Question 1

Increased release of a specific hormone ultimately serves to inhibit its own release,thus preventing the amount of the released hormone from becoming excessive.The self-control of hormonal release that occurs commonly in the endocrine system is an example of

A) autoregulation
B) positive feedback
C) negative feedback
D) modulation of positive outcomes
E) modulation of negative outcomes

negative feedback

Accepted Answer

Negative feedback is a process in which a change in a variable, such as hormone levels, triggers a response that counteracts the initial change. In this case, increased release of a hormone leads to a response that inhibits further release of the same hormone, thus preventing excessive levels. This is an example of negative feedback in the endocrine system.

Question 2

A toxin that selectively destroys the alpha cells of the pancreas would impair the production of&#10;A) insulin&#10;B) glucagon&#10;C) somatostatin&#10;D) digestive proteases&#10;E) digestive lipases

Accepted Answer

The alpha cells of the pancreas are responsible for producing glucagon, which acts to raise blood sugar levels. Insulin, produced by beta cells, acts to lower blood sugar levels. Therefore, a toxin that selectively destroys the alpha cells would impair the production of glucagon but not insulin. Somatostatin is produced by delta cells and regulates the release of various pancreatic hormones, but its destruction would not affect the production of glucagon specifically. Digestive proteases and lipases are produced by acinar cells, which are separate from the endocrine cells that produce hormones like insulin and glucagon.

Question 3

All of the following hormones are released from the anterior pituitary EXCEPT&#10;A) growth hormone&#10;B) luteinizing hormone&#10;C) follicle stimulating hormone&#10;D) antidiuretic hormone&#10;E) prolactin

Accepted Answer

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is not released from the anterior pituitary, but rather from the posterior pituitary. The other four hormones listed (growth hormone, luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, and prolactin) are all released from the anterior pituitary.

Question 4

Hormones released from the posterior pituitary are synthesized by neurons originating in the&#10;A) anterior pituitary&#10;B) intermediate lobe of the pituitary&#10;C) hypothalamus&#10;D) thalamus&#10;E) cerebellum

Accepted Answer

Hormones released from the posterior pituitary, such as oxytocin and vasopressin, are synthesized in the hypothalamus and transported along axons to the posterior pituitary where they are released into the bloodstream. The other options do not have a direct connection to the production of hormones released from the posterior pituitary.

Question 5

Steroid hormones share a common chemical framework that is derived from&#10;A) proteins such as insulin&#10;B) insulin-like growth factor&#10;C) carbohydrates such as glucose&#10;D) glycogen&#10;E) lipids such as cholesterol

Accepted Answer

Steroid hormones are derived from cholesterol and share a similar structure, which includes four rings of carbon atoms. This structure makes them lipids rather than proteins, carbohydrates, or glycogen. Insulin and insulin-like growth factor are hormones, but they are not steroids.

Question 6

Anti-inflammatory steroids (glucocorticoids)produced by the adrenal cortex are under the control of ____ from the hypothalamus which stimulates ______release from the anterior pituitary.&#10;A) corticotropin-releasing hormone; adrenocorticotropic hormone&#10;B) adrenocorticotropic hormone; corticotropin-releasing hormone&#10;C) follicle stimulating hormone; luteinizing hormone&#10;D) luteinizing hormone; follicle stimulating hormone&#10;E) thyrotropin releasing hormone; growth hormone

Accepted Answer

Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) from the hypothalamus stimulates the release of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) from the anterior pituitary. ACTH then stimulates the production and release of anti-inflammatory steroids (glucocorticoids) from the adrenal cortex. Therefore, choice A is the correct answer.

Deck 28: Introduction to Endocrine Pharmacology