Deck 20: Health and Medicine

Question 1

Which of the following has limited population size throughout human history?

A) climate
B) intentional government policies
C) lack of medical knowledge
D) religious institutions

Answer 1

lack of medical knowledge

Question 2

Before the nineteenth century, physicians tended to base their treatments on:

A) case studies
B) experimental evidence
C) folklore and superstition
D) the theories of Plato and Aristotle

Answer 2

folklore and superstition

Question 3

Medicine became differentiated from religion as a result of:

A) the development of the germ theory of disease
B) the discovery of the atom
C) the French Revolution
D) the professionalization of medicine

Answer 3

the development of the germ theory of disease

Question 4

The tremendous growth in population that occurred in the nineteenth century was a direct result of:

A) abandonment of the use of contraceptives
B) a decline in the incidence of wars
C) the application of simple sanitation techniques
D) the development of sophisticated medical techniques

Question 5

Initially, hospitals were:

A) military establishments
B) penal colonies
C) religious centers
D) workhouses

Question 6

Hospitals were removed from the jurisdiction of the church and became public facilities during the:

A) Industrial Revolution
B) Middle Ages
C) Reformation
D) Renaissance

Question 7

Some critics of modern medicine have argued that the American health-care system is suffering from "hypertrophy." By this they mean that:

A) health care has become too expensive for the average person
B) the medical profession has not been very effective at extending life expectancy
C) the needs of patients are subordinated to the needs of providers of health care
D) there are not enough doctors in the United States

Question 8

According to Paul Starr, a main source of the problems in the American health-care system is:

A) an oversupply of doctors
B) government interference in the delivery of health care
C) the interdependence of physicians and hospitals
D) the under representation of women and minorities in medicine

Question 9

The study of how diseases originate and spread in human populations, and how societies develop better health care systems, is a subfield known as:

A) social medical care
B) medical epidemiology
C) social epidemiology
D) social technology

Question 10

Which of the following is NOT a concern of medical sociologists?

A) ethical issues in the use of life-prolonging technologies
B) public policy regarding access to medical care
C) role behavior of physicians and patients
D) the size of the medical profession

Question 11

In the medical-sociological research done by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has through research found that the largest portion of the population with HIV/AIDS is:

A) adolescents
B) heterosexual adults
C) females
D) men who have sex with men

Question 12

The calculation of a person's body mass index controlling for height and determining obesity is:

A) Fat content
B) BMI
C) SARS
D) PCI

Question 13

Social epidemiologists have shown that the increases in obesity are related to:

A) education
B) sedentary lifestyle
C) inequalities of race and class
D) McDonaldization of society

Question 14

World health officials believe that if left untreated the epidemic of obesity will lead to all of the following EXCEPT:

A) heart disease
B) blindness
C) pregnancy
D) kidney failure

Question 15

_____________ is a nongovernmental organization that recruits doctors and medical professionals to work in medical crisis situations all over the world.

A) Red Cross
B) Doctors Without Borders
C) United Nations
D) Nurses Around the Globe

Question 16

____________ refers to medical services but not the health of individuals or populations.

A) Health
B) Medicine
C) Health Care
D) Doctors Without Borders

Question 17

Which of the following statements about health is true?

A) For a nation, economic inequality is a prime determinant of health.
B) The level of medical technology present is the only major determinant of health in a nation.
C) Nongovernmental agencies are responsible for most of the health care in a nation.
D) Access to medicine is universal in most countries.

Question 18

In Haiti, the leading cause of illness is:

A) malaria
B) cancer
C) disaster
D) poverty

Question 19

When social scientists and medical professionals speak of the health of populations or nations, or of regions and cities within them, they are referring to:

A) health care
B) public health
C) medicine
D) equality of access

Question 20

Which of the following is NOT a basic indicator of global health?

A) infant mortality
B) maternal death rate
C) life expectancy
D) income

Question 21

Which of the following are reasons why poor countries lack the amount of medical personnel as wealthy countries?

A) lack of interest among citizens
B) expense of training medical service providers
C) no insurance companies
D) low pay

Question 22

Which of the following is a part of the health care institution in a society?

A) hospitals and clinics
B) pharmaceutical and insurance companies
C) medical research centers
D) all of the above

Question 23

Major challenges of the medical establishment in any society includes all of the following EXCEPT:

A) encouraging innovation
B) upholding moral and ethical standards
C) convincing people they need medical care
D) making health care economically viable

Question 24

Which of the following is a sociological explanation of why developed nations should aid other nations in health care?

A) We have a moral obligation to help those in need.
B) All of the major world religions emphasize helping those less fortunate.
C) In an ever connected world, the only way to protect a society against the spread of infectious disease is to stop them where they are most prevalent.
D) Wealthy nations rely on the workforce of poor people in less developed nations.

Question 25

Which of the following is NOT a category of migrants?

A) international students
B) refugees
C) drug mules
D) internally displaced

Question 26

The leading cause of infant death around the world is:

A) malaria
B) HIV/AIDS
C) contaminated water
D) malnutrition

Question 27

Approximately what percentage of the burden of disease worldwide could be prevented by improvements to related to drinking water, sanitation, hygiene and water resource management?

A) less than 1%
B) 5%
C) 10%
D) 20%

Question 28

One of the main reasons Africa lags behind other developing nations is because of:

A) lack of natural resources
B) overpopulation
C) political instability
D) global warming

Question 29

Which of the following countries recently passed health care reform legislation?

A) United States
B) England
C) Spain
D) Japan

Question 30

In the 2010 health care reform debate in the United States, both sides of the issue argued from what perspective?

A) conflict
B) libertarian
C) social justice
D) liberal

Question 31

Approximately how many Americans lacked health care in 2009?

A) 500,000
B) 1 million
C) 10 million
D) 50 million

Question 32

Which of the following nations lack universal health care as of 2009?

A) England
B) Japan
C) United States
D) Spain

Question 33

_____________ is a successful version of public health care for the elderly in the United States.

A) Medicare
B) Medicaid
C) Insurance
D) Health care

Question 34

Health care costs in the United States are approximately _________ percentage of the gross domestic product (GDP), while the rate for other, similar countries is __________.

A) 15%; 20%
B) 10%; 15%
C) 15%; 9%
D) 20%; 20%

Question 35

Which of the following statements about health care in the United States is NOT true?

A) The U.S. has fewer physicians per capita than do most other OECD countries.
B) Only four OECD countries have fewer acute-care hospital beds per capita than does the United States.
C) The U.S. has the longest life span of all OECD countries.
D) The U.S. spends more on health care than all other OECD countries.

Question 36

__________ is an international organization that helps governments tackle the economic, social, and governance challenges of a globalized economy.

A) OPEC
B) United Nations (UN)
C) The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)
D) The World Bank

Question 37

Americans' life expectancy at birth has increased by about _________ years since 1960.

A) 2
B) 4
C) 8
D) 10

Question 38

Since 1960, life expectancy in the United States has ___________ compared to other OECD countries.

A) increased faster
B) risen equally
C) decreased about the same
D) increased slower

Question 39

In which of the following countries has life expectancy risen by less than 10 years since 1960?

A) France
B) the United States
C) Germany
D) Japan

Question 40

Which of the following statements best describes the infant mortality rate in the United States?

A) Since 1960, despite increased spending on medical technology, the infant mortality rate has increased.
B) Since 1960, there has been a small decline in the infant mortality rate.
C) The infant mortality rate in every other OECD country is higher than that in the U.S.
D) The infant mortality rate is every other OECD country is lower than in the U.S. with two exceptions.

Question 41

Which of the following is a major issue in U.S. health care?

A) physician's salaries
B) the cost of medical school
C) the lack of medical technology
D) containing medical costs

Question 42

The average infant mortality rate for all OECD countries is _________ deaths per 1,000 live births.

A) 2.3
B) 4.9
C) 6.7
D) 12.1

Question 43

Which of the following describes the trends in health care costs in the United States as a percentage of gross domestic product (GDP)?

A) They have risen steadily since 1960 from about 5% to about 15%.
B) The higher costs right now reflect a recent, steep rise, but the overall trend is about even.
C) Costs have fluctuated wildly since 1960.
D) Costs rose steadily through the 1970s but have declined a little since then.

Question 44

Which of the following is a concern to offering free or low cost medical care?

A) People will spend too much time at the doctor's office and not enough time working.
B) The pharmaceutical companies will make too much money and makers of over-the-counter medicines will go bankrupt.
C) People will abuse the privileges and overuse the system.
D) People will spend too much money on preventative medicine.

Question 45

Research has shown which of the following to be true about medical technology (e.g., MRIs)?

A) Doctors in the U.S. underutilize medical technology.
B) European and Canadian patients actually experience smaller wait times for medical technology.
C) Doctors in the U.S. often order tests because patients want them, not because they are medically necessary.
D) The U.S. has a high demand for medical technology because it has relatively few of machines capable of performing these tests.

Question 46

The U.S. has approximately ____________

A) 1 MRI machine for every 100 people
B) More than 2.5 times as many MRI machines per capita as European countries.
C) Fewer MRI machines than most industrialized nations.
D) Less than half of the number of MRI machines of Canada.

Question 47

The U.S. has a high number of high tech health care machines relative to the rest of the world. Overall, this gap is:

A) Shrinking
B) Expanding
C) Staying about the same
D) Impossible to measure because some countries will not divulge how many machines they have.

Question 48

Which of the following is a major component of the Obama administration's strategy to control health care costs?

A) encouraging people to go to the doctor only for serious injuries and illnesses
B) preventative medicine
C) making better use of emergency rooms
D) lowering the barriers to medical training

Question 49

The idea behind promoting preventative medicine is:

A) early detection of serious diseases will increase with more screenings
B) prevention will decrease costly behaviors such as smoking
C) incentives will encourage people to have regular checkups and tests
D) all of the above

Question 50

Which of the following statements is true about the cost of health care?

A) The sicker a patient is when first treated, the higher the costs of care.
B) Medical technologies decrease the cost of health care.
C) The U.S. is a world leader in preventative medicine.
D) Serious illnesses such as diabetes, colon cancer, and heart disease are undetectable until they are well advanced.

Question 51

Which of the following is not one of the five essential services promoted by the Secretary of Health and Human Services to reduce preventable death in the U.S.?

A) flu vaccines
B) counseling on smoking cessation
C) "Just Say No" anti-drug campaigns
D) colorectal and breast cancer screening

Question 52

The Secretary of Health and Human Services suggests that approximately ___________ deaths could be prevented each year if people made more effective use of just five essential services.

A) 10,000
B) 20,000
C) 50,000
D) 100,000

Question 53

In England, the plague or Black Death was responsible for:

A) the development of modern medicine
B) about 35,000 total deaths
C) the drop of population in the 14th century and the lack of population growth in the 17th century
D) the rise of preventative medicine

Question 54

Which of the following statements about the development of modern medicine is NOT true?

A) Prior to the nineteenth century, physicians based their treatments on folklore and superstition.
B) Doctors have only begun to understand the causes of disease in the last 200 years.
C) For most of their history, physicians have done more harm than good with their treatments.
D) The practice of healing has always been separate from religion.

Question 55

The early development of modern medicine

A) focused on public health issues such as hygiene and water sanitation
B) utilized natural medicines and remedies
C) emphasized mental health
D) brought health care closer in line with religion

Question 56

___________ is often used as a quick measure of a country's social and economic development.

A) per capital income
B) infant mortality rate
C) GDP
D) total number of physicians

Question 57

Which of the following countries has the highest infant mortality rate?

A) India
B) Gambia
C) Afghanistan
D) United States

Question 58

The first hospitals were associated with the rise of ___________.

A) individual nation-states
B) Christianity
C) Judaism
D) human rights

Question 59

Early hospitals provided all of the following except:

A) limited medical care
B) access to advanced medicines
C) food and shelter for the sick
D) prayer

Question 60

The modern hospital began to emerge ____________.

A) after WWII in the U.S.
B) in the late 1800s as medical technology advanced
C) as a result of the bubonic plague
D) with the rise of Christianity

Question 61

Important advances in early medicine that allowed for the establishment of hospitals are all of the following EXCEPT:

A) the use of ether as an anesthetic
B) advances in bacteriology
C) increased knowledge of physiology
D) the rise of insurance companies

Question 62

What percentage of Americans have no medical insurance coverage or inadequate medical insurance coverage?

A) 10%
B) 20%
C) 40%
D) 60%

Question 63

The first hospitals were primarily religious centers that also provided limited medical care.

Question 64

Male to female sexual contact is the most common form of transmission of HIV/AIDS.

Question 65

The health of an individual is highly associated with personal income.

Question 66

There are more than 50 million displaced people around the world.

Question 67

Rights come in two categories, individual freedoms and population-based entitlements.

Question 68

As a percentage of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) health care costs have fluctuated wildly in the U.S. since 1960.

Question 69

What is the pragmatic view of global health?

Question 70

Explain the social justice perspective of health care. Use the U.S. as an example.

Question 71

Describe the rise of the modern hospital.

Question 72

The HIV/Aids epidemic has taken a toll on the population of the entire world. Discuss the relationship of science and medicine as they relate to the epidemic.

Question 73

Explain the importance of a safe water supply for global health.