Deck 22: Global Social Change

Question 1

Which of the following terms is used to refer to variations over time in the ecological ordering of populations and communities, in patterns of roles and social interactions, in the structure and functioning of institutions, and in the cultures of societies?

A) evolution
B) modernization
C) revolution
D) social change

Answer 1

social change

Question 2

Social change by definition involves all of the following EXCEPT:

A) replacement of political leadership through elections
B) variations in the cultures of societies
C) variations in the ecological ordering of populations and communities
D) variations in the functioning of institutions

Answer 2

replacement of political leadership through elections

Question 3

Pressure for social change that builds within a society is referred to as:

A) endogenous force
B) entropic force
C) exogenous force
D) hypertrophic force

Answer 3

endogenous force

Question 4

Which of the following is an example of an endogenous force for social change?

A) the British domination of India in the nineteenth century
B) the Civil Rights movement
C) the introduction of Christianity in Korea
D) U.S. investment in third world nations

Question 5

All of the following are examples of social change resulting from endogenous forces EXCEPT the:

A) creation of the state of Israel
B) Great Depression
C) legalization of abortion
D) Social Security Act

Question 6

Pressure for social change that is extended from outside a society is referred to as:

A) endogenous force
B) entropic force
C) exogenous force
D) hypertrophic force

Question 7

Which of the following is an example of an exogenous force for social change in the United States?

A) the institutionalization of medical insurance
B) the mass production of the automobile
C) World War II in Europe and Asia
D) U.S. foreign-aid policies

Question 8

Which of the following statements BEST describes the attitude of the people of Ivory Coast toward rapid social change?

A) They accept the decline of community and the weakening of their culture.
B) They are engaged in social movements to reestablish traditional ways of doing things.
C) They embrace aspects of modernity that permit them to lead more enjoyable lives.
D) They reject modernization completely.

Question 9

At the micro level, social change is experienced:

A) as a result of technological innovation
B) in communities, economic organizations, and governing bodies
C) through major forces that shape change throughout a society
D) through new patterns of individual and small-group interaction

Question 10

Which of the following is an example of social change that takes place at the micro level?

A) fathers taking on a greater role in the raising of children
B) the bureaucratization of health care services
C) the rise of labor unions at the beginning of the twentieth century
D) the spread of metropolitan areas

Question 11

At the middle level of social life, social change is most often experienced:

A) as a result of technological innovation
B) in communities, economic organizations, and governing bodies
C) through major forces that shape change throughout a society
D) through new patterns of individual and small-group interaction

Question 12

Which of the following is an example of social change that takes place at the middle level of social life?

A) the emergence of black political caucuses in major cities
B) the expansion of major metropolitan areas
C) increased leisure time resulting from the use of labor-saving devices
D) the Industrial Revolution

Question 13

Macrosocial change produces:

A) change in communities, economic organizations, and governing bodies
B) new patterns of individual and small-group interaction
C) technological innovations
D) the major forces that shape change throughout a society

Question 14

Macro level changes in society are usually:

A) slow
B) rapid
C) non-existent
D) micro

Question 15

Middle level changes in society can have:

A) drastic and immediate effects.
B) mild, delayed effects.
C) no effect at all on society.
D) macro level effects.

Question 16

Which of the following is an example of change that takes place at the macro level?

A) changes in self-perception resulting from divorce
B) the internet
C) the introduction of new sports events
D) the Supreme Court decision that ended school segregation

Question 17

Which of the following statements about social change is CORRECT?

A) Social change is synonymous with progress.
B) Social change is always controllable.
C) Social change can never be predicted.
D) Social change is universal.

Question 18

All of the following are among the effects of war on population EXCEPT:

A) improved gene pools
B) labor shortages
C) rapid declines in population
D) unbalanced populations for a generation or more

Question 19

For losers the ecological effects of war include all of those below EXCEPT:

A) forced move to other geographical locations
B) economic subjugation
C) imposition of a foreign language and culture
D) increased birth rates

Question 20

One of the major results of war on a culture is:

A) decreased death rate
B) enlarged food supplies
C) increased contacts with other cultures
D) increased use of the automobile

Question 21

-The opinions of individuals following the attacks of September 11, according to Table 22.3, favored:

A) not taking any action
B) taking retaliatory military action
C) indicated the majority had no opinion
D) were not clear as to how they felt

Question 22

Which of the following is a long-term structural change experienced by the United States as a result of war or the preparation of war?

A) decentralization of social institutions
B) decreased power of military institutions
C) growth in power and influence of the national government
D) stagnation in the development of universities

Question 23

In the United States war contributed to the growth and development of all the following social institutions EXCEPT:

A) large research universities
B) national government
C) science and technology
D) the church

Question 24

Which of the following age groups perceived World War II as one of the most important societal events?

A) 18-29
B) 30-39
C) 50-59
D) 60-69

Question 25

Compared to today, war historically:

A) was more devastating
B) was less devastating.
C) used more sophisticated technology.
D) used more women warriors.

Question 26

Women as victims of war have endured all of the following EXCEPT:

A) widowhood
B) denial of healthcare
C) increase in educational opportunities.
D) there is less devastation to noncombatant populations.

Question 27

The term "garrison state" refers to the:

A) attempt to produce workers who can meet the needs of new industries
B) increasing growth of penal institutions in modern states
C) sense of loyalty based on "peoplehood"
D) subordination of economic growth and the rule of law to the needs of the military

Question 28

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the modernization process?

A) There is a change from subsistence farming toward the commercial production of agricultural goods.
B) There is a tendency toward the formation of urban concentrations.
C) There is a transition from the use of human and animal power toward industrialization.
D) There is a trend toward a more humane and satisfactory way of life.

Question 29

The term modernization refers to:

A) change in all societies, past and present
B) the impact of changing ecological patterns on future societies
C) the impact of the welfare state on family structure
D) what happens as societies undergo industrialization, urbanization, and the development of the nation-state

Question 30

Which of the following terms includes all the others?

A) bureaucratization
B) industrialization
C) modernization
D) urbanization

Question 31

Which of the following is NOT a consequence of modernization?

A) A wage-earning class emerges.
B) Gender inequalities persist unchanged.
C) The nation-state becomes the center of political power.
D) There is a trend toward secularization.

Question 32

The impact of war can be seen in the damage done to the minds of the survivors. This is referred to as:

A) mental anxiety
B) war anxiety
C) post traumatic stress disorder
D) conscious stress disorder

Question 33

The feelings of shame felt by those who escape the fate of their comrades are known as:

A) survivor shame
B) survivor guilt
C) survivor stress disorder
D) none of these

Question 34

Neil Smelser links all of the following with the process of modernization EXCEPT:

A) an increase in the importance of the nuclear family
B) application of scientific knowledge to agriculture
C) a transition from rural to urban living
D) movement from subsistence farming to commercial agriculture

Question 35

The time required for social institutions to adapt to major technological change is called:

A) cultural lag
B) cultural retardation
C) technological shift
D) value drag

Question 36

A major failing of the cultural lag theory is that it:

A) fails to account for the differential effects of social power
B) neglects the influence of natural disasters
C) places too much emphasis on the positive effects of technological change
D) underestimates the influences of population change

Question 37

The term "third world" is used to describe those nations:

A) having a socialist government
B) that have not yet joined the United Nations
C) that have won independence from colonial dominance since World War II
D) whose citizens are not allowed to emigrate to the United States

Question 38

Which of the following terms refers to a nation that is undergoing a set of transformations in its institutions whose effect is to increase the productivity of its people, their health, their literacy, and their ability to participate in political decision making?

A) developing nation
B) evolving nation
C) progressive nation
D) third world nation

Question 39

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the modernization process in developing nations?

A) It increases average life expectancy.
B) It leads to increased political participation by a larger number of people.
C) It results in higher productivity.
D) It tends to occur at the same rate in all nations.

Question 40

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a relatively modernized society?

A) a high degree of self-sufficiency
B) a high degree of urbanization
C) bureaucratic institutions
D) extensive use of markets

Question 41

The experiences of the third world or developing nations show that modernization is:

A) an inevitable process that occurs in all societies
B) essentially the same thing as secularization
C) likely to occur at different rates in different nations
D) usually limited to economic institutions

Question 42

The gap between the life expectancy between males and females is narrowest in

A) the United States.
B) Bolivia.
C) Cuba.
D) India.

Question 43

The percentage of a nation's population that is urbanized is a crude measure of:

A) the amount of rural-urban transition that has occurred
B) the extent of economic growth
C) development
D) the amount of technology that exists

Question 44

Weber viewed which of the following as a central principle of modernity?

A) rationality
B) social equality
C) technological innovation
D) war and conquest

Question 45

The concept of secularism includes all of the following EXCEPT the:

A) abolishment of state religions
B) erosion of modern corporations and bureaucracies
C) protection of free speech
D) separation of church and state

Question 46

Which of the following is NOT a result of rationality in modern life?

A) erosion of religious and ethical values
B) development of bureaucracy
C) racial supremacy movements
D) secularism

Question 47

The Islamic fundamentalist movement illustrates the fact that:

A) all nations undergoing modernization must eventually follow the same pattern as Western nations
B) it is possible for a nation to undergo modernization and retain many of its cultural traditions
C) modernism is incompatible with traditional religious beliefs
D) modernization cannot be forced on a developing society

Question 48

The critique of modern societies and cultures which has arisen in recent decades is termed:

A) amodernism
B) antimodernism
C) nonmodernism
D) post modernism

Question 49

Post modernist critics believe that the major institutions of modern societies:

A) add an element of spirituality and diversity to human life
B) have become instruments of social control by powerful elites
C) have little or no influence on the nature of human social life
D) represent a long sought ideal of human social development

Question 50

Andre Gunder Frank argues that the development of one-crop economies in many parts of Central and Latin America:

A) accelerates the process of modernization
B) is an inevitable result of modernization
C) is the first stage of industrialization
D) transforms the peasantry into a class of landless laborers

Question 51

In world system theory, a technologically advanced nation that has a dominant position in the world economy is:

A) a core state
B) an independent state
C) a peripheral area
D) a semiperipheral area

Question 52

According to Immanuel Wallerstein's world system theory, a state or region in which industry and financial institutions are developed to some extent but remain dependent on capital and technology provided by other states is a:

A) core state
B) dependent state
C) peripheral area
D) semiperipheral area

Question 53

Although Middle Eastern countries produce large quantities of oil for the world market, both are dependent on developed nations for capital and technology. According to Immanuel Wallerstein's world system theory, they are:

A) developing nations
B) core nations
C) peripheral areas
D) semiperipheral areas

Question 54

A region that supplies basic resources and labor power to more advanced states is a:

A) developed nation
B) core nation
C) peripheral area
D) semiperipheral area

Question 55

El Salvador and Nicaragua supply the United States with basic natural resources and labor but have not developed any industrial base of their own. In Imanuel Wallerstein's world system theory, they would be classified as:

A) developing nations
B) core nations
C) semiperipheral areas
D) peripheral areas

Question 56

The average number of children a woman would bear during the child bearing years is the:

A) graduated fertility rate
B) total birth rate
C) total fertility rate
D) infant birth rate

Question 57

An important measure of a nation's health is the:

A) adult mortality rate
B) overall mortality rate
C) life span
D) infant mortality rate

Question 58

The term life expectancy refers to:

A) how long any person will live
B) an individual's total life span
C) the number of years a newborn can expect to live
D) none of these

Question 59

A major drawback of Immanuel Wallerstein's world system theory is that it:

A) focuses too much on capitalist domination of the world economy
B) ignores the extent of economic specialization in the international economy
C) ignores the fact that core nations have areas of production that resemble semiperipheral and peripheral areas
D) relies too heavily on political repression to explain relationships between core and peripheral areas

Question 60

When Ralf Dahrendorf argues that we need "flexible institutions," he means that we should:

A) adjust to modernization with minimal disruption of existing institutions
B) engage in more centralized planning
C) make every effort to reverse the modernization process
D) rely on the government to solve the problems that arise as a result of modernization

Question 61

According to Ralf Dahrendorf, a frequent effect of modernization on the lives of individuals is:

A) a feeling of anomie
B) a higher level of living
C) an unwillingness to face new experiences
D) decreased political participation

Question 62

All of the following areas of social change have a measurable effect on the everyday life of individuals EXCEPT:

A) changing gender roles
B) public policy
C) race relations
D) space exploration

Question 63

Since the end of the nineteenth century, the number of married women in the labor force has:

A) decreased dramatically
B) increased dramatically
C) increased slightly
D) remained the same

Question 64

The percentage of women working outside the home for pay, who are married and have children, is equal to about:

A) 5%
B) 15%
C) 50%
D) 70%

Question 65

One suggested consequence of modernization is movement toward a "symmetrical society." This means:

A) a higher average level of education
B) greater economic equality among all groups in society
C) greater equality between men and women
D) greater political equality

Question 66

One of the results of the entry of married women into the paid labor force has been:

A) controversy over welfare job requirements for poor mothers of young children
B) equal sharing of family chores by men and women
C) equitable pay scales for men and women
D) increased leisure time for married women who work outside the home for pay

Question 67

A major reason for the declining number of blacks and Hispanics in well-paid manufacturing and blue-collar jobs is:

A) discriminatory practices on the part of employers
B) the fact that such jobs are becoming less numerous
C) the high unemployment associated with an economy geared toward high technology
D) the refusal of labor unions to accept minority members

Question 68

Which of the following statements about race and inequality in the United States is NOT true?

A) Minority group members have in recent decades gained greater access to education.
B) Racial discrimination still exists especially in the widespread mistreatment of black males.
C) Sports and entertainment are two arenas in which minority group members have made significant gains.
D) The problems of racial discrimination have been virtually eliminated.

Question 69

Laws and administrative regulations that are formulated by government to control, regulate or guide behavior are called:

A) civic culture
B) judicial verdicts
C) public policy
D) totalitarianism

Question 70

The scenes captured by the nineteenth-century impressionists were indicative of:

A) social change.
B) social statics.
C) free love.
D) tragedy.

Question 71

One result of a divided social opinion regarding the environment is:

A) a political system that encourages the emergence of minority parties
B) continued conflict over what, if anything, to do about the environment
C) greater control of the political process by the government
D) increased levels of educational attainment on the part of citizens

Question 72

Research shows that population growth in excess of food-producing capacity is occurring:

A) in the United States.
B) in France.
C) in many parts of Africa.
D) in China.

Question 73

Research is showing deserts expanding in:

A) North America.
B) Africa.
C) Europe.
D) all of these

Question 74

An example of the results of a divided public opinion on the environment is seen in the:

A) classification of nations as core, semiperiphery or peripheral
B) changes in the ability of political institutions to deal with environmental changes
C) division of the populace into political parties
D) political subdivision of the nation into states or provinces

Question 75

A major problem with theories of social change is that they cannot:

A) be tested using data from actual experience
B) be used for making policy decisions
C) explain change that occurred in the past
D) explain the role of technological innovation in social change

Question 76

Which of the following is NOT an element of the evolutionary model of change?

A) Social change has a direction.
B) Social change is continuous.
C) Social change is natural and necessary.
D) Social change results from inter-group conflict.

Question 77

Nineteenth-century models of social change tended to be:

A) cyclical
B) evolutionary
C) homeostatic
D) multilinear

Question 78

The belief that social change is an inevitable consequence of human living and that the world's societies would eventually resemble those of Western Europe is characteristic of which of the following models of social change?

A) conflict
B) cyclical
C) ecological
D) evolutionary

Question 79

The belief that social change is natural, constant, and necessary is associated with which of the following approaches to social change?

A) conflict models
B) cyclical theories
C) evolutionary models
D) functionalist theories

Question 80

A major criticism of unilinear theories of social change is that they:

A) are based on incomplete data
B) are ethnocentric
C) disregard the multiple factors involved in any social change
D) have a short view of history