Deck 2: Units of Personality -Types Versus Traits

Question 1

Categorizing someone as either a pessimist or an optimist reflects a(n):

A) trait approach.
B) type approach.
C) ambivertic approach.
D) psychoanalytic approach.

Answer 1

type approach.

Question 2

Categorizing someone as somewhat extroverted or a lot extroverted reflects a(n):

A) trait approach.
B) type approach.
C) ambivertic approach.
D) psychoanalytic approach.

Answer 2

trait approach.

Question 3

Which of the following individuals focused on somatotypes?

A) Child
B) Galen
C) Hippocrates
D) Sheldon

Answer 3

Sheldon

Question 4

Which early Greek individual was concerned with linking temperament with bodily humours?

A) Aristotle
B) Plato
C) Hippocrates
D) Socrates

Question 5

Constitutional psychology refers to:

A) psychoanalysis of politicians.
B) the link between personality and physical attributes.
C) discrete categories that differ qualitatively from each other.
D) discrete categories that differ quantitatively from each other.

Question 6

Which of the following best characterizes the somatotype mesomorph?

A) Does not withstand pain easily.
B) Withstands pain easily and willingly.
C) Gets to sleep easily.
D) Lacks real desire for strenuous physical exercise.

Question 7

Which of the following best characterizes the somatotype endomorph?

A) Does not withstand pain easily.
B) Withstands pain easily and willingly.
C) Gets to sleep easily.
D) Lacks real desire for strenuous physical exercise.

Question 8

Which of the following best characterizes the somatotype ectomorph?

A) Does not withstand pain easily.
B) Withstands pain easily and willingly.
C) Gets to sleep easily.
D) Lacks real desire for strenuous physical exercise.

Question 9

What is the primary somatotype characterizing viscerotonia?

A) Ectomorph
B) Endomorph
C) Mesomorph
D) Taxomorph

Question 10

What is the term given to the complex statistical approach used to test for personality types or discrete categories in general?

A) Ambivertonomy.
B) Somatometrics.
C) Mode.
D) Taxometrics.

Question 11

A person's degree of impulse control is referred to as:

A) Ego control.
B) Ego resiliency.
C) Superego control.
D) Superego resiliency.

Question 12

The term ambivert refers to:

A) The complex statistical approach used to test for personality types.
B) An identified category.
C) In statistics, the number that occurs the most times.
D) Characteristics of both introversion and extroversion.

Question 13

Who suggested that personality types could be represented graphically as if they were the north, south, east, and west points on a compass?

A) Sheldon
B) Mead
C) Eysenck
D) Allport

Question 14

In subsequent analysis of Eysenck's work on cross-national personality perspectives, which country was found to score higher in mean levels of extroversion?

A) Nigeria
B) Canada
C) China
D) Iran

Question 15

The ability to alter behaviours according to situational demands is referred to as:

A) ego control.
B) ego resiliency.
C) superego control.
D) superego resiliency.

Question 16

Ego control refers to:

A) The ability to alter behaviours according to situational demands.
B) The complete suppression of impulses.
C) The control of impulses, including emotional and motivational tendencies.
D) The moralistic management of inherent drives.

Question 17

A major characteristic of the resilient personality type is:

A) respectful.
B) tense.
C) hostile.
D) irritable.

Question 18

A major characteristic of the undercontrolling personality type is:

A) respectful.
B) introverted.
C) hostile.
D) intelligent.

Question 19

A major characteristic of the overcontrolling personality type is:

A) respectful.
B) introverted.
C) hostile.
D) intelligent.

Question 20

Who is generally referred to as the father of personality trait psychology?

A) Sheldon
B) Mead
C) Eysenck
D) Allport

Question 21

According to Allport, which of the following involves an explanatory account of a more fundamental and deeper disposition?

A) Phenotypical disposition
B) Cardinal disposition
C) Genotypical disposition
D) Central disposition.

Question 22

According to Allport, which of the following involves describing behaviour in a situation in the here and now?

A) Phenotypical disposition
B) Cardinal disposition
C) Genotypical disposition
D) Central disposition.

Question 23

Walter Mischel argued that:

A) Each person has unique traits and common traits.
B) Traits are dynamic and discriminative.
C) Traits are poor predictors of behaviours in situations.
D) Traits are good predictors of behaviours in situations.

Question 24

The impact of situational factors and their role in contributing to differences in behaviour is referred to as:

A) situational construct.
B) situationism.
C) personality coefficient.
D) situational impact.

Question 25

Interactionism is the view that:

A) differences in behaviour often reflect the interaction of personality traits and situational factors.
B) differences in behaviour often reflect the interaction of personality traits and personality types.
C) differences in behaviour often reflect the interaction of the personality coefficient and the situation coefficient.
D) differences in behaviour often reflect the interaction of genotypical dispositions.

Question 26

Which of the following individuals was a leading proponent of interactionism?

A) Mischel
B) Allport
C) Ozer
D) Endler

Question 27

Reciprocal interactionism models:

A) focus on how situations influence people's behaviours.
B) focus on how behaviours influence situations.
C) focus on how both the person and situation can influence each other.
D) focus on how behaviours change across changes in different situations.

Question 28

State anxiety:

A) refers to a person's baseline level of anxiety.
B) refers to how anxious one usually feels.
C) refers to the current feeling of anxiety.
D) is the same as dynamic anxiety.

Question 29

The ________ approach requires research participants to describe their personality characteristics in terms of their usual personality characteristics.

A) metatrait
B) trait relevance
C) interactionist
D) maximal

Question 30

Traits that are highly relevant to the individual are referred to as:

A) metatraits.
B) maximal traits.
C) supertraits.
D) lexical traits.

Question 31

The degree to which a trait is consequential in influencing an individual's thought, affect, and behaviour best describes:

A) traitedness.
B) trait relevance.
C) trait reliability.
D) super-traitedness.

Question 32

Which of the following would not typically be expected to be included in the assessment of metatraits?

A) Behavioural measures
B) Self-reports
C) Same-trait variability evaluation
D) Speed of responding to trait-related stimuli

Question 33

Traits that capture the major proportion of variance in behaviour are:

A) metatraits.
B) maximal traits.
C) supertraits.
D) lexical traits.

Question 34

The major proponent of a hierarchical model of personality was:

A) Mischel.
B) Allport.
C) Endler.
D) Eysenck.

Question 35

In Eysenck's model, the dimension that encompasses second-level traits such as anxious, depressed, and tense, is termed:

A) extroversion- introversion.
B) neuroticism-emotional stability.
C) psychoticism-superego.
D) agreeableness-antagonism.

Question 36

In Eysenck's model, the dimension which encompasses second-level traits such as sociable, lively, and active, is termed:

A) Extroversion- introversion.
B) Neuroticism-emotional stability.
C) Psychoticism-superego.
D) Agreeableness-antagonism.

Question 37

Eysenck postulated that criminal personality is characterized by high levels of psychoticism, extroversion, and neuroticism. This is known as:

A) NEO-P-R.
B) conditionability.
C) the EPQ model.
D) the PEN model.

Question 38

Which of the following is not one of the five factors?

A) Neuroticism
B) Extroversion
C) Psychoticism
D) Agreeableness

Question 39

What does the Big Two refer to?

A) Alpha/beta
B) Extroversion/introversion
C) Neuroticism/psychoticism
D) Agreeableness/antagonism

Question 40

Research on academic procrastination revealed that:

A) procrastination was associated with low levels of conscientiousness and low levels of neuroticism.
B) procrastination was associated with high levels of conscientiousness and high levels of neuroticism.
C) procrastination was associated with high levels of conscientiousness and low levels of neuroticism.
D) procrastination was associated with low levels of conscientiousness and high levels of neuroticism.

Question 41

Research that follows an ________ approach involves exporting supposed universal findings and applying them to specific cultures.

A) etic
B) emic
C) ethnic
D) indigenous

Question 42

Research that follows a(n) ________ approach involves establishing and identifying culture-specific factors.

A) etic
B) emic
C) ethnic
D) lexical

Question 43

Critics of the five-factor model most obviously question which of the following clinical applications?

A) Depression
B) Psychopathology
C) Anxiety
D) Sociology

Question 44

Who created the Supernumerary Personality Inventory?

A) Saucier
B) Allport
C) Paunonen
D) Cattell

Question 45

Cattell underscored the importance of the "totality of human behaviour." The term that best captures this is:

A) personality construct.
B) personality sphere.
C) Supertrait.
D) metatrait.

Question 46

The locus of control construct refers to:

A) differences in internal versus external control of reinforcement.
B) differences in internal versus external control of punishment.
C) differences in traits across cultures.
D) differences in traits across individuals.

Question 47

Which of the following personality theorists coined the term locus of control?

A) Eysenck
B) Allport
C) Endler
D) Rotter

Question 48

In studying locus of control from the cultural perspective of Asians relative to Americans, evidence indicates that:

A) Asians tend to have scores that suggest an internal locus of control.
B) Asians tend to have scores that suggest an external locus of control.
C) Asians tend to have scores that suggest a balance between internal and external locus of control.
D) The evidence is not clear about the locus of control of Asians relative to Americans.

Question 49

________ analyses indicate that locus of control scores have become increasingly more external over the past several decades.

A) Etic
B) Emic
C) Cohort
D) Factor

Question 50

Research on locus of control in predicting depression suggests:

A) locus of control can interact with desire for control to predict help-seeking behaviour.
B) locus of control does not interact with desire for control to predict help-seeking behaviour.
C) students with a high need for control but an internal locus of control were more likely to experience suicidal thoughts.
D) students with a high need for control but an external locus of control were not more likely to experience suicidal thoughts.

Question 51

Identify and discuss the three somatotypes postulated by Sheldon.

Question 52

What have we learned from anthropological research on personality?

Question 53

Discuss the findings of the study by Robins et al. on personality types.

Question 54

As related to Allport's conceptualization of traits, discuss the differences between phenotypical and genotypical personal dispositions.

Question 55

Identify Walter Mischel's contributions to the personality field.

Question 56

Discuss the trait-situation interaction in personality research.

Question 57

Describe the five factors of personality on the NEO-PI-R. Ensure to include examples.

Question 58

Discuss the five-factor model across cultures.

Question 59

Identify some of the limitations of the five-factor model.

Question 60

Describe the locus of control construct.