for a very long time for his mother. This distress at separation has proven to his day care teachers that Emerson has which form of attachment?

A) Secure attachment
B) Insecure/avoidant attachment
C) Insecure disorganized attachment
D) Attachment cannot be assessed accurately based on a child crying at separation

Question 35

What has been the most common pattern of attachment in the many different countries where the Strange Situation has been conducted?

A) Secure attachment
B) Insecure/avoidant attachment
C) Insecure/ambivalent attachment
D) Insecure/disorganized attachment

Question 36

By what age does attachment become more a property of the child rather than of the individuals he relates to, and thus more resistant to change?

A) 6 months
B) 1 year
C) 3 years
D) Ages 4 to 5 years

Question 37

What is the most important parenting characteristic in establishing a secure attachment with a child?

A) Marital status
B) Consistent discipline
C) High socioeconomic status
D) Emotional responsiveness

Question 38

What is a common characteristic in all types of insecure attachment?

A) Maternal substance abuse
B) Caregiver sensitivity
C) Low levels of parental responsiveness
D) Inconsistent responsiveness

Question 39

Under which circumstance is a child likely to show a disorganized/disoriented pattern of attachment?

A) If they are abused
B) Inconsistent responsiveness by the parent
C) Caregiver responsiveness
D) Early rejection of infant

Question 40

Under which circumstance would a child show an ambivalent pattern of attachment?

A) When the parent is inconsistently responding to the child's needs
B) When the child is cared for in both a day care and home environment
C) When the parent is divorced
D) If the mother rejects the child soon after birth

Question 41

Which type of attachment is most common for infants of happily married parents?

A) Avoidant
B) Disorganized
C) Secure
D) Ambivalent

Question 42

Which of the following caregiver characteristics are related to the development of attachment?

A) Socioeconomic status
B) Emotional responsiveness
C) Marital status
D) All of the above

Question 43

What has research shown with regard to mothers with depression and attachment?

A) They always have an avoidant attachment due to their mother's disengagement.
B) Mothers who maintain a synchronistic relationship have infants who develop a secure attachment.
C) Antidepressants interfere with the mother's emotional responsiveness to her infant.
D) Infants are genetically predisposed to imitate the lack of affect that depressed mothers show.

Question 44

What can help mothers with mental illness, such as depression and panic disorder, to improve their attachment with their infants?

A) Training on responsiveness to infants
B) Rooming in immediately after birth
C) Intensive psychotherapy
D) Respite so mothers and infants get a break from one another

Question 45

What is the most common pattern of attachment in all cultures in which attachment was studied?

A) Disorganized
B) Avoidant
C) Ambiguous
D) Secure

Question 46

What have researchers found in terms of attachment behaviors in infants older than 6 months living in cultures where they are cared for by many caregivers?

A) Multiple attachments are formed and the infant does not seek out the mother as a secure base.
B) The infant does not attach to any caregivers.
C) The infant developed a resistant attachment to the mother when she provided care.
D) The infant sought out her mother and preferred her over other caregivers.

Question 47

Which temperament do most infants have?

A) Easy
B) Difficult
C) Slow to warm up
D) Miscellaneous

Question 48

Your preschool child loves birthday parties but often hides behind you if there is an entertainer at the party such as a clown or magician. After awhile though she does come out and participate but she needs to get used to the newness of the situation each time. Which temperamental pattern of responding is your preschooler demonstrating?

A) Easy
B) Slow to warm up
C) Difficult
D) Miscellaneous

Question 49

Your son tends to say no to each new suggestion you make. He rarely tries new things and when he does he complains vehemently that he does not like them. Which temperament is he likely to be?

A) Easy
B) Difficult
C) Slow to warm up
D) Miscellaneous

Question 50

Your kindergarten child loves new things. She bounded out of your car and into her class the first day of school. She makes friends easily and enjoys traveling, even if it means that her schedule changes radically. Which temperament is she likely to be?

A) Easy
B) Difficult
C) Slow to warm up
D) Miscellaneous

Question 51

Children show signs of their temperament even before they are born. What does this indicate about temperament?

A) It is determined in part by genetics
B) It is shaped entirely by environment
C) It is predetermined and cannot be altered
D) It is a function of our prenatal environment

Question 52

What does research prove if it shows that temperament is stable across infancy and later into childhood?

A) That nurture or experience influences temperament
B) That nature or genetics influences temperament
C) That neither nature or nurture are at play with regard to temperament
D) That temperament develops later in life, usually in adolescence

Question 53

What does the term "goodness-of-fit" refer to?

A) The degree to which an infant's temperament matches his behavior
B) The degree to which an infant's temperament is adaptable to his or her environment and vice versa
C) The degree to which an infant's temperament matches his siblings
D) The degree to which an infant inherits his or her temperament from parents

Question 54

When a child realizes that they are a separate person and exist, despite the fact that others come and go, she has developed which concept?

A) Self esteem
B) Self permanence
C) Subjective self
D) Categorical self

Question 55

By what age has the subjective self fully developed?

A) 36 months
B) 12-18 months
C) 8-12 months
D) 18-24 months

Question 56

The development of the subjective self is linked to which of Piaget's concepts of cognitive development?

A) Object permanence
B) Concrete operational thought
C) Self concept
D) Schemas

Question 57

What other term is often used interchangeably with the objective self?

A) The subjective self
B) The existential self
C) The individual self
D) The categorical self

Question 58

What is the subjective self sometimes called?

A) The categorical self
B) The objective self
C) The existential self
D) The permanent self

Question 59

What is a common development that lets researchers know that a child has developed self awareness by about 18 months of age?

A) They smile back when the caregiver smiles at them
B) They look in a mirror for a long time
C) They refer to themselves by their first name
D) They develop their first friendships

Question 60

What did children do to demonstrate that they had developed an awareness of self in the common experiment where the researcher puts rouge on the baby's nose and then puts the baby in front of a mirror?

A) Stared for extended periods of time
B) Began to cry when looking at their noses
C) Tried to touch the rouge by touching the mirror
D) Touched their own noses while looking into the mirror

Question 61

When does an awareness of self usually appear for the majority of children as demonstrated by their realizing they are seeing themselves when looking into a mirror and when they know their name when shown a photo of themselves?

A) 6-9 months
B) 9-12 months
C) 18-24 months
D) 3-4 years

Question 62

When does the infant begin to develop their emotional self?

A) 2-3 months of age
B) At birth
C) 5-7 months
D) 12 months

Question 63

What are some reasons why it is difficult for researchers to study the effects of non-parental care?

A) Non-parental care is too broad a category encompassing relative and other forms of care.
B) Infants don't always show the effects of non-parental care to researchers.
C) Infants prefer care by a relative such as a grandparent over center based care where staff are strangers.
D) Parental care has always been viewed as the more optimal option.

Question 64

What are the effects of nonparental care on cognitive development?

A) It is beneficial to children from low income families
B) It is beneficial to all children, irregardless of income
C) It is not beneficial to any children under age three
D) It is beneficial to middle and upper income children

Question 65

What have researchers discovered about the stress hormone cortisol as it relates to children cared for at home and those attending day care?

A) Cortisol is released into the blood stream in equal amounts.
B) Children in center base care have increased cortisol levels from morning to afternoon.
C) Children cared for at home have increased cortisol levels when they are with other children as they are less used to such social interactions.
D) Home-reared children have cortisol levels that are high in the morning yet decrease by afternoon.

Question 66

What should the goal be for all children receiving nonparental care to ensure positive outcomes?

A) Children should attend less than 20 hours a week
B) A high quality environment
C) A bright environment with state of the art materials such as computers and toys
D) Staff who are highly trained in infant care

Question 67

Current research on the effects of nonparental care indicates that there are many factors at play, including temperament, gender, parenting, and type of care, which must all be studied in order for research to be conclusive. Given what we know thus far, which elements will most likely be examined closely in future research?

A) The role of nature and nurture
B) Qualifications of staff
C) Day care and parental involvement
D) Quality vs. quantity

Question 68

What is a difference noted between boys and girls with regard to day care and attachment?

A) Girls in nonparental care are more likely to develop insecure attachments to their caregivers.
B) Boys in nonparental care are more likely to develop insecure attachments to their caregivers.
C) Girls in nonparental care have a more difficult time separating from caregivers.
D) Boys in nonparental care have a more difficult time separating from caregivers.

Question 69

What do high quality child care centers have for curriculum?

A) A rigorous daily plan so that children can make cognitive gains
B) A structured plan that is adhered to by all staff daily
C) Academic instruction that helps children to advance their skills
D) A daily plan that includes both structure and free choice times

Question 70

What have researchers found when infants are cared for in high-quality centers?

A) They usually spend less time there.
B) The amount of time they spend in such care is unrelated to their social behavior.
C) The greater the time spent there the more aggressive they are.
D) The more time spent there the greater likelihood that they will be better at sharing.

Question 71

What should parents do for caregiving arrangements if they want their children to develop optimally in cognitive and social domains?

A) Enroll them in center based child care
B) Provide high quality child care arrangements
C) Enlist the help of a relative in the children's home
D) Enroll their children in a family day care

Question 72

What seems obvious after learning about both attachment and nonparental care?

A) Young children in nonparental care could never form a secure attachment with parents.
B) The research on attachment and nonparental care is inconsistent and inconclusive.
C) Children attending nonparental care settings do just as well as those reared at home.
D) Children in nonparental care settings are more advanced socially but less advanced cognitively than their home reared counterparts.

Question 73

A mutual, interlocking pattern of attachment behaviors shared by a parent and child is known as __________ .

Question 74

The emotional bond between parents and infants, from which infants derive security, is called__________ .

Question 75

At birth, and until around 3 months of age, an infant can be held by any number of people considered to be strangers and not appear to be distressed by this lack of unfamiliarity. This stage of attachment is called __________ .

Question 76

Once a child has reached phase 4 in the development of attachment, they have developed a __________ .

Question 77

Amy is having lunch at her friends house. Her son Julian, who is 10-months old is playing in an adjoining room. Periodically, Julian crawls back to Amy and leans on her leg under the table or smiles at her. Then he crawls back to the room where he was playing and resumes his play. This periodic refueling Bowlby called __________ .

Question 78

At age 1 year, Annika cries every morning when his father leaves him off at day care, demonstrating__________ .

Question 79

Jamie's grandmother arrives for a week long visit. Jamie watches his mother slamming pans in the kitchen and appearing angry. Jamie sees his mother's negative emotions displayed when she is around his grandmother and begins to cry when his grandmother picks him up, demonstrating the attachment behavior known as __________ .

Question 80

Parents should try and conceal their own anxiety when bringing their children to the pediatrician for shots because children from around 10 months on use an attachment technique
known as __________ to help them figure out what to do in new situations.