Question 1

Hiatal hernias may be caused by all of the following except:&#10;A) Exogenous acids in food&#10;B) Smoking&#10;C) Caffeine&#10;D) Heartburn in pregnancy&#10;E) Reflux of gastric juice

Accepted Answer

Hiatal hernias are typically caused by a weakening of the diaphragm muscle that separates the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity. Exogenous acids in food do not directly cause hiatal hernias. However, they can aggravate symptoms associated with a hiatal hernia, such as acid reflux.

Question 2

Dental caries begin with the formation of:&#10;A) Pockets of periodontal inflammation&#10;B) Bacterial plaques on the surface of the tooth&#10;C) Periapical granuloma&#10;D) Periapical abscess&#10;E) Radicular cyst

Accepted Answer

Dental caries begin with the formation of bacterial plaques on the surface of the tooth, which then produce acid that erodes the enamel and leads to decay.

Question 3

Carcinoma of the oral cavity presenting as a white,slightly elevated plaque is clinically described as:&#10;A) Leukoplakia&#10;B) Erythroplakia&#10;C) Ulcer&#10;D) Crater&#10;E) Nodule

Accepted Answer

Carcinoma of the oral cavity often presents as a white, slightly elevated plaque known clinically as leukoplakia. Erythroplakia, on the other hand, presents as a red, velvety patch, and is considered a more aggressive lesion. Ulcer, crater, and nodule are not specific descriptions of oral cavity carcinoma.

Question 4

The best serologic marker of carcinoma of the colon is:&#10;A) Alpha-fetoprotein&#10;B) Carcinoembryonic antigen&#10;C) Chorionic gonadotropin&#10;D) Alkaline phosphatase&#10;E) Acid phosphatase

Accepted Answer

Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) is the best serologic marker for carcinoma of the colon. Elevated levels of CEA are found in about 70% of patients with colon cancer. Alpha-fetoprotein is more commonly associated with hepatocellular carcinoma, while chorionic gonadotropin is associated with testicular and ovarian cancers. Alkaline phosphatase and acid phosphatase are not specific to colon cancer.

Question 5

Most pedunculated colonic neoplastic polyps are classified as:&#10;A) Hyperplastic polyp&#10;B) Juvenile polyp&#10;C) Inflammatory polyp&#10;D) Tubular adenoma&#10;E) Villous adenoma

Accepted Answer

Most pedunculated colonic neoplastic polyps are classified as tubular adenomas, which are typically benign but have the potential to become malignant if left untreated. Hyperplastic polyps, juvenile polyps, and inflammatory polyps are typically smaller and less likely to be pedunculated. Villous adenomas are a subtype of tubular adenoma but are less common.

Question 6

Most malignant tumors of the esophagus are histologically classified as:&#10;A) Adenocarcinoma&#10;B) Transitional cell carcinoma&#10;C) Small-cell carcinoma&#10;D) Squamous cell carcinoma&#10;E) Sarcoma

Accepted Answer

Squamous cell carcinoma is the most common type of esophageal cancer, accounting for approximately 80% of cases worldwide. Adenocarcinoma is the second most common type and is more commonly seen in developed countries, especially in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and Barrett's esophagus. Transitional cell carcinoma and small-cell carcinoma are rare types of esophageal cancer. Sarcomas can also occur in the esophagus but are extremely rare.

Question 7

Genetic predisposition to colon cancer is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait in:&#10;A) Hirschsprung's disease&#10;B) Familial adenomatous polyposis coli&#10;C) Peutz-Jeghers syndrome&#10;D) Colonic diverticulosis&#10;E) Ulcerative colitis

Accepted Answer

Familial adenomatous polyposis coli (FAP) is a condition where hundreds or thousands of polyps develop in the colon and rectum. It is an autosomal dominant inherited disorder caused by a mutation in the APC gene. This gene provides instructions for making a protein that helps control cell growth and division. When the gene is mutated, it can lead to uncontrolled cell growth and the development of polyps. FAP is associated with a high risk of developing colon cancer.

Question 8

Bacteriologically sterile peritonitis is a complication of:&#10;A) Ruptured gastric ulcer&#10;B) Gangrene of the large intestine&#10;C) Gonococcal salpingitis&#10;D) Acute pancreatitis&#10;E) Acute appendicitis

Accepted Answer

Acute pancreatitis can lead to bacteriologically sterile peritonitis due to the release of pancreatic enzymes into the peritoneal cavity, causing chemical irritation and inflammation without bacterial infection.

Question 9

Crypt abscesses,serpiginous ulcerations,and inflammatory polyps of the large intestine are typical features of:&#10;A) Diverticulosis coli&#10;B) Crohn's disease&#10;C) Ulcerative colitis&#10;D) Pseudomembranous colitis&#10;E) Cholera

Accepted Answer

Crypt abscesses, serpiginous ulcerations, and inflammatory polyps of the large intestine are typical features of ulcerative colitis, a type of inflammatory bowel disease that affects only the large intestine (colon). Diverticulosis coli is the presence of small pouches in the colon wall, but it does not typically present with the mentioned features. Crohn's disease is another type of inflammatory bowel disease that can affect any part of the digestive tract, not just the large intestine. Pseudomembranous colitis is a severe inflammation of the colon caused by the bacteria Clostridioides difficile. Cholera is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae that primarily affects the small intestine.

Question 10

Which of these diseases causing malabsorption is associated with diagnostic pathologic changes in the intestine?&#10;A) Diabetes&#10;B) Radiation enteritis&#10;C) Pancreatic insufficiency&#10;D) Celiac sprue&#10;E) Intestinal bacterial overgrowth

Accepted Answer

Celiac sprue is associated with diagnostic pathologic changes in the intestine, specifically the presence of villous atrophy and crypt hyperplasia. This is the result of an immune response to gluten, a protein found in wheat, barley, and rye, and leads to malabsorption of nutrients. Diabetes, radiation enteritis, pancreatic insufficiency, and intestinal bacterial overgrowth can also cause malabsorption but are not typically associated with specific pathologic changes in the intestine.

Question 11

The changes typical of Crohn's disease are found most often in the:&#10;A) Anus&#10;B) Rectum&#10;C) Sigmoid colon&#10;D) Transverse colon&#10;E) Terminal ileum

Accepted Answer

The answer of The changes typical of Crohn's disease are...

Question 12

The most common viral cause of sialadenitis is:&#10;A) Herpesvirus&#10;B) Measles virus&#10;C) Mumps virus&#10;D) Cytomegalovirus&#10;E) Epstein-Barr virus

Accepted Answer

The answer of The most common viral cause of sialadenitis...

Question 13

All of the following are common symptoms or complications of duodenal ulcer except:&#10;A) Hematemesis&#10;B) Melena&#10;C) Vomiting&#10;D) Epigastric pain&#10;E) Carcinoma

Accepted Answer

The answer of All of the following are common symptoms...

Question 14

Obstructive ileus may be caused by all of the following except:&#10;A) Gallstones&#10;B) Fecaliths&#10;C) Volvulus&#10;D) Incarceration of intestinal loops in a hernia sac&#10;E) Spinal cord injury

Accepted Answer

The answer of Obstructive ileus may be caused by all...

Question 15

Diverticula of the intestine are most often located in the:&#10;A) Jejunum&#10;B) Ileum&#10;C) Cecum&#10;D) Transverse colon&#10;E) Sigmoid colon

Accepted Answer

The answer of Diverticula of the intestine are most often...

Question 16

Approximately 50% of all carcinomas of the intestine develop in the:&#10;A) Rectosigmoid area&#10;B) Descending colon&#10;C) Transverse colon&#10;D) Ascending colon&#10;E) Small intestine

Accepted Answer

The answer of Approximately 50% of all carcinomas of the...

Question 17

Which of the following is a life-threatening condition that occurs in the lower intestinal tract?&#10;A) Ulcerative colitis&#10;B) Gangrenous appendicitis&#10;C) Rotavirus&#10;D) Giardia lamblia&#10;E) Esophageal varices

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following is a life-threatening...

Question 18

The most common tumor of the salivary glands is:&#10;A) Pleomorphic adenoma&#10;B) Adenoid cystic carcinoma&#10;C) Mucoepidermoid carcinoma&#10;D) Adenocarcinoma of the major ducts&#10;E) Squamous cell carcinoma

Accepted Answer

The answer of The most common tumor of the salivary...

Question 19

The most common cause of pseudomembranous colitis is:&#10;A) Shigella&#10;B) Clostridium difficile&#10;C) Salmonella&#10;D) Giardia lamblia&#10;E) Acid phosphatase

Accepted Answer

The answer of The most common cause of pseudomembranous colitis...

Question 20

Atrophic gastritis is characterized by:&#10;A) Xerostomia&#10;B) Achlorhydria&#10;C) Gastric hyperacidity&#10;D) Achalasia&#10;E) Reflux esophagitis

Accepted Answer

The answer of Atrophic gastritis is characterized by:&#10;A) Xerostomia&#10;B) Achlorhydria&#10;C)...

Deck 10: The Gastrointestinal System