Deck 49: Nervous Systems

Question 1

In a cephalized invertebrate,the system that transmits "efferent" impulses from the anterior ganglion to distal segments is the

A)central nervous system.
B)peripheral nervous system.
C)autonomic nervous system.
D)parasympathetic nervous system.
E)sympathetic nervous system.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Exercise and emergency reactions include

A)increased activity in all parts of the peripheral nervous system.
B)increased activity in the sympathetic, and decreased activity in the parasympathetic, branches.
C)decreased activity in the sympathetic, and increased activity in the parasympathetic, branches.
D)increased activity in the enteric nervous system.
E)reduced heart rate and blood pressure.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

In the human knee-jerk reflex,as the calf is raised from the vertical toward the horizontal,the muscles of the quadriceps (flexors on the ventral side of the thighs)and the muscles of the hamstring (extensors on the dorsal side of the thighs)are

A)both excited and contracting.
B)both inhibited and relaxed.
C)excited and inhibited, respectively.
D)inhibited and excited, respectively.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

The human knee-jerk reflex requires an intact

A)spinal cord.
B)hypothalamus.
C)corpus callosum.
D)cerebellum.
E)medulla.

Question 5

The blood-brain barrier

A)is formed by tight junctions.
B)is formed by oligodendrocytes.
C)tightly regulates the intracellular environment of the CNS.
D)uses chemical signals to communicate with the spinal cord.
E)provides support to the brain tissue.

Question 6

Choose the correct match of glial cell type and function.

A)astrocytes → metabolize neurotransmitters and modulate synaptic effectiveness
B)oligodendrocytes → produce the myelin sheaths of myelinated neurons in the peripheral nervous system
C)microglia → produce the myelin sheaths of myelinated neurons in the central nervous system
D)radial glia → the source of immunoprotection against pathogens
E)Schwann cells → provide nutritional support to non-myelinated neurons

Question 7

The central nervous system is lacking in animals that have

A)a complete gut.
B)bilateral symmetry.
C)radial symmetry.
D)a closed circulatory system.
E)excitable membranes.

Question 8

The stretch receptors of the sensory neurons in the human knee-jerk reflex are located in the

A)gastrocnemius muscle, in the calf.
B)cartilage of the knee.
C)quadriceps, the flexor muscles on the ventral side of the thighs.
D)hamstring, the extensor muscles on the dorsal side of the thighs.
E)brain, the sensorimotor relay.

Question 9

The divisions of the nervous system that have antagonistic,or opposing,actions are

A)motor and sensory systems.
B)sympathetic and parasympathetic systems.
C)presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes.
D)forebrain and hindbrain.
E)central nervous system and peripheral nervous system.

Question 10

Preparation for the fight-or-flight response includes activation of the ________ nervous system.

A)sympathetic
B)somatic
C)central
D)visceral
E)parasympathetic

Question 11

Cephalization,the clustering of neurons and interneurons in the anterior part of the animal,is apparent in

A)Hydra.
B)cnidarians.
C)Planaria.
D)sea stars.
E)invertebrate animals with radial symmetry.

Question 12

Although an exact count is not available,it is likely that the human brain has as many as

A)10 000 neurons.
B)500 000 neurons.
C)1 million neurons.
D)10 million neurons.
E)100 billion neurons.

Question 13

Cerebrospinal fluid can be described as all of the following except

A)functioning in transport of nutrients and hormones through the brain.
B)a product of the filtration of blood in the brain.
C)formed from layers of connective tissue.
D)functioning to cushion the brain.
E)filling cavities in the brain called ventricles.

Question 14

Increased activity in the sympathetic nervous system leads to

A)decreased heart rate.
B)increased secretion by the pancreas.
C)increased secretion by the gallbladder.
D)increased contraction of the stomach.
E)relaxation of the airways in the lungs.

Question 15

Cranial nerves originate in the brain and are thus part of the

A)central nervous system.
B)peripheral nervous system.
C)autonomic nervous system.
D)parasympathetic nervous system.
E)sympathetic nervous system.

Question 16

Myelinated neurons are especially abundant in the

A)grey matter of the brain and the white matter of the spinal cord.
B)white matter of the brain and the grey matter of the spinal cord.
C)grey matter of the brain and the grey matter of the spinal cord.
D)white matter in the brain and the white matter in the spinal cord.
E)all areas of the brain and spinal cord.

Question 17

The activation of the parasympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system is associated with

A)resting and digesting.
B)release of epinephrine into the blood.
C)increased metabolic rate.
D)fight-or-flight responses.
E)intensive aerobic exercise.

Question 18

The cerebrospinal fluid is

A)a filtrate of the blood.
B)a secretion of glial cells.
C)a secretion of interneurons.
D)cytosol secreted from ependymal cells.
E)secreted by the hypothalamus.

Question 19

Afferent neuronal systems include the

A)sensory systems.
B)peripheral nervous system.
C)autonomic nervous system.
D)parasympathetic nervous system.
E)sympathetic nervous system.

Question 20

After eating a large meal,which nerves are most active in your digestive system?
I)parasympathetic nerves
II)somatic (motor)nerves
III)sympathetic nerves

A)only I
B)only II
C)only III
D)only II and III
E)I, II and III

Question 21

The system that modulates excitation and inhibition of smooth and cardiac muscles of the digestive,cardiovascular,and excretory systems is the

A)central nervous system.
B)peripheral nervous system.
C)autonomic nervous system.
D)parasympathetic nervous system.
E)sympathetic nervous system.

Question 22

Which of the following structures are correctly paired?

A)forebrain and medulla oblongata
B)forebrain and cerebellum
C)midbrain and cerebrum
D)hindbrain and cerebellum
E)brainstem and anterior pituitary gland

Question 23

The endogenous nature of biological rhythms is based on the observations that animals isolated from light and dark cues

A)continue to have cycles of exactly 24 hours' duration.
B)continue to have cycles of approximately 24 hours' duration; some more rapid, some slower.
C)synchronize activity with whatever lighting cycle is imposed on them.
D)cease having any rhythms.
E)are independent of any genetic determinants.

Question 24

Central coordination of vertebrate biological rhythms in physiology and behaviour reside in the

A)pituitary gland.
B)hypothalamus.
C)cerebrum.
D)cerebellum.
E)thalamus.

Question 25

An adolescent decides to take a risky jump from the roof into a shallow pool.This poorly assessed decision is indicative of a(n)

A)underdeveloped motor cortex.
B)absent motor cortex.
C)absent occipital lobe.
D)malfunctioning thalamus.
E)underdeveloped prefrontal cortex.

Question 26

Which animal would you expect to have the most sophisticated nervous system organization?

A)anemone
B)oyster
C)clam
D)octopus
E)chiton

Question 27

The limbic system in the central nervous system sustains many vegetative functions in mammals and is closely associated with structures that process cues about

A)gustation.
B)olfaction.
C)vision.
D)audition.
E)mechanosensation.

Question 28

The regulation of body temperature derives from the activity of the

A)cerebrum.
B)cerebellum.
C)thalamus.
D)hypothalamus.
E)medulla oblongata.

Question 29

Hormones that are secreted by the posterior pituitary gland are made in the

A)cerebrum.
B)cerebellum.
C)thalamus.
D)hypothalamus.
E)medulla oblongata.

Question 30

The unconscious control of respiration and circulation are associated with the

A)thalamus.
B)cerebellum.
C)medulla oblongata.
D)corpus callosum.
E)cerebrum.

Question 31

The suprachiasmatic nuclei are found in the

A)thalamus.
B)hypothalamus.
C)epithalamus.
D)amygdala.
E)Broca's area.

Question 32

Which brain region would be involved in information retention if you were to take a nap after studying?

A)diencephalon
B)cerebrum
C)midbrain
D)cerebellum
E)medulla oblongata

Question 33

Increases and decreases of the heart rate result from changes in the activity of the

A)corpus callosum.
B)medulla oblongata.
C)thalamus.
D)pituitary.
E)cerebellum.

Question 34

Food and water appetites are under the regulatory influence of the

A)cerebrum.
B)cerebellum.
C)thalamus.
D)hypothalamus.
E)medulla oblongata.

Question 35

The coordination of groups of skeletal muscles is driven by activity in the

A)cerebrum.
B)cerebellum.
C)thalamus.
D)hypothalamus.
E)medulla oblongata.

Question 36

The telencephalon region of the developing brain of a mammal

A)develops as the neural tube differentiates.
B)develops from the midbrain.
C)is the brain region most like that of ancestral vertebrates.
D)gives rise to the cerebrum.
E)divides further into the metencephalon and myelencephalon.

Question 37

Which processes in animals are regulated by circadian rhythms?

A)sleep cycles
B)hormone release
C)sex drive
D)sleep cycles and hormone release only
E)sleep cycles, hormone release, and sex drive

Question 38

Calculation,contemplation,and cognition are human activities associated with increased activity in the

A)pituitary gland.
B)hypothalamus.
C)cerebrum.
D)cerebellum.
E)spinal cord.

Question 39

Which invertebrate species has exactly 302 neurons?

A)Caenorhabditis elegans
B)planarian
C)echinoderm
D)cnidarian
E)Chironex fleckeri

Question 40

Bottlenose dolphins breathe air but can sleep in the ocean because

A)they cease breathing while sleeping and remain underwater.
B)they sleep for only 30 minutes at a time, which is the maximum interval they can cease breathing.
C)they fill their swim bladder with air to keep their blowholes above the surface of the water while they sleep.
D)they move to shallow water to sleep, so they do not need to swim to keep their blowholes above the surface of the water.
E)they alternate which half of their brains is asleep and which half is awake.

Question 41

If you were writing an essay,the part of your brain that would be actively involved in this task would be the

A)temporal and frontal lobes.
B)parietal lobe.
C)Broca's area.
D)Wernicke's area.
E)occipital lobe.

Question 42

Refer to the following illustration of the limbic system to help answer the next few questions.

In the figure,which letter points to the olfactory bulb?

A)A
B)B
C)C
D)D
E)E

Question 43

Refer to the following illustration of the limbic system to help answer the next few questions.

In the figure,which letter points to the hippocampus?

A)A
B)B
C)C
D)D
E)E

Question 44

Short-term memory information processing usually causes changes in the

A)brainstem.
B)medulla.
C)hypothalamus.
D)hippocampus.
E)cranial nerves.

Question 45

Learning a new language during adulthood alters activity in the brain's language-processing locations by

A)altering synaptic effectiveness in these locations.
B)increasing the rate of mitosis in these locations.
C)inhibiting synapses that work in the previously learned language.
D)causing established neurons to produce different neurotransmitter molecules.
E)forming electrical synapses between cells.

Question 46

Refer to the following illustration of the limbic system to help answer the next few questions.

In the figure,which letter points to the thalamus?

A)A
B)B
C)C
D)D
E)E

Question 47

Refer to the following illustration of the limbic system to help answer the next few questions.

In the figure,which letter points to the amygdala?

A)A
B)B
C)C
D)D
E)E

Question 48

Bipolar disorder is similar to schizophrenia in that researchers suspect that both include trouble with the neurotransmitter

A)dopamine.
B)acetylcholine.
C)norepinephrine.
D)nitric oxide.
E)ethanol.

Question 49

Which of the following shows a brain structure correctly paired with one of its primary functions?

A)frontal lobe-decision making
B)occipital lobe-control of skeletal muscles
C)temporal lobe-visual processing
D)cerebellum-language comprehension
E)occipital lobe-speech production

Question 50

In mammals,advanced cognition is usually correlated with a large and very convoluted neocortex,but birds are capable of sophisticated cognition because they have

A)a more advanced cerebellum.
B)a cerebellum with several flat layers.
C)a pallium with neurons clustered into nuclei.
D)microvilli to increase the brain's surface area.
E)a large hindbrain

Question 51

Forming new long-term memories is strikingly disrupted after damage to the

A)thalamus.
B)hypothalamus.
C)hippocampus.
D)somatosensory cortex.
E)primary motor cortex.

Question 52

Our understanding of mental illness has been most advanced by discoveries involving

A)the degree of convolutions in the brain's surface.
B)the evolution of the telencephalon.
C)the sequence of developmental specialization.
D)the chemicals involved in brain communications.
E)the nature of the blood-brain barrier.

Question 53

The establishment and expression of emotions involves the

A)frontal lobes and limbic system.
B)frontal lobes and parietal lobes.
C)parietal lobes and limbic system.
D)frontal and occipital lobes.
E)occipital lobes and limbic system.

Question 54

Wernicke's and Broca's regions of the brain affect

A)olfaction.
B)vision.
C)speech.
D)memory.
E)hearing.

Question 55

If an individual did not possess the NMDA or AMPA receptors,this would inhibit

A)dreaming during sleep.
B)short-term memory.
C)long-term potentiation.
D)motor capacity.
E)short-term potentiation.

Question 56

Early onset Alzheimer's is similar to early-onset Parkinson's in that both

A)result in amyloid plaques on neurons.
B)have a genetic basis.
C)activate the VTA.
D)involve the neurotransmitter glutamate.
E)inhibit the release of dopamine.

Question 57

Failure of an embryonic neuron to establish a synaptic connection to another cell

A)converts that neuron to an ependymal cell.
B)causes the neuron to migrate to another part of the brain.
C)converts that neuron to a glial cell.
D)leads to Alzheimer's disease.
E)results in the programmed cell death of that neuron.

Question 58

The motor cortex is part of the

A)cerebrum.
B)cerebellum.
C)spinal cord.
D)midbrain.
E)medulla oblongata.

Question 59

Wernicke's area

A)is active when speech is heard and comprehended.
B)is active during the generation of speech.
C)coordinates the response to olfactory sensation.
D)is active when you are reading silently.
E)is found on the left side of the brain.

Question 60

Bipolar disorder differs from schizophrenia in that

A)schizophrenia results in hallucinations.
B)schizophrenia results in both manic and depressive states.
C)schizophrenia results in decreased dopamine.
D)bipolar disorder involves both genes and environment.
E)bipolar disorder increases biogenic amines.

Question 61

An injury to the occipital lobe will likely impair which function?

A)primary visual cortex
B)thalamus
C)sense of taste
D)sense of touch
E)movement

Question 62

Injury localized to the hypothalamus would most likely disrupt

A)short-term memory.
B)coordination during locomotion.
C)executive functions, such as decision making.
D)sorting of sensory information.
E)regulation of body temperature.

Question 63

When Phineas Gage had a metal rod driven into his frontal lobe,or when someone had a frontal lobotomy,they would

A)lose the ability to reason.
B)lose all short-term memory.
C)have greatly altered emotional responses.
D)lose all long-term memory.
E)lose their sense of balance.

Question 64

The cerebral cortex plays a major role in all of the following except

A)short-term memory.
B)long-term memory.
C)circadian rhythm.
D)foot-tapping rhythm.
E)breath holding.

Question 65

Which of the following correctly describes short-term memory?

A)Short-term memory involves temporary links formed in the cerebral cortex while long-term memory involves permanent connections within the hippocampus.
B)Short-term memory and long-term memory store information in the cerebellum but use different neurotransmitters.
C)Short-term memory is essential for acquiring and retaining long-term memories.
D)Short-term memory is essential for acquiring new long-term memories but not for maintaining them.
E)Short-term memory involves temporary links in the hippocampus, while long-term memory involves permanent connections within the cerebral cortex.

Question 66

Which of the following correctly describes the how memories are stored and learning takes place?

A)Memory and learning is related to changes in the degree of myelination of axons.
B)Memory and learning results in an increase in the diameter of axons.
C)Memory and learning results in a shift from aerobic to anaerobic respiration in neurons.
D)Memory and learning involves two types of glutamate receptors.
E)Memory and learning involves stronger action potentials.

Question 67

If a doctor attempts to trigger the patellar tendon reflex and a lack of response occurs,what are potential regions where pathology might exist?
I)the brain
II)the knee
III)the spinal cord

A)only I
B)only II
C)only III
D)only II and III
E)I, II and III

Question 68

Use the following information to answer the next few questions.
While deployed to Afghanistan,a soldier steps on a landmine and loses the lower portion of his right leg and also sustains a substantial brain injury.In time,doctors observe that the soldier is not acquiring new long-term memories since the explosion occurred; however,his recollection of times previous to the explosion is impeccable.Sometimes the soldier can feel a tingling sensation in his missing limb.
With regard to memory,which region of the brain has been affected by the explosion?

A)somatosensory cortex
B)hippocampus
C)pallium
D)Wernicke's area
E)parietal lobe

Question 69

Refer to the following illustration of the limbic system to help answer the next few questions.

In the figure,which letter points to the hypothalamus?

A)A
B)B
C)C
D)D
E)E

Question 70

Which of the following structures or regions is incorrectly paired with its function?

A)limbic system-motor control of speech
B)medulla oblongata-homeostatic control
C)cerebellum-coordination of movement and balance
D)corpus callosum-communication between the left and right cerebral cortices
E)amygdala-emotional memory

Question 71

Use the following information to answer the next few questions.
While walking your dog one night,you notice that there are few animals making noise compared to the day.This piques your interest and you decide to perform a literature search.You discover that the 24-hour biological clock is a conserved evolutionary adaptation across many taxa,and is typically synchronized with periods of light and dark,where the animals are alert in the light periods and sleeping during the dark periods.The group of neurons that links the biological clock to environmental cues of light and dark is called the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN).
In birds and mammals,the hormone that affects the sleep/wake cycle is

A)TSH.
B)norepinephrine.
C)epinephrine.
D)dopamine.
E)melatonin.

Question 72

Patients with damage to Wernicke's area have difficulty

A)coordinating limb movement.
B)generating speech.
C)recognizing faces.
D)understanding language.
E)experiencing emotion.

Question 73

Wakefulness is regulated by the reticular formation,which is present in the

A)basal nuclei.
B)cerebral cortex.
C)brainstem.
D)limbic system.
E)spinal cord.

Question 74

After suffering a stroke,a patient can see objects anywhere in front of him but pays attention only to objects in his right field of vision.When asked to describe these objects,he has difficulty judging their size and distance.What part of the brain was likely damaged by the stroke?

A)the left frontal lobe
B)the right frontal lobe
C)the left parietal lobe
D)the right parietal lobe
E)the corpus callosum

Question 75

Use the following information to answer the next few questions.
While walking your dog one night,you notice that there are few animals making noise compared to the day.This piques your interest and you decide to perform a literature search.You discover that the 24-hour biological clock is a conserved evolutionary adaptation across many taxa,and is typically synchronized with periods of light and dark,where the animals are alert in the light periods and sleeping during the dark periods.The group of neurons that links the biological clock to environmental cues of light and dark is called the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN).
What would happen if the SCN were removed?

A)The organism would exhibit severe and erratic mood swings.
B)The organism would die.
C)Rhythmicity in behaviours and electrical activity of the brain would be lost.
D)Decision making would be impaired.
E)The organism would have a memory defect.

Question 76

Upon witnessing a robber hold up a convenience store at gunpoint,which of the following reactions would your nervous system initiate?

A)increased heartbeat
B)constriction of airways
C)constriction of pupils
D)decreased heartbeat
E)emptying of bladder

Question 77

If a patient has an injury in the brain stem,which of the following would be observed?

A)auditory hallucinations
B)visual hallucinations
C)an inability to regulate body temperature
D)an inability to regulate heart function
E)lack of circadian rhythms

Question 78

What is the point of connection between two communicating neurons called?

A)axon hillock
B)dendrite
C)synapse
D)glia
E)establishment point

Question 79

Use the following information to answer the next few questions.
While deployed to Afghanistan,a soldier steps on a landmine and loses the lower portion of his right leg and also sustains a substantial brain injury.In time,doctors observe that the soldier is not acquiring new long-term memories since the explosion occurred; however,his recollection of times previous to the explosion is impeccable.Sometimes the soldier can feel a tingling sensation in his missing limb.
Over time,the soldier's phantom limb syndrome subsides and he rarely "feels" his missing limb.This is an example of

A)neural plasticity.
B)somatosensory regeneration.
C)autonomic arousal.
D)reticular formation.
E)sympathetic response.

Question 80

Imagine you are resting comfortably on a sofa after dinner.This could be described as a state with

A)increased activity in the sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric nervous systems.
B)decreased activity in the sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric nervous systems.
C)decreased activity in the sympathetic nervous system, and increased activity in the parasympathetic and enteric nervous systems.
D)increased activity in the sympathetic nervous system, and decreased activity in the parasympathetic and enteric nervous systems.
E)increased activity in the sympathetic nervous system, decreased activity in the parasympathetic nervous system, and increased activity in the enteric nervous system.