Deck 3: The Development of Personality

Question 1

Which of the following is true about personality development?

A) Personality development reflects multiple influences that operate across the lifespan.
B) Individual differences are not typically detected shortly after babies are born.
C) Type A research in children can be detected among one- and two year olds.
D) Personality traits are generally not stable across an individual's lifespan.

Answer 1

Personality development reflects multiple influences that operate across the lifespan.

Question 2

The "Little Five" refers to:

A) a modification of the five-factor model.
B) a test of the five-factor model in young people.
C) the main researchers in the five-factor model.
D) the five principles of personality theories in children.

Answer 2

a test of the five-factor model in young people.

Question 3

Of the following elements, which one is not reliably detectable in children?

A) Extroversion
B) Introversion
C) Neuroticism
D) Openness

Answer 3

Openness

Question 4

Research on trait dimensions across cultures reveals:

A) Dutch parents, relative to Chinese parents, gave a greater emphasis to conscientiousness.
B) Dutch parents, relative to Chinese parents, gave a greater emphasis to agreeableness.
C) Chinese parents, relative to Dutch parents, gave a greater emphasis to conscientiousness.
D) Chinese parents, relative to Dutch parents, gave a greater emphasis to agreeableness.

Question 5

The ________ is a tool developed by Eysenck to assess personality dimensions in children.

A) Little Five
B) Child 5-FF
C) EPQ-J
D) NEO-PI-R

Question 6

Collective research with the EPQ-J has revealed low reliability with which of the following?

A) Extroversion
B) Introversion
C) Neuroticism
D) Psychoticism

Question 7

Who was the first to question whether personality is stable or changing?

A) James
B) Eysenck
C) Costa
D) McCrae

Question 8

The ________ hypothesis denotes that personality gradually changes.

A) plasticity
B) plaster
C) accentuation
D) impostor

Question 9

The ________ hypothesis denotes that personality is enduring.

A) plasticity
B) plaster
C) accentuation
D) impostor

Question 10

William James favoured which of the following personality hypotheses?

A) Plasticity hypothesis
B) Plaster hypothesis
C) Accentuation hypothesis
D) Impostor hypothesis

Question 11

McCrae and Costa were proponents of which of the following hypotheses?

A) Plasticity hypothesis
B) Plaster hypothesis
C) Accentuation hypothesis
D) Impostor hypothesis

Question 12

According to James, at which age is personality essentially set?

A) 10
B) 20
C) 30
D) 40

Question 13

According to Caspi and Bem, which of the following is not usually presented as a factor that promotes personality stability?

A) Age
B) Genetic
C) Reactive
D) Evocative

Question 14

A longitudinal investigation of the same sample of participants over time is referred to as:

A) mean-level stability.
B) stability quotient analysis.
C) dynamic stability.
D) meta-analysis.

Question 15

The main statistic in assessing relative stability by the correlations between scores when a sample of participants is retested at subsequent time intervals is referred to as the:

A) mean-level quotient.
B) stability quotient.
C) dynamic stability correlation.
D) test-retest correlation.

Question 16

The measure used where the focus is on comparing one variable with another, and the level of one variable limits the possible values of the other variable is referred to as:

A) mean-level stability.
B) stability quotient analysis.
C) dynamic stability.
D) ipsative stability.

Question 17

According to meta-analysis, at what age does the rank-order consistency of personality traits over time plateau?

A) 10-20
B) 20-30
C) 30-50
D) 50-70

Question 18

The predictability of individual differences over time in fluctuations in interpersonal variability is termed:

A) mean-level stability.
B) stability quotient analysis.
C) dynamic stability.
D) ipsative stability.

Question 19

Related to the concept of dynamic stability, ________ refers to the amount of variability that a person has around their mean score on an interpersonal dimension.

A) flux
B) pulse
C) spin
D) accentuation

Question 20

Related to the concept of dynamic stability, ________ refers to the individual differences in the overall extremity of interpersonal behaviours.

A) flux
B) pulse
C) spin
D) accentuation

Question 21

Related to the concept of dynamic stability, ________ refers to the individual differences in the use of different interpersonal styles.

A) flux
B) pulse
C) spin
D) accentuation

Question 22

The greatest personality change occurs during:

A) childhood.
B) adolescence.
C) early adulthood.
D) late adulthood.

Question 23

Who suggested that personality should be seen as the sum of individual differences in temperament and character?

A) James
B) Eysenck
C) Costa
D) Valliant

Question 24

As a way of accounting for the role of life experiences in personality changes, Elder and Caspi postulated the:

A) plasticity principle.
B) plaster hypothesis.
C) accentuation principle.
D) impostor hypothesis.

Question 25

A person's unobservable constitution, or inherited potential, is referred to as:

A) concordance.
B) heritability.
C) phenotype.
D) genotype.

Question 26

A person's expression of potential based on life experience is referred to as:

A) concordance.
B) heritability.
C) phenotype.
D) genotype.

Question 27

The proportion of phenotypic variation in a sample or population that is attributable to genetic factors is called:

A) concordance.
B) heritability.
C) phenotype.
D) genotype.

Question 28

The role of genetics in contributing to a specific behaviour is called:

A) concordance.
B) heritability.
C) phenotype.
D) genotype.

Question 29

Related to heritability, about ________ of the variance in traits reflects genetic factors.

A) 30%
B) 40%
C) 50%
D) 60%

Question 30

Which of the following statements best characterizes genetic and environmental influences on personality development?

A) Environmental factors play a relatively weak role.
B) Environmental factors play a relatively important role.
C) Genetic factors play a strong role.
D) Both genetic and environmental factors play an integrative role.

Question 31

Temperament is best defined as:

A) constitutionally based differences in reactivity and self-regulation.
B) individual differences in lifestyle and life choices.
C) the capacity for gratitude and forgiveness.
D) the totality of human behaviour.

Question 32

According to Thomas and Chess, a difficult child:

A) is active, irritable, and slow to adapt.
B) tends to be inactive, moody, slow to adapt, and resist cuddling.
C) has a positive mood, and is quite open.
D) may display passive forms of resistance.

Question 33

According to Thomas and Chess, an easy child:

A) is active, irritable, and slow to adapt.
B) tends to be inactive, moody, slow to adapt, and resist cuddling.
C) has a positive mood, and is quite open.
D) may display passive forms of resistance.

Question 34

According to Thomas and Chess, a slow-to-warm-up child:

A) is active, irritable, and slow to adapt.
B) tends to be inactive, moody, slow to adapt, and resist cuddling.
C) has a positive mood, and is quite open.
D) often reacts vigorously and negatively towards change.

Question 35

Which of the following is not identified as a dimension on the Behavioural Style Observational System?

A) Mood
B) Activity level
C) Adaptability
D) Hostility

Question 36

Overall, dimensions of temperament are ________ over time.

A) highly stable
B) unstable
C) moderately stable
D) Cannot say; more research is needed regarding dimensions of temperament.

Question 37

________ is an accepted temperament dimension that is linked with low sociability.

A) Mood
B) Activity level
C) Adaptability
D) Behavioural inhibition

Question 38

Which personality researcher emphasized that differences in temperament should be seen within the context of situational factors and psychological and physiological states?

A) Strelau
B) Kagan
C) Baumrind
D) Karp

Question 39

Which personality researcher identified the three major parenting styles?

A) Strelau
B) Kagan
C) Baumrind
D) Karp

Question 40

Which of the following is not identified by Baumrind as one of the main parenting styles?

A) Authoritative
B) Emotionally involved
C) Authoritarian
D) Permissive

Question 41

________ is usually associated with maladaptive parenting.

A) Introversion
B) Openness
C) Neuroticism
D) Agreeableness

Question 42

Authoritative parents tend to be high in:

A) extroversion and openness
B) extroversion and neuroticism
C) neuroticism and openness
D) neuroticism and agreeableness

Question 43

Less optimal parenting is associated with:

A) high extroversion.
B) low neuroticism.
C) high neuroticism.
D) high agreeableness.

Question 44

A mode of parenting among Chinese parents that focuses on training is referred to as:

A) Guan
B) Self-efficacy
C) Collectivism
D) Kibishii

Question 45

Pessimistic beliefs about the world and other people is termed:

A) Type A personality.
B) Type B personality.
C) cynical hostility.
D) cynical antagonism.

Question 46

Which of the following statements best characterizes Type A behaviour in children?

A) Type A behaviour is not detectable in children.
B) Type A behaviour in adulthood is not adequately predicted from childhood.
C) Type A behaviour is best predicted from familial factors.
D) Type A behaviour has a biological component.

Question 47

Explain the significance of the Little Five.

Question 48

Is personality stable?

Question 49

Discuss Valliant's contributions to personality stability.

Question 50

What is the accentuation principle?

Question 51

Discuss the roles of genetic and environmental factors in personality development.

Question 52

What is temperament? Identify the major temperament dimensions.

Question 53

Define behavioural inhibition.

Question 54

Describe the concept of gender schemas.

Question 55

What is the role of culture in personality development?