Deck 21: Human Sex Differences: Endocrine, Skeletal, and Muscular Systems

Question 1

Which endocrine gland is involved in producing immune cells?

A) thyroid gland
B) parathyroid glands
C) thymus
D) pancreas

Answer 1

C

Question 2

You're treating a patient who is abnormally short and find normal blood levels of growth hormone. Based on this evidence, what can you determine about the patient?

A) The patient has a tumor in the pituitary gland.
B) The patient lacks a functional pituitary gland.
C) The patient lacks receptors for growth hormone.
D) The patient lacks a functional circulatory system.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

A patient is exhibiting symptoms that include lethargy, weight gain, and abnormal blood levels of calcium. Where does the patient potentially have a tumor?

A) pancreas
B) thyroid gland
C) thymus
D) hypothalamus

Answer 3

B

Question 4

What type of cells respond to a particular hormone?

A) glandular
B) target
C) receptive
D) endocrine

Question 5

Which change is a sign of puberty occurring in males?

A) increased fat deposition
B) breast development
C) underarm hair growth
D) widening of hips

Question 6

True or false: Studies have shown that a woman's life expectancy is diminished due to menstruation.

Question 7

You (assume you are male) were told by your mom not to wear tight briefs, as this could make you sterile and infertile. What did she mean by this statement?

A) Testosterone does not act at body temperature.
B) Testosterone cannot be produced at body temperature.
C) Sperm production is reduced by excess pressure.
D) Sperm production is reduced at body temperature.

Question 8

Which system is an internal system of regulation and communication involving hormones, glands, and target cells?

Question 9

Which structure produces immune cells and is part of the lymphatic system?

Question 10

Consider the figure illustrating the two major classes of hormones and their actions. Which class of hormones would you expect to be ideally suited for long-term processes such as growth and development?

A) protein hormones, because they can relay messages
B) steroid hormones, because they can turn specific genes on or off
C) protein hormones, because they cannot cross cell membranes
D) steroid hormones, because they can diffuse across cell membranes

Question 11

Suddenly, you find yourself in a situation in which someone is shooting live ammunition at you. Which hormone is likely to be one of the first secreted as a direct response to this situation?

A) LH
B) FSH
C) epinephrine
D) testosterone

Question 12

You have just eaten a candy bar and your blood glucose levels are rising. This will activate which organ of the endocrine system?

A) pancreas
B) thyroid gland
C) thymus
D) parathyroid gland

Question 13

A young person suffered a head injury that damaged her pituitary. As this person got older, what condition was the only thing that she and her doctors found that was unaffected by the injury?

A) growth
B) menstrual cycle
C) production of breast milk
D) blood sugar level

Question 14

True or false: In general, the first signs of puberty occur earlier in life for girls than for boys.

Question 15

Which structure controls the activity of all the others?

A) ovary
B) testis
C) hypothalamus
D) pituitary gland

Question 16

True or false: Steroid-based hormones are able to move across cell membranes easily because they are water soluble.

Question 17

Unlike most steroid-based hormones, how will protein hormones typically work?

A) by binding to receptors on the surface of target cells
B) by binding to receptors inside the target cells
C) by binding to receptors in the nucleus of target cells
D) by causing target cells to turn specific genes on and off

Question 18

You are a famous endocrinologist and are presented with a case in which a genetically determined male (XY) exhibits secondary female characteristics, including breast development and lack of facial hair growth. What may you hypothesize about this patient?

A) He may lack receptors for testosterone.
B) He may have a tumor in his testes causing an overproduction of testosterone.
C) He may be abusing steroids.
D) He may actually be perfectly healthy and normal.

Question 19

Why do sex hormones and other steroids take much longer to produce their effects than nonsteroid hormones do?

A) Steroids are bigger, slower molecules.
B) Steroids must usually be carried longer distances by the blood.
C) Steroids must relay their messages via relay molecules.
D) Steroids cause target cells to make new proteins, which takes time.

Question 20

The lack of which hormone would cause an adult man to exhibit a low sperm count and possibly be infertile?

A) LH
B) FSH
C) adrenaline
D) estrogen

Question 21

Why are women more proficient than men on the balance beam apparatus used in gymnastics?

A) Women have a higher center of gravity because their legs are long relative to their torsos.
B) Women have a lower center of gravity because their arms are long relative to their legs.
C) Women have a higher center of gravity because their arms are long relative to their torsos.
D) Women have a lower center of gravity because their torsos are long relative to leg length.

Question 22

Which type of skeleton protects a human's soft internal organs?

Question 23

True or false: Because of generally larger Q angles, women may be more susceptible to knee injuries than men.

Question 24

Which endocrine glands are involved in calcium homeostasis?

A) thyroid and parathyroid
B) hypothalamus and pituitary
C) thyroid and pancreas
D) hypothalamus and adrenal gland

Question 25

Which body structure is part of the axial skeleton?

A) skull
B) legs
C) arms
D) hips

Question 26

Refer to the figure to answer the following question: Which component of bone is responsible for producing blood cells?

A) cartilage
B) marrow
C) spongy bone
D) compact bone

Question 27

Label the parts of the human skeleton.

Question 28

How do the hormones involved in blood calcium homeostasis actually function?

A) Parathyroid hormone stimulates calcium deposit in bones and increases calcium uptake in the kidneys.
B) A falling blood calcium level causes the thyroid to release calcitonin.
C) Calcitonin acts to lower blood calcium levels, and parathyroid hormone acts to raise blood calcium.
D) Both parathyroid hormone and calcitonin act to raise blood calcium levels.

Question 29

Which is an important function of the skeletal system?

A) providing support for the body
B) allowing communication between organs
C) excreting waste substances
D) utilizing energy from food

Question 30

A tumor in an endocrine gland caused Jane to have weakened bones and unusually high levels of blood calcium. Which gland was affected?

A) parathyroid gland
B) pancreas
C) bone marrow
D) pituitary gland

Question 31

Which major type of muscle in humans has a primary function in movement?

A) smooth
B) cardiac
C) skeletal
D) endothelial

Question 32

You're treating a patient who experienced a fracture to her appendicular skeleton. Which bone would need to be treated?

A) skull
B) vertebral column
C) sternum
D) tibia

Question 33

Marble bone disease is a disease in which bone increases in mass and becomes abnormally hard. This disorder is most likely caused by the inactivity of which part of the body?

A) bone marrow
B) osteoblasts
C) osteoclasts
D) vertebrae

Question 34

While ________ are involved in bone deposition, ________ are involved in the breakdown of bone tissue.

Question 35

True or false: Because women have a broader pelvis, their Q angle is smaller than the Q angle in men.

Question 36

How does growth during puberty affect the differences in male and female skeletons?

A) Men will have a greater center of balance than women.
B) Men will have longer legs and arms than women.
C) Men will have shorter legs than woman.
D) Women will have a higher center of gravity than men.

Question 37

Which component of bone tissue forms the hard outer shell of bones?

A) bone marrow
B) compact bone
C) spongy bone
D) cartilage

Question 38

A pitcher throws a baseball by lowering the forearm to straighten the arm. During this movement, the biceps muscle ________ and the triceps muscle ________.

A) contracts; relaxes
B) relaxes; contracts
C) relaxes; relaxes
D) contracts; contracts

Question 39

Which bones do not differ between males and females of similar sizes?

A) mandibles
B) temporal bones
C) vertebral columns
D) frontal bones

Question 40

True or false: From infancy to adulthood, a large proportion of human growth occurs in the extremities as compared to the torso.

Question 41

Without the protein myosin, what structures would also be missing in a muscle?

A) ribosomes
B) mitochondria
C) thin filaments
D) thick filaments

Question 42

Into what units are the myofibrils of skeletal muscle organized?

A) A discs
B) sarcomeres
C) Z discs
D) antagonistic pairs

Question 43

Arm and leg muscles are arranged in antagonistic pairs. How does this affect their functioning?

A) It provides a backup if one of the muscles is injured.
B) One muscle of the pair pushes while the other pulls.
C) It allows the muscles to produce opposing movements.
D) It allows one group of muscles to have fast-twitch fibers and the other to have slow-twitch fibers.

Question 44

True or false: The larger muscle fibers found in males account for the fact that males tend to be, on average, stronger than females.

Question 45

In general, what hormone is produced in greater quantities in males that allows them to have a greater muscle mass than females?

A) adrenaline
B) testosterone
C) estrogen
D) growth hormone

Question 46

When working out with his wife, Ed has noticed he has to drink much more Gatorade than his wife does following their workouts. What fact could explain this difference in their workout requirements?

A) Females utilize glucose more efficiently than males.
B) Females utilize more fat to produce energy than males.
C) Females effectively increase their glucose metabolism during exercise compared to males.
D) Females store more body sugars than males.

Question 47

Which muscle component is smallest?

A) myofibril
B) myosin filament
C) sarcomere
D) muscle fiber

Question 48

How does a sarcomere shorten using the sliding filament mechanism of muscle contraction?

A) Actin and myosin filaments shorten and slide past each other.
B) As they slide past each other, actin filaments shorten, while myosin filaments do not shorten.
C) Actin and myosin filaments do not shorten, but they do slide past each other.
D) As they slide past each other, myosin filaments shorten, while actin filaments do not shorten.

Question 49

Which type of muscle in humans is involved in voluntary body movements?

A) skeletal
B) cardiac
C) smooth
D) endothelial

Question 50

If healthy men have a range of body fat from 3 to 29% and healthy women have a range of body fat from 12 to 32%, what would you predict for the sex of an individual having 20% body fat?

A) The individual is male.
B) The individual is female.
C) The individual's sex can't be predicted from body fat percentage.
D) No one has 20% body fat.

Question 51

What happens to a sarcomere when muscle contraction occurs?

A) It shortens.
B) It lengthens.
C) It remains the same.
D) It lengthens and then shortens.

Question 52

What type of muscle fibers will be found in large percentages in the leg muscles of a person who excels at weight lifting but does not do well at running marathons?

A) slow-twitch
B) fast-twitch
C) intermediate
D) high-density

Question 53

Teri brings her husband, Liam, with her to the gym and signs them both up for a one-hour aerobics class. After 20 minutes, Liam is visibly fatigued, even though he is a regular at the gym, lifting weights and playing basketball. What might explain why he is fatigued while his wife, although working hard, is not struggling?

A) Females use more fat for energy and endurance exercises.
B) Males have very little fat from which to obtain energy during endurance exercises.
C) Males are better at team sports than at individual exercise programs.
D) Teri's husband must not have eaten before coming to the gym.

Question 54

Mary is a long-distance runner and trains regularly. Recently, Mary and her husband have unsuccessfully tried to conceive a child. To improve her chances of getting pregnant, why does her doctor suggest that she should stop training?

A) Low levels of body fat may lengthen the menstruation cycle.
B) Low levels of body fat may cause menstruation to cease.
C) Low levels of body fat may lead to excessive levels of estrogen and progesterone.
D) Low levels of body fat may increase fat deposition, thereby decreasing fertility.

Question 55

Why does skeletal muscle have a striated appearance?

A) dark color of myosin
B) dense array of microtubules
C) dense packing of ATP molecules
D) regular arrangement of myofibrils

Question 56

When a person dies, muscles become rigid and fixed in position. This is a condition known as rigor mortis. Why does rigor mortis occur?

A) ATP is not available to release myosin heads from actin filaments.
B) Muscle fibers break down quickly in the absence of oxygen.
C) ATP is not available to cause sarcomeres to shorten.
D) The human skeletal system locks together after death.

Question 57

Studies have demonstrated that in some cases, female marathon runners don't exhibit a normal menstrual cycle. What fact could explain this condition in female runners?

A) The women have too much body fat.
B) The women have low levels of growth hormone.
C) The women release too much testosterone.
D) The women do not have enough body fat.