Deck 11: Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood

Question 1

____________is the main activity of children 6 to 12 years of age worldwide.

A) Sports
B) Factory work
C) Identity formation
D) Formal education

Answer 1

Formal education

Question 2

The basic aspects of grammar are mastered by most children by age

A) 3 years old.
B) 6 years old.
C) 9 years old.
D) 11 years old.

Answer 2

6 years old.

Question 3

____________is one idea of grammar children develop in middle childhood.

A) Passive tense
B) Subject-verb-object pattern
C) The construction of plurals
D) Generalization

Answer 3

Passive tense

Question 4

Kevin understands that the sentence "the girl is petting the cat" is the same idea as 'the cat is being petted by the girl." Kevin is at least

A) 2 years old.
B) 4 years old.
C) 6 years old.
D) 8 years old.

Question 5

Children who are younger than middle childhood find passive tense construction difficult because it violates the

A) subject-verb-object pattern.
B) rules of grammar.
C) manner in which most teachers speak.
D) usual pronunciation patterns.

Question 6

____________is the ability to self correct and reflect on the rules of grammar of one's primary language.

A) Metacognition
B) Metalinguistics
C) Subject-verb-object pattern
D) Vocabulary skill

Question 7

Which one of the following is an example of metalinguistic ability?

A) Karen states "I goed to the park yesterday."
B) Reeta states "Please put my shoes on my feets."
C) Blair states "I catched, I mean caught, a fish yesterday."
D) Leeann states "I hit ball far."

Question 8

Children's conversational fluency approaches that of most adults by

A) 4 years old.
B) 6 years old.
C) 9 years old.
D) 12 years old.

Question 9

According to Anglin (1993), middle school children add approximately ____________new words to their vocabulary on a yearly basis.

A) 100 - 200
B) 500 - 1,000
C) 1,000 - 5,000
D) 5,000 - 10,000

Question 10

According to Anglin (1995), the increases in the vocabulary of children between third and fifth Grades are primarily due to gains in____________words

A) short
B) concrete
C) derived
D) adjectives

Question 11

Greta understands that "careful" and "carefully" are similar in meaning but are members of different grammatical categories. According to Anglin (1995), Greta is most likely at least

A) 3 years old.
B) 6 years old.
C) 9 years old.
D) 12 years old.

Question 12

John is 10 years old. John is most probably in Piaget's ____________stage.

A) sensorimotor
B) preoperational
C) concrete operational
D) formal operational

Question 13

Jamal counts the number of cookies on the table. He tells his dad that there are seven. His dad then puts the cookies in a heap and asks Jamal how many there are now. Jamal immediately answers seven. Jamal is most likely in Piaget's____________ stage.

A) logical
B) concrete operational
C) figurative
D) formal operational

Question 14

Preoperational thought is to ____________as concrete operational thought is____________

A) descriptive; logical.
B) figurative; descriptive.
C) logical; descriptive.
D) logical; figurative.

Question 15

Ten-year-old Doug's aunt poured some soda for him into a tall thin glass. Doug complained and said that she was giving him a small amount of soda. His aunt mentioned how high the level of the soda was. Doug agreed but then he said that the width of the glass was so small that it decreased the amount of the height. Which one of the following mental processes is Doug demonstrating?

A) Figurative thought
B) Reversibility
C) Inductive reasoning
D) Decentration

Question 16

Liam knows that the amount of water is the same both before and after it is frozen into ice cubes. Liam is demonstrating which one of the following mental processes?

A) Reversibility
B) Decentration
C) Transformational thought
D) Deductive reasoning

Question 17

Piaget hypothesized that ____________is essential in the ability to understand hierarchical relationships.

A) decentration
B) figurative thinking
C) descriptive thinking
D) reversibility

Question 18

Which one of the following would be a typical fifth-grade science fair project completed by the child without parental supervision?

A) Kinta demonstrated with tennis balls how the earth rotates around the sun.
B) Johann manipulated the amount of fertilizer he gave to two different sets of seeds.
C) Lena changed the amount of sunlight for two different types of plants.
D) Robert varied the amount of pressure in the tires of different bikes.

Question 19

When children employ personal experiences or observations to arrive at a general principle, they are employing which one of the following mental capabilities?

A) Deductive logic
B) Reversibility
C) Decentration
D) Inductive logic

Question 20

Children enter concrete operations earlier if they

A) have plenty of manipulative toys.
B) play with other children.
C) attend school.
D) have parents who push them to do so.

Question 21

Antonio is 7 years old. He can correctly complete the conservation of number task. However, he fails at the conservation of volume task. According to Piaget, which one of the following is descriptive of Antonio's cognitive capabilities?

A) Class inclusion
B) Reversibility
C) Deductive logic
D) Horizontal décalage

Question 22

Terri, who is 8 years old, states that a collie is a dog and that a dog is an animal. According to Piaget, which one of the following cognitive processes is Terri demonstrating?

A) Class inclusion
B) Deductive logic
C) Reversibility
D) Decentration

Question 23

Longitudinal research by Tomlinson-Keasey (1979) indicates that children first develop conservation of mass, then weight and lastly volume. These findings are support for which one of the following Piagetian concept?

A) Class inclusion
B) Horizontal décalage
C) Deductive logic
D) Decentration

Question 24

Siegler (1994) disagrees with Piaget's concept of stages. Rather, Siegler suggests that problem- solving occurs in

A) leaps.
B) discontinuous steps.
C) broad categories.
D) sequences.

Question 25

According to Siegler (1994), development of cognitive capabilities within a stage depends on a child's

A) age.
B) stage.
C) zone of proximal development.
D) experience with specific materials.

Question 26

Andrews and Halford (1998) argue that success on Piaget's tasks can be explained by____________, which is the number of aspects that must be considered in solving a particular problem.

A) transitivity
B) deductive logic
C) relational complexity
D) decentration

Question 27

Irene is 9 years old. She completes both transitivity and seriation tasks correctly. According to Andrews and Halford (l998), this performance is reflective of increases in Irene's

A) working memory.
B) decentration capabilities.
C) horizontal décalage.
D) conservation abilities.

Question 28

Charlotte demonstrates that she is able to place 10 children in her class in a line from the shortest to the tallest. This ability is called

A) classification.
B) decentration.
C) transitivity.
D) seriation.

Question 29

Petra states that that she is taller than her younger sister Jenna. However, Jenna, Petra says, is taller than their baby sister Marina who is only 1 year old. Which one of the following cognitive capabilities is Petra demonstrating?

A) Seriation
B) Transitivity
C) Class inclusion
D) Deductive logic

Question 30

____________is the major factor for the increases in memory capabilities and information-processing skills in middle childhood.

A) Age
B) Reversibility
C) Deductive logic
D) Formal schooling

Question 31

________is the skillby which individuals make organized use of short-term Memory.

A) Seriation
B) Reversibility
C) Centration
D) Processing efficiency

Question 32

Kail (1991) reported increases in processing speed between the ages of 6 to 12 for both motor and cognitive tasks. He demonstrated these increases in both the United States and Korea. Which one of the following statements concerning increases in information-processing skills is supported by Kail's findings?

A) Most of cognitive development can be explained by increases in long-term memory.
B) Processing efficiency increases are the basis for cognitive development.
C) Experience is not necessary for age-related increases in memory.
D) There is a limited relationship between memory increases and cognitive development.

Question 33

When asked "Who delivered the Gettysburg Address?" 11-year-old Benito immediately answers "Lincoln." This is an example of

A) centration.
B) reversibility.
C) automaticity.
D) good schooling.

Question 34

Why is automaticity important for cognitive development?

A) Children need to know certain facts quickly.
B) Increases in long-term memory are unrelated to short-term processing speed.
C) Automaticity allows for more short-term memory processing space.
D) Automaticity allows for reversibility abilities.

Question 35

Loretta is 12 years old. She is studying for a geography test. She first reviews her Materials. She then remembers that her teacher said to focus on knowing the maps. Loretta then organizes her studying around that directive. This is an example of which one of the following cognitive processes?

A) Metacognition
B) Spatial perception
C) Reversibility
D) Strategic planning

Question 36

__________are skills for considering which strategies are appropriate for a task and then employing them for effective memory and problem-solving.

A) Deductive processes
B) Transitivities
C) Relational complexities
D) Executive processes

Question 37

Ten-year-old Bob is writing his spelling words ten times each to prepare for the test tomorrow. Which one of the following strategies is Bob employing?

A) Rehearsal
B) Elaboration
C) Systematic Searching
D) Organization

Question 38

Individuals who are experts on a topic demonstrate

A) increased information-processing skills for all tasks.
B) increased information processing skills for that topic.
C) limited processing differences because age is more important than expertise.
D) no differences in processing skills from non-experts.

Question 39

In a classic study, Michelene Chi (1978) found that children who played chess extensively remembered chess board placements better than adults who did not play much chess. These young chess experts had this skill because they

A) had detailed prior knowledge about chess.
B) had improved memory skills.
C) had better overall processing efficiency.
D) were younger and more capable.

Question 40

Flavell (1985) argues that__________ about that topic can occur.

A) reversibility
B) centration
C) memory strategies
D) expertise

Question 41

The main focus of formal school for children in the industrial world is

A) moral education.
B) value education.
C) literacy.
D) math competency.

Question 42

Roberta is attending a school where the teachers begin reading instruction by having the children learn to make sounds that correspond to each particular letter of the alphabet. The school Roberta is attending is employing the__________ method.

A) sight
B) whole-language
C) systematic and explicit phonetics
D) metalinguistics

Question 43

Word decoding must become __________in order for a reader to comprehend the material.

A) simple
B) deductive
C) regular
D) automatic

Question 44

Owen is attending a school where the teachers allow the students to sound-out words on their own. Only meaningful children's literature is provided and no workbooks on phonics are used. What approach is Owen's school using?

A) Whole-language
B) Systematic and explicit phonetics
C) Hooked-on-phonetics
D) Sight

Question 45

Which one of the following reading-instruction methods does research indicate is the best method for most children?

A) Whole-language method
B) Systematic and explicit phonetics
C) Hooked-on-phonetics
D) Balanced approach

Question 46

Han is attending a school where the teachers employ reading instruction techniques based on the cognitive theories of Vygotsky. The children are provided challenging materials and receive assistance from the teacher when needed. What approach is Han's school using?

A) Whole-language method
B) Systematic and explicit phonetics
C) Guided reading sessions
D) Balanced approach

Question 47

Deena is a native of Jamaica. She is now attending public school in the United States for the first time. Deena has been assigned to a class where the instruction is in both Spanish and English. Which one of the following approaches is being employed in Deena's class?

A) Bilingual education
B) Structured immersion
C) English-as-a-second-language program
D) Submersion

Question 48

Bilingual education is instruction in__________ language(s), while submersion is instruction in__________ language(s).

A) many; two
B) two; native
C) two; one
D) native; two

Question 49

Due to logistical and financial concerns, most children in the United States who are not native- English speakers are enrolled in__________ classes.

A) bilingual education
B) structured immersion
C) English-as-a-second-language
D) submersion

Question 50

Which one of the following is the least effective method of teaching English-language learners?

A) Bilingual education
B) Structured immersion
C) English-as-a-second-language
D) Submersion

Question 51

Today most schools districts have students take __________on a regular basis so that individual scores can be compared to published norms.

A) reading tests
B) standardized tests
C) spelling tests
D) teacher-constructed tests

Question 52

All of the children in the fourth grade are taking a standardized reading comprehension test.
Which one of the following types of standardized tests are the students completing?

A) IQ test
B) Achievement test
C) Qualitative test
D) Grade-equivalent test

Question 53

Which one of the following is a major criticism of achievement tests?

A) They only use one type of comparison group.
B) They only measure what has been learned in school.
C) They are highly correlated with IQ tests.
D) The questions are often tricky.

Question 54

According to Gardner, one of the limitations of IQ tests is that they only measure a limited number of mental abilities. Which one of the following types of intelligences proposed by Gardner is not measured by traditional IQ tests?

A) Linguistic
B) Logical/mathematical
C) Spatial
D) Interpersonal

Question 55

Twelve-year-old Stan is a whiz at baseball statistics. However, he consistently performs below average on standardized tests of mathematical abilities. Sternberg would characterize Stan's statistical abilities as __________intelligence.

A) contextual
B) experiential
C) componential
D) formal

Question 56

According to Sternberg, a person's ability to devise strategies that are effective for problem- solving in different situations is the most important aspect of intelligence. Which one of the following is the name for this type of intelligence?

A) Contextual
B) Experiential
C) Componential
D) Formal

Question 57

Which one of the following statements is accurate concerning Goleman's emotional intelligence theory?

A) Research indicates achievement of one's potential is dependent on emotional intelligence.
B) Both Goleman and Gardner agree that emotions are important on IQ tests.
C) Emotional intelligence can predict performance on IQ tests.
D) If children can control their emotions in childhood, their academic achievement is greater in high school.

Question 58

Ms. Jones told her fifth-grade students to write down as many ways they could think of to use a car tire. Which one of the following types of thinking is Ms. Jones requiring of her students?

A) Emotional intelligence
B) Interpersonal intelligence
C) Divergent thinking
D) Inductive thinking

Question 59

Regarding IQ subtest scores, girls score higher on __________while boys score higher on__________

A) numerical reasoning; math computation.
B) math computation; verbal tasks.
C) verbal tasks; math computation.
D) math computation; numerical reasoning.

Question 60

One of the environmental factors related to sex differences in achievement is

A) documented sex differences in brain functioning.
B) lack of ability of girls in math computations.
C) parental and teacher expectations.
D) lack of effort by girls.

Question 61

Sofia is in the sixth grade. Whenever she is given a project as a class assignment, she makes a list of the materials she will need and checks off every step of the process as it is completed.Sofia would be characterized as having a(n)__________

A) analytical
B) relational
C) methodical
D) practical

Question 62

Research indicates that Hispanic American children tend to employ __________styles.

A) analytical
B) relational
C) conceptual
D) formal

Question 63

The dominant American culture emphasizes a(n) __________learning style; while Native Hawaiian children learn more with a(n)__________ style.

A) capitalist; collectivist
B) collectivist; interdependent
C) interdependent; collectivist
D) individualistic; interdependent

Question 64

Teachers in the United States attribute success to__________ while teachers in Asia attribute success to__________

A) hard work; sex differences.
B) innate ability; teacher effort.
C) innate ability; hard work.
D) sex differences; hard work.

Question 65

The__________ program of teaching computational fluency stresses timed worksheets and repetition.

A) Asian
B) Computational success
C) Effective
D) Kumon

Question 66

Children who have been evaluated and found eligible for special services are mandated to have

A) special services every day.
B) 1-1 teaching.
C) an individualized educational plan.
D) assisted devices.

Question 67

__________is the largest category of children with special needs who receive services at school in United States.

A) Dyslexia
B) Learning disability
C) Cerebral palsy
D) Mental retardation

Question 68

Xavier is ten-years old. He is reading at the first-grade level. He hates to read and frequently cries when he is called on. Xavier most likely has which one of the following learning disabilities?

A) Dysgraphia
B) Dementia
C) Reading Disorder
D) Dyslexia

Question 69

Vanesa is 10 years old. Her achievement tests indicate that she is performing at grade level. However, Vanesa does not have voluntary control over her motor movements. Which one of the following developmental disabilities is most likely Vanesa's diagnosis?

A) Learning disability
B) Cerebral palsy
C) Mental retardation
D) Autism

Question 70

Damian is 12 years old. He can read cereal boxes and street signs. He has considerable self-help skills and can travel on the school bus. However, his mathematical skills are limited to counting and simple addition. Damian is most likely functioning at what level of mental retardation?

A) Mild
B) Moderate
C) Severe
D) Profound

Question 71

Children who have __________disorders are the second largest group currently receiving special education services at school in the United States.

A) pervasive developmental
B) mental retardation
C) developmental
D) communication

Question 72

Alex has a fluency speech disorder. This means that Alex probably

A) speaks too loud.
B) has problems decoding word meanings.
C) stutters.
D) adds sounds to words.

Question 73

Lawrence needs assisted visual devices and has been evaluated with an IQ of 60. He is being educated in the regular classroom for the entire day. Which one of the following terms best characterizes his placement?

A) Pull-out program
B) Full-inclusion
C) Self-contained classroom
D) Special education

Question 74

Which one of the following statements is accurate concerning inclusion programs?

A) Any teacher can be successful in implementing an IEP.
B) Classrooms with single teachers appear to be most successful in inclusion programs.
C) Children who have physical, but no cognitive disabilities, appear to benefit most from full- inclusion programs.
D) Having children with a wide array of disabilities in the same class makes for the most effective inclusion programs.

Question 75

Which one of the following statements is correct regarding federal law and special needs students?

A) Schools must provide every service to every special needs student.
B) Teachers who are in special needs classrooms must have a master's degree in special education.
C) Schools must provide for the unique potential of every special needs student.
D) Special needs students must be in inclusive settings.

Question 76

Which one of the following definitions of giftedness is widely accepted by many researchers in developmental science?

A) IQ above 130
B) IQ above 150
C) An exceptional talent
D) A very high IQ or an exceptional talent

Question 77

The longitudinal study conducted by Lewis Terman (1925) of approximately 1,500 children with high IQ scores found

A) children with high IQ scores were frequently ill.
B) high IQ scores in childhood were predictive of success in adulthood.
C) children with high IQ scores generally had few friends.
D) no conclusions could be made based on IQ scores.

Question 78

__________ is the ability to understand and utilize the rules of grammar of one's primary language.

Question 79

Children are in Piaget's __________stage when they are able to demonstrate reversibility and decentration in their thinking processes.

Question 80

__________ is the ability to focus on more than one variable of a problem.