Deck 41: Animal Nutrition

Question 1

Which pair correctly associates a physiological process with the appropriate vitamin?

A)blood clotting and vitamin C
B)normal vision and vitamin A
C)synthesis of cell membranes and vitamin D
D)protection of skin from cancer and vitamin E
E)production of white blood cells and vitamin K

Answer 1

B

Question 2

When attached to a host,the deer tick (Ixodes scapularis)uses which type of feeding mechanism?

A)suspension feeder
B)fluid feeder
C)substrate feeder
D)bulk feeder
E)filter feeder

Answer 2

B

Question 3

The large surface area in the small intestine directly facilitates

A)secretion.
B)absorption.
C)elimination.
D)filtration.
E)temperature regulation.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

The following table shows the contents of a multivitamin supplement and its percentage of recommended daily values (%DV).

The most likely reason that some of the vitamins and minerals in this supplement are found at less than 100% is

A)that it would be chemically impossible to add more.
B)these vitamins and minerals are too large in size to reach 100%.
C)it is too easy to overdose on minerals such as phosphorus and calcium.
D)it is dangerous to overdose on fat-soluble vitamins such as A and K.
E)these supplements are meant for those who have been deprived of healthy foods.

Question 5

Fat digestion yields fatty acids and glycerol,whereas protein digestion yields amino acids; both digestive processes

A)are catalyzed by the same enzyme.
B)are excludible intracellular processes in most organisms.
C)add a water molecule to break bonds (hydrolysis).
D)require the presence of hydrochloric acid to lower the pH.
E)require ATP as an energy source.

Question 6

An advantage of a complete digestive system over a gastrovascular cavity is that the complete system

A)excludes the need for extracellular digestion.
B)allows specialized functions in specialized regions.
C)allows ingestion of food while earlier meals are still being digested.
D)allows extensive branching.
E)facilitates intracellular digestion.

Question 7

Which pair correctly associates a biochemical process with the appropriate mineral associated with its use in animals?

A)maintenance of bone and calcium
B)cofactor in enzymes that make ATP and magnesium
C)thyroid hormone synthesis and iron
D)nucleic acid synthesis and sulphur
E)glucose homeostasis and iodine

Question 8

Certain nutrients are considered "essential" in the diets of some animals because

A)only those animals use those nutrients.
B)the nutrients are subunits of important polymers.
C)these animals are not able to synthesize these nutrients.
D)the nutrients are necessary coenzymes.
E)only certain foods contain them.

Question 9

When the food is released from the stomach into the small intestine,why is the environment no longer acidic?

A)Secretin increases the flow of bicarbonate ions from the pancreas into the small intestine to neutralize the stomach acid.
B)Enterokinase activates trypsinogen, thus neutralizing the stomach acid.
C)Bile salts from the gallbladder neutralize the stomach acid.
D)When pepsinogen activates pepsin, one result is the neutralization of stomach acid in the stomach.
E)Cholecystokinin stimulates release of basic molecules to neutralize the influx of acid contents from the stomach

Question 10

In a well-fed human eating a Western diet,the richest source of stored chemical energy in the body is

A)fat in adipose tissue.
B)glucose in the blood.
C)protein in muscle cells.
D)glycogen in muscle cells.
E)calcium phosphate in bone.

Question 11

A mineral that is especially important for preventing anemia is

A)zinc.
B)iron.
C)iodine.
D)molybdenum.
E)folic acid.

Question 12

Digestive enzymes are not needed by which of the following?

A)bearded seal
B)daffodil
C)black Bear
D)caterpillar
E)rock python

Question 13

In marine sponges,intracellular digestion of peptides is usually immediately preceded by

A)hydrolysis.
B)endocytosis.
C)absorption.
D)elimination.
E)secretion.

Question 14

The fat-soluble vitamins include

A)vitamin A.
B)vitamin B₁₂.
C)vitamin C.
D)iodine.
E)calcium.

Question 15

During the snowy winter months,moose (Alces alces)can be seen at the sides of roads and highways drinking the salty water in puddles.This is because

A)sulphur is an essential mineral in the moose diet.
B)calcium is an essential mineral in the moose diet.
C)sulphur chloride is an essential nutrient in the moose diet.
D)sodium chloride is an essential nutrient in the moose diet.
E)calcium chloride is an essential nutrient in the moose diet.

Question 16

Folic acid supplements have become especially important for pregnant women because

A)folic acid supplies vitamins that only pregnant women can use.
B)the folic acid is stored in adipose tissue by pregnant women so supplements are needed to make more available in the circulation.
C)the fetus makes high levels of folic acid.
D)folic acid deprivation is associated with neural tube abnormalities in a fetus.
E)folic acid deprivation is a cause of heart abnormalities in a newborn.

Question 17

Animals that migrate great distances would obtain the greatest energetic benefit of storing chemical energy as

A)proteins.
B)minerals.
C)carbohydrates.
D)amino acids.
E)fats.

Question 18

Excessive iron absorption and accumulation to toxic levels is associated with

A)excessive blood volume.
B)a liver abnormality that results in a decreased number of red blood cells.
C)various forms of inherited or acquired anemia.
D)the genetic disorder known as hemochromatosis.
E)menstruation and menopause.

Question 19

Ingested dietary substances must cross cell membranes to be used by the body,a process known as

A)ingestion.
B)digestion.
C)hydrolysis.
D)absorption.
E)elimination.

Question 20

To maintain adequate nutrition,animals require dietary access to certain amino acids.An amino acid that is referred to as "nonessential" would be best described as one that

A)can be made by the animal's body from other substances.
B)is not used by the animal in biosynthesis.
C)must be ingested in the diet.
D)is not readily absorbed by the gastrointestinal tract.
E)is not found in many proteins.

Question 21

Because the foods eaten by animals are often composed largely of macromolecules,this requires the animals to have mechanisms for

A)elimination.
B)dehydration synthesis.
C)enzymatic hydrolysis.
D)regurgitation.
E)demineralization.

Question 22

The bile salts

A)are enzymes.
B)are manufactured by the pancreas.
C)emulsify fats in the duodenum.
D)increase the efficiency of pepsin action.
E)are normally an ingredient of gastric juice.

Question 23

A nutritional monomer that can be transported in the blood after a typical meal is

A)sucrose.
B)maltose.
C)fatty acid.
D)dipeptide.
E)trinucleotide.

Question 24

Earthworms,grasshoppers,and birds all have a

A)gastric cecae.
B)larynx.
C)crop.
D)pharynx.
E)epiglottis.

Question 25

Which enzyme is involved in the breakdown of olive oil?

A)nuclease
B)trypsin
C)carboxypeptidase
D)amylase
E)lipase

Question 26

Among mammals,it is generally true that

A)all types of foods begin their enzymatic digestion in the mouth.
B)after leaving the oral cavity, the bolus enters the larynx.
C)the epiglottis prevents swallowed food from entering the trachea.
D)the esophagus is a key source of digestive enzymes.
E)the trachea leads to the esophagus and then to the stomach.

Question 27

Salivary amylase digests

A)protein.
B)starches.
C)monosaccharides.
D)glucose.
E)maltose.

Question 28

After ingestion by humans,the first category of macromolecules to be chemically digested by enzymes in the mouth is

A)proteins.
B)carbohydrates.
C)cholesterol and other lipids.
D)nucleic acids.
E)minerals.

Question 29

Digestive secretions with a pH of 2 are characteristic of the

A)small intestine.
B)stomach.
C)pancreas.
D)liver.
E)mouth.

Question 30

Historically inaccurate diagnosis of acid reflux disorders and gastric ulcers has been improved by

A)pH monitoring.
B)X-ray technology.
C)the diagnosis and treatment of H. pylori infection.
D)colonoscopy.
E)sonography.

Question 31

Pepsin is a digestive enzyme that

A)is manufactured by the pancreas.
B)helps stabilize fat-water emulsions.
C)splits maltose into monosaccharides.
D)begins the hydrolysis of proteins in the stomach.
E)is denatured and rendered inactive in solutions with low pH.

Question 32

Glandular secretions that are released initially as inactive precursors of digestive enzymes are the

A)protein-digesting enzymes.
B)fat-solubilizing bile salts.
C)acid-neutralizing bicarbonate.
D)carbohydrate-digesting enzymes.
E)hormones such as gastrin.

Question 33

Complex nutrients are digested and then absorbed into the lymph or bloodstream as

A)disaccharides.
B)polymers.
C)monomers.
D)enzymes.
E)peptides.

Question 34

Constipation can result from the consumption of a substance that

A)contains plenty of fibre.
B)promotes water reabsorption in the large intestine.
C)speeds up movement of material in the large intestine.
D)decreases water reabsorption in the small intestine.
E)stimulates peristalsis.

Question 35

In the digestive system,peristalsis is

A)a process of fat emulsification in the small intestine.
B)voluntary control of the rectal sphincters regulating defecation.
C)the transport of nutrients to the liver through the hepatic portal vessel.
D)a common cause of loss of appetite, fatigue, and dehydration.
E)smooth muscle contractions that move food along the esophagus.

Question 36

The absorption of fats differs from that of carbohydrates in that the

A)processing of fats does not require any digestive enzymes, whereas the processing of carbohydrates does.
B)fat absorption occurs in the stomach, whereas carbohydrates are absorbed from the small intestine.
C)carbohydrates need to be emulsified before they can be digested, whereas fats do not.
D)most absorbed fat first enters the lymphatic system, whereas carbohydrates directly enter the blood.
E)fats, but not carbohydrates, are digested by bacteria before absorption.

Question 37

Because adult lampreys attach onto the surface of large fish for long periods of time to feed on body fluids,they can accomplish nutritional balance without need for a

A)liver.
B)pancreas.
C)intestine.
D)stomach.
E)gallbladder.

Question 38

Upon activation by stomach acidity,the secretions of the parietal cells

A)initiate the digestion of protein in the stomach.
B)initiate the mechanical digestion of lipids in the stomach.
C)initiate the chemical digestion of lipids in the stomach.
D)include pepsinogen.
E)delay digestion until the food arrives in the small intestine.

Question 39

For a nondiabetic person,the glucose concentration in this part of the vasculature varies more than in any other part.

A)abdominal artery
B)coronary arteries
C)pulmonary veins
D)hepatic portal vessel
E)jugular vein

Question 40

An enzyme with high activity in an acidic environment is

A)amylase.
B)pepsin.
C)gastrin.
D)trypsin.
E)sucrose.

Question 41

The adaptations suited to a carnivorous diet include

A)broad, flat molars.
B)a rumen.
C)ingestion of feces.
D)bile salts.
E)amylase.

Question 42

Use the following figure to answer the questions below.

Examine the digestive system structures in the figure above.The agents that help emulsify fats are produced in

A)1)
B)2)
C)3)
D)8)
E)9)

Question 43

The molar teeth of herbivorous mammals are especially effective at

A)cutting.
B)ripping.
C)grinding.
D)splitting.
E)piercing.

Question 44

Use the following figure to answer the questions below.

Examine the digestive system structures in the figure above.The highest rate of nutrient absorption occurs at location(s)

A)3 only.
B)4 only.
C)1 and 4.
D)3 and 4.
E)1, 3, and 4.

Question 45

Cattle are able to survive on a diet consisting almost entirely of plant material because

A)they are autotrophic.
B)cattle, like rabbits, re-ingest their feces.
C)they manufacture all 15 amino acids out of sugars in the liver.
D)cattle saliva has enzymes capable of digesting cellulose.
E)they have cellulose-digesting, symbiotic microorganisms in chambers of their stomachs.

Question 46

When the digestion and absorption of organic molecules results in more energy-rich molecules than are immediately required by an animal,the excess is

A)eliminated in the feces.
B)stored as starch in the liver.
C)stored as glycogen in the liver and muscles.
D)oxidized and converted to ATP.
E)hydrolyzed and converted to ADP.

Question 47

Hypoglycemia,or low levels of glucose in the blood of a healthy human,is "corrected" by a(n)

A)increase in the secretion of insulin.
B)increase in the secretion of glucagon.
C)increase in the secretion of both insulin and glucagon.
D)decrease in the secretion of both insulin and glucagon.
E)increase in the secretion of thyroid hormones.

Question 48

A fasting animal whose energy needs exceed those provided in its diet draws on its stored resources in which order?

A)fat, then glycogen, then protein
B)glycogen, then protein, then fat
C)liver glycogen, then muscle glycogen, then fat
D)muscle glycogen, then fat, then liver glycogen
E)fat, then protein, then glycogen

Question 49

A group of animals among which a relatively long cecum is likely to be found is the

A)carnivores.
B)herbivores.
C)autotrophs.
D)heterotrophs.
E)omnivores.

Question 50

Stomach cells are moderately well adapted to the acidity and protein-digesting activities in the stomach by having

A)a sufficient colony of H. pylori.
B)a thick, mucous secretion and active mitosis of epithelial cells.
C)a high level of secretion by chief cells.
D)a high level of secretion from parietal cells.
E)secretions enter the stomach from the pancreas.

Question 51

Cellulose-digesting symbiotic microbes exist in all of the following locations except

A)the large intestine and cecum of rabbits.
B)the stomach of a ruminant.
C)the stomach of a deep-sea giant tube worm.
D)the crop of an herbivorous bird.
E)the enlarged cecum of the koala bear.

Question 52

In what type of organism are you most likely to observe coprophagy?

A)carnivores
B)herbivores
C)fluid feeders
D)suspension feeders
E)omnivores

Question 53

If the ob gene,which is responsible for the production of leptin,is down-regulated,the result would be

A)an increased appetite and an increased body mass.
B)a decreased appetite and a decreased body mass.
C)an increased appetite and a decreased body mass.
D)a decreased appetite and an increased body mass.
E)an unchanged appetite and normal body weight.

Question 54

A hiatal hernia that disrupts the functional relationship between the smooth muscle in the esophagus and that in the stomach would be most likely to increase the frequency of

A)gastric reflux.
B)premature entry of food into the duodenum.
C)excess secretion of pepsinogen.
D)increased stomach pH.
E)retention of food in the stomach.

Question 55

Analysis of jawbones from the skeletal remains of a vertebrate animal reveal its dietary patterns owing to

A)the position of muscle attachment sites.
B)the prevalence of specific kinds of teeth.
C)the size of the mouth opening.
D)the evidence of food molecules still present.
E)whether the mouth is the most anterior structure.

Question 56

An enlarged cecum is typical of

A)rabbits, horses, and herbivorous bears.
B)carnivorous animals.
C)tubeworms that digest via symbionts.
D)humans and other primates.
E)tapeworms and other intestinal parasites.

Question 57

Coprophagy,the nutrition-boosting ingestion of fecal material,is important for the nutritional balance of

A)ruminants such as cows.
B)insects and arthropods.
C)rabbits and their relatives.
D)squirrels and some rodents.
E)very large animals, such as elephants.

Question 58

The cells that secrete acidic fluid in the stomach are

A)the chief cells of the stomach.
B)the parietal cells of the stomach.
C)not needed for the transformation of pepsinogen to pepsin.
D)in the lumen of the stomach.
E)adding secretions along the esophagus.

Question 59

A significant contribution of intestinal bacteria to human nutrition is the benefit of bacterial

A)production of vitamins A and C.
B)generation of gases needed for elimination.
C)absorption of organic materials.
D)production of vitamin K.
E)recovery of water from fecal matter.

Question 60

If you found a vertebrate skull in the woods and the teeth were sharp and scissor-like,what type of food would you expect this animal to eat?

A)grass
B)flesh of another animal
C)nectar
D)blood
E)insects

Question 61

Use the following information to answer the questions below.
You are an archaeologist and have found the well-preserved body of an unknown animal.It has large jaws with very jagged molars and sharp canines.After dissecting the animal,you observe that it has a comparatively small cecum.
Which assumptions can you make about the animal's diet?

A)The animal was a carnivorous bulk feeder that rarely ate vegetation.
B)The animal was a carnivorous filter feeder that rarely ate vegetation.
C)The animal was an herbivorous bulk feeder that rarely ate meat.
D)The animal was an herbivorous filter feeder that rarely ate meat.
E)The animal was a carnivorous substrate feeder that often ate vegetation.

Question 62

Mouse mutations can affect an animal's appetite and eating habits.The ob gene codes for a satiety factor,the hormone leptin.The db gene product,the leptin receptor,is required to respond to the satiety factor.
Leptin is a product of adipose cells.Therefore,a very obese mouse would be expected to have

A)increased gene expression of ob and decreased expression of db.
B)increased gene expression of db and decreased expression of ob.
C)decreased transcription of both ob and db.
D)mutation of ob or db.
E)same levels of transcription and non-obese mice

Question 63

What is the importance of the mucins that are released by salivary glands?

A)They aid in degradation of triglycerides to fatty acids and monoglycerides.
B)They begin the process of starch digestion.
C)They are hormonal molecules that stimulate the release of gastric juice by the stomach in anticipation of receipt of the contents of the mouth.
D)They are glycoproteins that make food slippery enough to slide easily through the esophagus.
E)They begin the process of protein digestion.

Question 64

What are the purpose of villi and microvilli in the small intestine?

A)neutralize stomach acid
B)activate trypsinogen
C)increase the surface area to increase the efficiency of nutrient absorption
D)emulsify lipid molecules
E)break down food into smaller molecules

Question 65

Use the following figure to answer the questions below.

Examine the digestive system structures in the figure above.Bacteria that produce vitamins as products are residents of location

A)3)
B)4)
C)5)
D)7)
E)8)

Question 66

Why did scientists originally hypothesize that proteolytic enzymes such as pepsin and trypsin are secreted in inactive form?

A)These proteolytic enzymes, in active form, would digest the very tissues that synthesize them.
B)They identified the hormone that activates pepsin and trypsin.
C)The stomach is too acidic to maintain these enzymes in their active form.
D)Pepsin and trypsin have never been isolated in their fully activated form.
E)Pepsin and trypsin were discovered to have protein folding patterns different from those seen previously.

Question 67

Use the following information to answer the questions below.
Pretend that you are John Cabot and have been at sea for many months.After several food supplies run out (including the fruits and vegetables),you begin to feel lethargic and notice the development of spots on your skin as well as bleeding from your mucous membranes.You make a visit to the ship's physician and he diagnoses you with scurvy.
The symptoms of scurvy are experienced due to the lack of which major bodily function?

A)collagen synthesis
B)production of nucleic acids
C)amino acid metabolism
D)maintenance of epithelial tissues
E)blood clotting

Question 68

Use the following information to answer the questions below.
Pretend that you are John Cabot and have been at sea for many months.After several food supplies run out (including the fruits and vegetables),you begin to feel lethargic and notice the development of spots on your skin as well as bleeding from your mucous membranes.You make a visit to the ship's physician and he diagnoses you with scurvy.
Which dietary deficiency is making you ill?

A)B₁₂ (cobalamin)
B)C (ascorbic acid)
C)iron
D)B₃ (niacin)
E)calcium

Question 69

Use the following information to answer the questions below.
You are an archaeologist and have found the well-preserved body of an unknown animal.It has large jaws with very jagged molars and sharp canines.After dissecting the animal,you observe that it has a comparatively small cecum.
The cecum is small because

A)there is little room in the abdominal cavity.
B)it secretes very few enzymes.
C)it digests only alcohol.
D)animal cells are not surrounded by a wall.
E)it is responsible for water uptake.

Question 70

The mammalian trachea and esophagus both connect to the

A)large intestine.
B)stomach.
C)pharynx.
D)rectum.
E)epiglottis.

Question 71

Over-the-counter medications for acid reflux or heartburn block the production of stomach acid.Which of the following cells are directly affected by this medication?

A)goblet cells
B)chief cells
C)parietal cells
D)smooth muscle cells
E)mucous cells

Question 72

What is the process of eating food is known as?

A)ingestion
B)digestion
C)absorption
D)excretion
E)collection

Question 73

After surgical removal of an infected gallbladder,a person must be especially careful to restrict dietary intake of

A)starch.
B)protein.
C)sugar.
D)fat.
E)water.

Question 74

Jahasz-Pocsine and co-workers found a correlation between gastric bypass surgery and neurological complications.Surgeons performed gastric bypass surgery on 150 patients at the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences Neurology Clinic.Of the 150 patients,26 experienced neurological complications related to the surgery.What is the most likely cause for the neurological complications?

A)sudden weight loss and caloric deficiency interfering with neurological function
B)nutrient (for example, vitamin and mineral)deficiencies
C)sloppy surgical technique of physicians performing the bypass surgery
D)infections following surgical intervention
E)difficulty adjusting to eating smaller meals

Question 75

Which of the following animals is incorrectly paired with its feeding mechanism?

A)lion-substrate feeder
B)baleen whale-suspension feeder
C)aphid-fluid feeder
D)clam-suspension feeder
E)snake-bulk feeder

Question 76

If you were to jog 1 km a few hours after lunch,which stored fuel would you probably tap?

A)muscle proteins
B)muscle and liver glycogen
C)fat stored in the liver
D)fat stored in adipose tissue
E)blood proteins

Question 77

Which of the following organs is incorrectly paired with its function?

A)stomach-protein digestion
B)oral cavity-starch digestion
C)large intestine-bile production
D)small intestine-nutrient absorption
E)pancreas-enzyme production

Question 78

Which of the following is not a major activity of the stomach?

A)mechanical digestion
B)HCl secretion
C)mucus secretion
D)nutrient absorption
E)enzyme secretion

Question 79

Why is it important to break down large chunks of food into smaller pieces?

A)Smaller pieces of food taste better than larger pieces of food.
B)Smaller pieces of food have more surface area for chemical digestion than do larger pieces of food.
C)Smaller pieces of food are easier to excrete than are larger pieces of food.
D)Smaller pieces of food are more easily stored in the stomach than are larger pieces of food.
E)Bile acid can only bind to smaller pieces of food.

Question 80

Use the following figure to answer the questions below.

Examine the digestive system structures in the figure above.Most of the digestion of fats occurs in section(s)

A)3 only.
B)4 only.
C)1 and 4.
D)3 and 4.
E)1, 3, and 4.